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Siddiqui SA, Azmy Harahap I, Suthar P, Wu YS, Ghosh N, Castro-Muñoz R. A Comprehensive Review of Phytonutrients as a Dietary Therapy for Obesity. Foods 2023; 12:3610. [PMID: 37835263 PMCID: PMC10572887 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex medical condition mainly caused by eating habits, genetics, lifestyle, and medicine. The present study deals with traditional diets like the Mediterranean diet, Nordic diet, African Heritage diet, Asian diet, and DASH, as these are considered to be sustainable diets for curing obesity. However, the bioavailability of phytonutrients consumed in the diet may vary, depending on several factors such as digestion and absorption of phytonutrients, interaction with other substances, cooking processes, and individual differences. Hence, several phytochemicals, like polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, etc., have been investigated to assess their efficiencies and safety in the prevention and treatment of obesity. These phytochemicals have anti-obesity effects, mediated via modulation of many pathways, such as decreased lipogenesis, lipid absorption, accelerated lipolysis, energy intake, expenditure, and preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation. Owing to these anti-obesity effects, new food formulations incorporating these phytonutrients were introduced that can be beneficial in reducing the prevalence of obesity and promoting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | | | - Priyanka Suthar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India;
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Nibedita Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury University, Guwahati 781017, Assam, India;
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca, Av. Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Hwang J, Jang B, Choi YW, Han IO, Oh ES. Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Extracts from Chrysanthemum zawadskii Flower and Cudrania tricuspidata Fruit Occur via Inhibition of the NF- κB Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:8198228. [PMID: 37779580 PMCID: PMC10541301 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8198228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum zawadskii (CZ) and Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) are both traditional Korea herbal medicines, which is widely used to treat fever, cough, gastritis, and women's diseases that may be linked to inflammatory response. Although it has been used to treat diseases related to inflammation, there has been no case of the synergistic anti-inflammatory properties of both extracts. Our data revealed that ethanol extracts of dried whole CZ exhibited free radical-scavenging capacity in vitro, reduced LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species, and decreased the LPS-induced upregulations of the mRNAs encoding iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells, without significant cytotoxicity. This anti-inflammatory effect was most evident from flower extracts: ethanol extracts from flowers significantly reduced the LPS-induced upregulations of iNOS and COX-2 at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. An ethanol extract of the fruit from CT also exerted a radical scavenging capacity and suppressed LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression: 5.5 μg/ml of the ethanol extract significantly reduced the ability of LPS to induce the mRNA expression levels of iNOS and IL-6 without apparent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, as little as 1.0 μg/ml of the combined ethanol extracts of CZ flower and CT fruit reduced the LPS-induced changes monitored herein, decreasing the upregulations of iNOS and IL-6, and decreasing the nuclear localization of NF-κB p65. These results suggest that the observed synergistic anti-inflammatory effects may be mediated via inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Taken together, these data suggest that ethanol extracts from CZ flowers and CT fruits have synergistic anti-inflammatory effects and that a combination of the two extracts could prove useful for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohee Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Woo Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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3
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Liu S, Li H, Zhang Y, Song H, Fu L. Exercise ameliorates chronic inflammatory response induced by high-fat diet via Sestrin2 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166792. [PMID: 37336368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to the development of metabolic disorders and is commonly seen in studies of diet-induced obesity in humans and rodents. Exercise has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, though the exact mechanisms are still not fully understood. Sestrins and Nrf2 are of interest to researchers as they are known to protect against inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we aim to explore the interconnection between Sestrin2 (SESN2) and Nrf2 and their roles in exercise benefits on chronic inflammation. Our data showed that SESN2 knockout aggravated the abnormalities of body weight, fat mass, and serum lipid that were induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), and a concomitant increase of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in both serum and skeletal muscle. Notably, exercise was found to reverse these changes, and SESN2 was found to be necessary for exercise to reduce the inflammatory response in skeletal muscles, though not in serum. Immunoprecipitation and bioinformatics prediction experiments further revealed that SESN2 directly binds to Nrf2, indicating a protein-protein interaction between the two. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that SESN2 protein is necessary for exercise-induced effects on Nrf2 pathway in HFD-fed mice, and Nrf2 protein is necessary to enable SESN2 to reduce the inflammation caused by palmitic acid (PA)+ oleic acid (OA) treatment in vitro. Our findings indicate that exercise mitigates chronic inflammation induced by HFD through SESN2 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Our study reveals a novel molecular mechanism whereby the SESN2/Nrf2 pathway mediates the positive impact of exercise on chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Physical Education, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hualong Song
