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Lopes ALF, Araújo AKDS, Chaves LDS, Pacheco G, Oliveira APD, Silva KCD, Oliveira ACPD, Aquino CCD, Gois MB, Nicolau LAD, Medeiros JVR. Protective effect of alpha-ketoglutarate against water-immersion restraint stress-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176118. [PMID: 37871764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric lesions have several aetiologies, among which stress is the most prominent. Therefore, identification of new therapies to prevent stress is of considerable importance. Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-kg) several beneficial effects and has shown promise in combating oxidative stress, inflammation, and premature aging. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of α-kg in a gastric damage model by water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS). Pretreatment with α-kg decreased stress-related histopathological scores of tissue oedema, cell loss, and inflammatory infiltration. The α-kg restored the percentage of type III collagen fibres. Mucin levels were preserved as well as the structure and area of the myenteric plexus ganglia were preserved after pretreatment with α-kg. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) were also reduced following α-kg pretreatment. Decreased levels of glutathione (GSH) in the stress group were restored by α-kg. The omeprazole group was used as standard drug e also demonstrated improve on some parameters after the exposition to WIRS as inflammatory indexes, GSH and mucin. Through this, was possible to observe that α-kg can protect the gastric mucosa exposed to WIRS, preserve tissue architecture, reduce direct damage to the mucosa and inflammatory factors, stimulate the production of type III collagen and mucin, preserve the myenteric plexus ganglia, and maintain antioxidant potential. Due to, we indicate that α-kg has protective activity of the gastric mucosa, demonstrating its ability to prevent damage associated with gastric lesions caused by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fernandes Lopes
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Ketly da Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Letícia de Sousa Chaves
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Gabriella Pacheco
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Ana Patrícia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Katriane Carvalho da Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos Pereira de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Post-Graduation Program in Biosciences and Health, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Antonio Duarte Nicolau
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Jand Venes Rolim Medeiros
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Translational Gastroenterology (LIGAT), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology (PPGBIOTEC), Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP 64202-020, Brazil.
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de Oliveira NMT, Schneider VS, Bueno LR, de Mello Braga LLV, da Silva KS, Malaquias da Silva LC, Souza ML, da Luz BB, Lima CD, Bastos RS, de Paula Werner MF, Fernandes ES, Rocha JA, Gois MB, Cordeiro LMC, Maria-Ferreira D. CPW partially attenuates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113334. [PMID: 37803644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology is not fully understood, but environmental, microbial, and immunologic factors, as well as a genetic predisposition, play a role. UC is characterized by episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, weight loss, severe colonic inflammation, and ulceration. Despite the increase in the frequency of UC and the deterioration of the quality of life, there are still patients who do not respond well to available treatment options. Against this background, natural products such as polysaccharides are becoming increasingly important as they protect the intestinal mucosa, promote wound healing, relieve inflammation and pain, and restore intestinal motility. In this study, we investigated the effect of a polysaccharide isolated from the biomass of Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens (here referred to as CPW) in an experimental model of acute and chronic ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). CPW reversed weight loss, increased disease activity index (DAI), bloody diarrhea, and colon shortening. In addition, CPW reduced visceral mechanical hypersensitivity, controlled oxidative stress and inflammation, and protected the mucosal barrier. CPW is not absorbed in the intestine, does not inhibit cytochrome P450 proteins, and does not exhibit AMES toxicity. These results suggest that CPW attenuates DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis in mice and may be a potential alternative treatment for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mulinari Turin de Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laryssa Regis Bueno
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lara Luisa Valerio de Mello Braga
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karien Sauruk da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Liziane Cristine Malaquias da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa da Luz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleiane Dias Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Ruan Sousa Bastos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Elizabeth Soares Fernandes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Almeida Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, UFDPar, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Miranda Júnior NRD, Santos AGAD, Pereira AV, Mariano IA, Guilherme ALF, Santana PDL, Beletini LDF, Evangelista FF, Nogueira-Melo GDA, Sant'Ana DDMG. Rosuvastatin enhances alterations caused by Toxoplasma gondii in the duodenum of mice. Tissue Cell 2023; 84:102194. [PMID: 37597359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Toxoplasma gondii may compromise the intestinal histoarchitecture through the tissue reaction triggered by the parasite. Thus, this study evaluated whether treatment with rosuvastatin modifies duodenal changes caused by the chronic infection induced by cysts of T. gondii. For this, female Swiss mice were distributed into infected and treated group (ITG), infected group (IG), group treated with 40 mg/kg rosuvastatin (TG) and control group (CG). After 72 days of infection, the animals were euthanized, the duodenum was collected and processed for histopathological analysis. We observed an increase in immune cell infiltration in the IG, TG and ITG groups, with injury to the Brunner glands. The infection led to a reduction in collagen fibers and mast cells. Infected and treated animals showed an increase in collagen fibers, acidic mucin-producing goblet cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and mast cells, in addition to the reduction of muscle, neutral mucin-producing and Paneth cells. While treatment with rosuvastatin alone led to increased muscle layer, proportion of neutral mucin-producing goblet cells, Paneth cells, and reduction of collagen fibers. These findings indicate that the infection and treatment caused changes in the homeostasis of the intestinal wall and treatment with rosuvastatin potentiated most parameters indicative of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Raimundo de Miranda Júnior
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Amanda Gubert Alves Dos Santos
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Andréia Vieira Pereira
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Isabela Alessandra Mariano
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Falavigna Guilherme
- Health Sciences Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Priscilla de Laet Santana
- Health Sciences Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lucimara de Fátima Beletini
- Health Sciences Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Evangelista
- Health Sciences Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Gessilda de Alcantara Nogueira-Melo
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Debora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.
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Perinatal and post-weaning exposure to a high-fat diet causes histomorphometric, neuroplastic, and histopathological changes in the rat ileum. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:231-241. [PMID: 36073012 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a diet with a high saturated fat content can influence the characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract, causing losses in the absorption of nutrients and favoring the appearance of diseases. The objective was to assess the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) in the perinatal (pregnancy and lactation) and post-weaning period on the histomorphometry, neuroplasticity, and histopathology of the ileum. Wistar rats were divided into four subgroups: Control/Control (CC, n = 10) rats fed a control diet (C) throughout the trial period; Control/HFD (CH, n = 9) rats fed diet C (perinatal) and HFD after weaning; HFD/Control (HC, n = 10) rats fed HFD (perinatal) and diet C (post-weaning); HFD/HFD (HH, n = 9) rats fed HFD throughout the experimental period. There was atrophy of the Ileum wall with a