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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4
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Li A, Wang J, Kou R, Chen M, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xing X, Peng B, Wang S. Polyphenol-rich oolong tea alleviates obesity and modulates gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:937279. [PMID: 35967777 PMCID: PMC9366432 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.937279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue worldwide. Oolong tea (OT), which is partially fermented from Camellia sinensis leaves, has proven health benefits and potential preventive applications in multiple studies. However, research on the role of OT in obesity prevention and potential mechanisms is still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulatory effects of OT intervention on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis using an obese mouse model. Our results showed that 8-week OT supplementation with 93.94% polyphenols significantly decreased body weight gain, adipose tissue mass, and serum levels of triglyceride (2.60 mmol/L), cholesterol (5.49 mmol/L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.61 mmol/L) in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, OT intervention was observed to improve fat accumulation, hepatic damage, glucose intolerance, and endotoxemia and alleviate inflammation by decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors. OT also upregulated the expression of genes including Srebf1, Ppara, Lxra, Pgc1a, and Hsl and downregulated the expression of genes including Leptin, Il-6, and Il-1b. In addition, the gut dysbiosis characterized by decreased flora diversity and increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in obese mice was recovered by OT intervention. Certain differentially abundant microbes caused by HFD feeding, including Enterococcus, Intestinimonas, Blautia, and Bilophila, were also improved by OT treatment. This study demonstrated that OT, as a novel resource of dietary polyphenols, exhibited a protective effect on HFD-induced obesity and gut microbiota disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruixin Kou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengshan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Balaei N, Shoorei H, Hasan SMF, Hussen BM, Talebi SF, Taheri M, Ayatollahi SA. The effects of Ginsenosides on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6701-6716. [PMID: 35220526 PMCID: PMC9270311 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides belong to a group of steroid glycosides that are extracted from the plant genus Panax (ginseng). This plant has been used for a long time for the treatment of a variety of disorders in traditional medicine. Recent studies have assessed the biological impact of Ginsenosides in cell culture or animal models. Animal studies have shown their beneficial impacts in the remedy of pathological conditions in different tissues. The ameliorating effects of Ginsenosides in diverse pathogenic conditions can be attributed to their effects on the production of reactive oxygen species. These substances mainly affect the activity of AMPK/AKT and PI3K/AKT pathways. The beneficial effects of Ginsenosides have been appraised in diabetes-related complications, spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and other disorders which are associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, these substances have been shown to interfere with the pathologic conditions during carcinogenesis. In the current study, we explain these impacts in two distinct sections including non-neoplastic conditions and neoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Balaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Syed Muhammad Farid Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Seyedeh Fahimeh Talebi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Lee D, Wu X, Lange I, Cao S, Kang KS. Dual Beneficial Effects of Methylnissolin-3-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside on Obesity-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Adipocyte-Macrophage Co-Culture. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131715. [PMID: 35807667 PMCID: PMC9269391 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylnissolin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (MNG) is a pterocarpan analog, which protects EA.hy926 cells against oxidative damage through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. However, the effects of MNG on obesity-induced inflammatory responses in adipocyte-macrophage co-culture remain unclear. A differentiated murine preadipocyte cell line (3T3-L1) was co-cultured with a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7). Intracellular lipid accumulation was determined using Oil Red O staining. Western blotting was performed to investigate the expression of adipogenesis- and inflammation-associated proteins. Cell culture supernatants were assayed using ELISA kits to measure the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). MNG inhibited lipid accumulation and the production of IL-6 and MCP-1 in the 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cell co-culture. Moreover, MNG inhibited the protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) under the same co-culture conditions. MNG also inhibited IL-6 and MCP-1 production compared with the co-culture control. These findings demonstrate that MNG inhibited lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by downregulating IL-6 and MCP-1 production and protein expression of C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, PPARγ, COX-2, and iNOS in co-culture conditions with 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that MNG may be beneficial in preventing obesity-related inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (X.W.); (I.L.)
| | - Ingo Lange
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (X.W.); (I.L.)
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (X.W.); (I.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +1-808-981-8010 (S.C.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (K.S.K.); Tel.: +1-808-981-8010 (S.C.); +82-31-750-5402 (K.S.K.)
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7
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CAO MX, WANG XR, HU WY, YIN D, REN CZ, CHEN SY, YU ML, WEI YY, HU TJ. Regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation induced by porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:600-609. [PMID: 35125373 PMCID: PMC9096040 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) exists widely in swine populations worldwide, and healthy PCV2 virus carriers have enhanced the severity of the infection, which is becoming more difficult to control. This study investigated the regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation modification induced by PCV2 in vitro and in mice. In vitro, PNS significantly increased the scavenging capacities of superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced by PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/2). In addition, PNS decreased the protein expression level of histone H4 acetylation (Ac-H4) by increasing the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells. In vivo, PNS enhanced the scavenging capacities of •OH and O2•- and reduced the content of H2O2 in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PNS also reduced the protein expression level of histone H3 acetylation (Ac-H3) by reducing the activity of histone acetylase (HAT) and increasing the activity of HDAC in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PCV2 infection activated oxidative stress and histone acetylation in vitro and in mice, but PNS ameliorated this oxidative stress. The research can provide experimental basis for exploring the antioxidant effect and the regulation of histone acetylation of PNS on PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells and mice in vitro and in vivo, and provide new ideas for the treatment of PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Xia CAO
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Rui WANG
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen-Yue HU
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan YIN
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Chun-Zhi REN
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Si-Yu CHEN
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular
Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University,
Foshan, China
| | - Mei-Ling YU
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying-Yi WEI
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting-Jun HU
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
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Marasinghe CK, Je JY. Heme oxygenase-1 induction by gallic acid-g-chitosan is an important event in modulating adipocyte differentiation. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14179. [PMID: 35393708 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, one of the common worldwide chronic health diseases co-relates with adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is a complex biological action of the emergence of mature adipocytes from the differentiation of pre-adipocytes and the disfunction of this process leads to the development of metabolic issues in obesity. Recently, much attention has been paid to utilizing natural compounds to discover their biological activities. This study focused on investigating the probable anti-adipogenic effects of gallic acid-g-chitosan (GAC) and plain chitosan (PC) through regulating the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/Nrf2 pathway on mesenchymal stem cells. Gallic acid is grafted onto the PC backbone to improve its specific physical and biological properties. GAC showed promising anti-adipogenic effects by enhancing HO-1 expression and lipolysis and as well as suppressing lipid accumulation, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, transcription factor expression compared to the PC treatment. On the contrary, zinc protoporphyrin ІX (ZnPP), a HO-1 inhibitor reversed these effects of GAC on adipogenesis. Taken all together, this study revealed that grafting GA onto the chitosan improved potential anti-adipogenic activity by induction of the HO-1/Nrf2 pathway on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: GAC is a well-known copolymer with versatile bioactivities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activity. However, the anti-adipogenic effect of GAC has not been explored in MSCs. This study demonstrated that GAC inhibited adipocyte differentiation in MSCs through HO-1 activation. These findings suggest that GAC can be applied practically from different perspectives. GAC can be applied in the pharmacological industry to the development of anti-obesity drugs, medicinal perspectives for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases, and in the food industry as a functional food to promote health and decrease the risk of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathuri K Marasinghe
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Je
- Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Lai K, Li Y, Li L, Gong Y, Huang C, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Xu F, Zhao H, Li C, Zhong X, Jin C. Intravitreal injection of triptolide attenuates subretinal fibrosis in laser-induced murine model. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 93:153747. [PMID: 34620548 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common cause of irreversible blindness in elderly patients in developed countries, and subretinal fibrosis is an advanced stage of CNV. Currently, there is no effective clinical treatment for subretinal fibrosis. PURPOSE To investigate whether intravitreal injection of triptolide (TP) could attenuate subretinal fibrosis and determine its underlying mechanisms. METHODS CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in C57BL/6J mice. Immediately after laser photocoagulation, 1 μl of free TP (10 μg), TP-nanolip-PEG (TP-loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes containing 10 μg TP), or the same volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was intravitreally administered to each respective group. Areas and ratios of subretinal fibrosis were calculated seven days after laser injury. Additionally, expression levels of M2 macrophage-related markers, molecules of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signaling pathway, and markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) were detected both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The areas of subretinal fibrosis were significantly reduced in both the free TP (10993.87 ± 2416.90 μm2) and TP-nanolip-PEG (7695.32 ± 2121.91 μm2) groups when compared with the PBS group (15971.97 ± 3203.10 μm2) (p < 0.05, n = 6). The ratio of subretinal fibrosis in the free TP monomer (20.8 ± 4.2%) and TP-nanolip-PEG (12.5 ± 4.0%) groups was lower than that in the PBS control group (41.7 ± 5.3%) (p < 0.01, n = 6). Moreover, both TP and TP-nanolip-PEG suppressed the polarization of M2 macrophages and downregulated gene expressions of TGF-β1, Smad 2, Smad 3, α-SMA, and collagen I (p < 0.05), but upregulated the gene expression of E-cadherin (p < 0.05), thus reversing TGF-β1 induced EMT/EndoMT and attenuating subretinal fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS TP could attenuate subretinal fibrosis by suppressing the polarization of M2 macrophages and TGF-β1 induced EMT/EndoMT. TP-nanolip-PEG enhanced the inhibitory effects of TP on subretinal fibrosis, suggesting its therapeutic potential for CNV-related subretinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yingqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Longhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yajun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Chuangxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Fabao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hongkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Chenjin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
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Aminifard T, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of ginseng on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5293-5311. [PMID: 34532035 PMCID: PMC8441279 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors including high blood glucose, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and high body weight. It can increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, which are the important reasons for death around the world. Nowadays, there are numerous demands for herbal medicine because of less harmful effects and more useful effects in comparison with chemical options. Ginseng is one of the most famous herbs used as a drug for a variety of disorders in humans. The antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, antihyperglycemic, and anti-obesity effects of ginseng and its active constituents such as ginsenosides have been shown in different studies. In this review article, the different in vitro, in vivo, and human studies concerning the effects of ginseng and its active constituents in metabolic syndrome have been summarized. According to these studies, ginseng can control metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Aminifard
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and ToxicologySchool of PharmacyMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Pharmaceutical Research CenterPharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Annie-Mathew AS, Prem-Santhosh S, Jayasuriya R, Ganesh G, Ramkumar KM, Sarada DVL. The pivotal role of Nrf2 activators in adipocyte biology. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105853. [PMID: 34455076 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is instrumental in maintaining metabolic homeostasis by regulating energy storage in the form of triglycerides. In the case of over-nutrition, adipocytes favorably regulate lipogenesis over lipolysis and accumulate excess triglycerides, resulting in increased adipose tissue mass. An abnormal increase in hypertrophic adipocytes is associated with chronic complications such as insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Experimental studies indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of obesity. A common underlying link between increasing adipose tissue mass and oxidative stress is the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling, which plays an indispensable role in metabolic homeostasis by regulating oxidative and inflammatory responses. Additionally, Nrf2 also activates CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, (C/EBP-α), C/EBP-β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) the crucial pro-adipogenic factors that promote de novo adipogenesis. Hence, at the forefront of research is the quest for prospecting novel compounds to modulate Nrf2 activity in the context of adipogenesis and obesity. This review summarizes the molecular mechanism behind the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling network and the role of Nrf2 activators in adipocyte pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Annie-Mathew
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Prem-Santhosh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravichandran Jayasuriya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India; SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Goutham Ganesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India; SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India; SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - D V L Sarada
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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12
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Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101268. [PMID: 33556548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity is a major challenge for health policymakers due to its far-reaching effects on population health and potentially overwhelming financial burden on healthcare systems. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Interestingly, the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity is similar to that observed in normal aging, and substantial evidence suggests the potential of obesity to accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of fat tissue dysfunction in obesity could provide insights into the processes that contribute to the metabolic dysfunction associated with the aging process. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both obesity and aging, and how obesity and aging can predispose individuals to chronic health complications. The potential of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to counter obesity and obesity-related pathologies, as well as aging, is also addressed.
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Zhang X, Liu Q, Zhang X, Guo K, Zhang X, Zhou Z. FOXO3a regulates lipid accumulation and adipocyte inflammation in adipocytes through autophagy : Role of FOXO3a in obesity. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:591-603. [PMID: 33891136 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOXO3a is a widely studied transcription factor and plays an important role in a variety of biology. The purpose of this study was to explore the role and potential mechanism of FOXO3a on lipid accumulation and adipocyte inflammation in adipocytes through regulation of autophagy. METHODS The obese mouse model was successfully induced by high-fat diet. SiRNA targeting FOXO3a was transfected into differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to reduce the expression of FOXO3a. The culture medium of RAW264.7 cells was added to the differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes to form a co-culture system. Subsequently, ELISA or AdipoRed assay was performed to measure the expression of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) in mouse adipose tissue or differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocyte differentiation was detected by Oil Red O-staining. Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3II was used to detect the level of autophagy in differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Western blotting or qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of FOXO3a, autophagy-related proteins (beclin 1, CEBPβ, PPARγ, ACC1 and KLF4), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP1), NF-κB signal pathway-related proteins or adipokines (Adiponectin, AdipoR1 and resistin) in differentiated 3T3-L1 or RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS The expression of FOXO3a and autophagy levels were significantly increased in visceral adipose tissue of obese mice and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Downregulation of FOXO3a significantly inhibited the autophagy and lipid accumulation in differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, FOXO3a knockdown significantly reduced Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and adipokines release in RAW264.7 cells treated with the culture medium of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These above activity changes could be reversed by autophagy inducer rapamycin. CONCLUSION FOXO3a could promote lipid accumulation and inflammation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by targeting autophagy. Our results provide a new theoretical basis for FOXO3a to regulate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xuane Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zunhai Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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Zhang X, Lv S, Zhang W, Jia Q, Wang L, Ding Y, Yuan P, Zhu Y, Liu L, Li Y, Zhang J. Shenmai injection improves doxorubicin cardiotoxicity via miR-30a/Beclin 1. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111582. [PMID: 33895525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shenmai Injection (SMI) has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and can reduce side effects when combined with chemotherapy drugs. However, the potential protective mechanism of SMI on the cardiotoxicity caused by anthracyclines has not been clear. METHODS We used network pharmacology methods to collect the compound components in SMI and myocardial injury targets, constructed a 'drug-disease' target interaction network relationship diagram, and screened the core targets to predict the potential mechanism of SMI in treating cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines. In addition, the rat model of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity was induced by injecting doxorubicin through the tail vein. The rats were randomized in the model group, miR-30a agomir group, SMI low-dose group, SMI high-dose group,and the control group. The cardiac ultrasound was used to evaluate the structure and function of the rat heart. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the rat myocardium. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe myocardial autophagosomes. The expression of miR-30a and Beclin 1 mRNA in the rat myocardium was detected by RT-qPCR. Western Blot detected the expression of LC3-II/LC3-I and p62 protein. RESULTS The network pharmacological analysis found that SMI could act synergistically through multiple targets and multiple pathways, which might exert a myocardial protective effect through PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and cancer microRNAs. In vivo, compared with the control group, the treatment group could improve the cardiac structure and function, and reduce myocardial pathological damage and the number of autophagosomes. The expression of miR-30a in the myocardium of rats in miR-30a agomir group and SMI group increased (P < 0.01),Beclin 1 mRNA was decreased (P < 0.01),LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I protein was decreased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05),and p62 protein was increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SMI has the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway. It can inhibit myocardial excessive autophagy by regulating the expression of miR-30a/Beclin 1 and alleviate the myocardial injury induced by doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shichao Lv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Traditional Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wanqin Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qiujin Jia
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yuejia Ding
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yaping Zhu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Longtao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yanyang Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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CB2R agonist JWH-133 attenuates chronic inflammation by restraining M1 macrophage polarization via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in diet-induced obese mice. Life Sci 2020; 260:118424. [PMID: 32949586 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) is an important regulator of immunoinflammatory responses. Interestingly, studies have demonstrated that CB2R was expressed in metabolically active tissue, so we speculated that CB2R might have a crucial impact on energy balance. We thus examined the anti-inflammatory activities of CB2R and a CB2R agonist, JWH-133, in diet-induced obese in mice as well as in cultured macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the in vivo effect of JWH-133 on diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation. We also assessed the in vitro effects of JWH-133 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages, with a focus on the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling pathway. KEY FINDINGS We found that JWH-133 reduced body weight gain, relieved glucose tolerance, and enhanced insulin sensitivity in a mouse model. It also down-regulated the expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, CC motif chemokine ligand 2, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10) in vivo and in vitro, but up-regulated levels of M2 macrophage biomarkers (IL-10 and arginase-1) in both mice and cultured macrophages. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms were studied in an LPS-treated RAW264.7 cell line. We found a role for JWH-133 in controlling M1 macrophage polarization by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, while the effect of JWH-133 was diminished by a HO-1 inhibitor, Sn(IV) protoporphyrin IX dichloride. SIGNIFICANCE JWH-133 showed anti-obesity effects that ameliorated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Therefore, our results provide a new proof for the potential use of the CB2R agonist, JWH-133, in the treatment of obesity.
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Lai K, Li Y, Gong Y, Li L, Huang C, Xu F, Zhong X, Jin C. Triptolide-nanoliposome-APRPG, a novel sustained-release drug delivery system targeting vascular endothelial cells, enhances the inhibitory effects of triptolide on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110737. [PMID: 32932044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether triptolide-nanoliposome-APRPG (TP-nanolip-APRPG), a novel sustained-release nano-drug delivery system that targets vascular endothelial cells, could enhance the inhibition of triptolide (TP) on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS TP was encapsulated with or without APRPG (Ala-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly) peptide-modified nanoliposomes. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in C57BL/6J mice. One microliter of 10 μg free TP monomer, TP-nanolip containing 10 μg TP, TP-nanolip-APRPG containing 10 μg TP, or an identical volume of PBS was intravitreally injected in mice immediately after laser photocoagulation. Seven days after laser photocoagulation, CNV volumes were calculated in each group. Infiltration of M2 macrophages as well as protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflammatory factors including ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in the RPE-choroid complex were determined. In vitro assays for cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation were also performed. RESULTS TP-nanolip-APRPG was successfully synthesized and exhibited good TP delivery and enhanced the cellular uptake of TP in vitro. In vitro studies showed that TP-nanolip-APRPG was a better inhibitor of cell proliferation (31.34 ± 3.89 % vs 41.25 ± 4.67 % vs 53.55 ± 5.76 %), migration (62.60 ± 8.88 vs 104.60 ± 13.32 vs 147.00 ± 13.15), and tube formation (681.26 ± 108.15 vs 926.75 ± 54.01 vs 1189.84 ± 157.14) than TP-nanolip or free TP (all P < 0.05). Intravitreal injections of free TP (77588.10±7719.28 μm3), TP-nanolip (64628.23 ± 5857.96 μm3), and TP-nanolip-APRPG (50880.34 ± 6606.56 μm3) inhibited the development of CNV compared with the PBS control group (120338.07 ± 17428.90 μm3) (P < 0.01, n=6). TP-nanolip-APRPG and TP-nanolip significantly down-regulated the protein levels of VEGF (152.76±19.55 vs 182.24±19.98 vs 208.55±21.93 pg/mg total protein) and inflammatory factors including ICAM-1 (61.69±3.49 vs 72.04±3.49 vs 81.92±4.09 ng/mg total protein) and MCP-1 (40.14±3.50 vs 50.75±4.18 vs 60.27±5.23 pg/mg total protein) compared with the free TP monomer group (all P < 0.05, n=8), which paralleled the decreased infiltration of M2 macrophages in the CNV lesions. Moreover, no influence on retinal morphology and function was observed before or after treatment in each group (P > 0.05, n=6). CONCLUSIONS TP-nanolip-APRPG, a novel sustained-release drug delivery system targeting endothelial cells of CNV lesions, could enhance TP inhibition of the development of CNV without toxicity in the retina, suggesting therapeutic potential for CNV-related diseases in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunbei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yingqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yajun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Longhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Chuangxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Fabao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Chenjin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
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Vohra MS, Ahmad B, Serpell CJ, Parhar IS, Wong EH. Murine in vitro cellular models to better understand adipogenesis and its potential applications. Differentiation 2020; 115:62-84. [PMID: 32891960 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis has been extensively studied using in vitro models of cellular differentiation, enabling long-term regulation of fat cell metabolism in human adipose tissue (AT) material. Many studies promote the idea that manipulation of this process could potentially reduce the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases. It has now become essential to understand the molecular basis of fat cell development to tackle this pandemic disease, by identifying therapeutic targets and new biomarkers. This review explores murine cell models and their applications for study of the adipogenic differentiation process in vitro. We focus on the benefits and limitations of different cell line models to aid in interpreting data and selecting a good cell line model for successful understanding of adipose biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, Jeffery Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, PJ 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Luo Z, Xu W, Zhang Y, Di L, Shan J. A review of saponin intervention in metabolic syndrome suggests further study on intestinal microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105088. [PMID: 32683035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a series of symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated fasting blood glucose levels, and hepatic steatosis. As a key criterion in MetS, the onset of insulin resistance is related to abnormal levels of circulating free fatty acids and adipokines. It has been discovered in recent years that metabolites and pathogen-associated molecular patterns of intestinal/gut microbiota are also important factors that cause insulin resistance and MetS. Saponins are the main components of many botanicals and traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), such as ginseng, platycodon, licorice, and alfalfa. They have poor bioavailability, but can be transformed into secondary glycosides and aglycones by intestinal microbiota, further being absorbed. Based on in vivo and in vitro data, we found that saponins and their secondary metabolites have a preventive effect on MetS, and the effective targets are distributed in the intestine and other organs in human body. Intestinal targets involve pancreatic lipase, dietary cholesterol, and intestinal microbiota. Other targets include central appetite, nuclear receptors such as PPAR and LXR, AMPK signaling pathway and adipokines levels, etc. In view of the poor bioavailability of saponins, it is inferred that targets for prototype-saponins to interfere with MetS is mainly located in the intestine, and the activation of other targets may be related to secondary glycosides and aglycones transformed from saponins by intestinal flora. We suggest that the role of intestinal microbiota in saponin intervention in MetS should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Luo
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weichen Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Genome Center of UC Davis, NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Vasileva LV, Savova MS, Amirova KM, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Georgiev MI. Obesity and NRF2-mediated cytoprotection: Where is the missing link? Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Li B, Nasser M, Masood M, Adlat S, Huang Y, Yang B, Luo C, Jiang N. Efficiency of Traditional Chinese medicine targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Zhang X, Wang J, Gong G, Ma R, Xu F, Yan T, Wu B, Jia Y. Spinosin Inhibits Aβ 1-42 Production and Aggregation via Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:259-266. [PMID: 31791116 PMCID: PMC7216747 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research work primarily investigated whether spinosin has the potential of improving the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) driven by β-amyloid (Aβ) overproduction through impacting the procession of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Wild type mouse Neuro-2a cells (N2a/WT) and N2a stably expressing human APP695 (N2a/APP695) cells were treated with spinosin for 24 h. The levels of APP protein and secreted enzymes closely related to APP procession were examined by western blot analysis. Oxidative stress related proteins, such as nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were detected by immunofluorescence assay and western blot analysis, respectively. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was analyzed by flow cytometry, the levels of Aβ1-42 were determined by ELISA kit, and Thioflavin T (ThT) assay was used to detect the effect of spinosin on Aβ1-42 aggregation. The results showed that ROS induced the expression of ADAM10 and reduced the expression of BACE1, while spinosin inhibited ROS production by activating Nrf2 and up-regulating the expression of HO-1. Additionally, spinosin reduced Aβ1-42 production by impacting the procession of APP. In addition, spinosin inhibited the aggregation of Aβ1-42. In conclusion, spinosin reduced Aβ1-42 production by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in N2a/WT and N2a/APP695 cells. Therefore, spinosin is expected to be a promising treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guowei Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519041, China
| | - Ruixin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tingxu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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22
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Im DS. Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Panax ginseng. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030444. [PMID: 32183094 PMCID: PMC7175368 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is a famous medicinal plant used for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. Ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) are the main class of active constituents of ginseng. The anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts were proven with purified ginsenosides, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, and Rh2, as well as compound K. The negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and enzyme expressions (iNOS and COX-2) was found as the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginsenosides in M1-polarized macrophages and microglia. Recently, another action mechanism emerged explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of ginseng. This is a pro-resolution of inflammation derived by M2-polarized macrophages. Direct and indirect evidence supports how several ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg3, Rb1, and Rg1) induce the M2 polarization of macrophages and microglia, and how these M2-polarized cells contribute to the suppression of inflammation progression and promotion of inflammation resolution. In this review, the new action mechanism of ginseng anti-inflammation is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-2-961-9377; Fax: +82-2-961-9580
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
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23
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Pratt R, Lakhani HV, Zehra M, Desauguste R, Pillai SS, Sodhi K. Mechanistic Insight of Na/K-ATPase Signaling and HO-1 into Models of Obesity and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010087. [PMID: 31877680 PMCID: PMC6982200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifaceted pathophysiological condition that has been associated with lipid accumulation, adipocyte dysfunction, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and an altered metabolic profile. Redox imbalance and excessive release of inflammatory mediators have been intricately linked in obesity-associated phenotypes. Hence, understanding the mechanisms of redox signaling pathways and molecular targets exacerbating oxidative stress is crucial in improving health outcomes. The activation of Na/K-ATPase/Src signaling, and its downstream pathways, by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been recently implicated in obesity and subsequent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which causes further production of ROS creating an oxidant amplification loop. Apart from that, numerous studies have also characterized antioxidant properties of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), which is suppressed in an obese state. The induction of HO-1 restores cellular redox processes, which contributes to inhibition of the toxic milieu. The novelty of these independent mechanisms presents a unique opportunity to unravel their potential as molecular targets for redox regulation in obesity and NASH. The attenuation of oxidative stress, by understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and associated mediators, with a targeted treatment modality may provide for improved therapeutic options to combat clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Komal Sodhi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(304)-691-1704; Fax: +1-(914)-347-4956
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24
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Kang B, Kim CY, Hwang J, Jo K, Kim S, Suh HJ, Choi HS. Punicalagin, a Pomegranate-Derived Ellagitannin, Suppresses Obesity and Obesity-Induced Inflammatory Responses Via the Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900574. [PMID: 31444955 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Punicalagin (PCG) is one of the most abundant phytochemicals found in pomegranates. The effects and mechanistic action of PCG on obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory and oxidant responses are investigated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The effect of PCG on adipogenesis is examined using Oil red O staining. The effects and mechanism of action of PCG on inflammatory responses are determined in adipocyte-conditioned medium (ACM)-cultured macrophages, a cell-to-cell contact system, and a transwell system. The effects of PCG on obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory/oxidant responses are examined in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. PCG effectively suppresses lipid accumulation in adipocytes and adipocyte-induced inflammatory responses in adipocyte-macrophage co-culture systems. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection indicates that the PCG-mediated anti-inflammatory effect is exerted via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Nrf2/Keap1) pathway. PCG administration results in a significant reduction in body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights. PCG favorably regulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, downregulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrates that PCG differentially modulates the distribution of complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit (CD11c) and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206). PCG regulates the level of antioxidant and oxidant molecules by activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling. CONCLUSIONS PCG ameliorates obesity and obesity-induced inflammatory responses via activation of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling, suggesting that PCG has potential as an oral agent to control obesity-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Kang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Young Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Hwang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungae Jo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Singeun Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 07249, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 139-774, Republic of Korea
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25
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Yen CH, Hsiao HH. NRF2 Is One of the Players Involved in Bone Marrow Mediated Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3503. [PMID: 30405034 PMCID: PMC6274683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma with clonal plasma expansion in bone marrow is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the world. Though the improvement of outcomes from the achievement of novel agents in recent decades, the disease progresses and leads to death eventually due to the elusive nature of myeloma cells and resistance mechanisms to therapeutic agents. In addition to the molecular and genetic basis of resistance pathomechanisms, the bone marrow microenvironment also contributes to disease progression and confers drug resistance in myeloma cells. In this review, we focus on the current state of the literature in terms of critical bone marrow microenvironment components, including soluble factors, cell adhesion mechanisms, and other cellular components. Transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-like 2 (NRF2), a central regulator for anti-oxidative stresses and detoxification, is implicated in chemoresistance in several cancers. The functional roles of NRF2 in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and multiple myeloma cells, and the potential of targeting NRF2 for overcoming microenvironment-mediated drug resistance in multiple myeloma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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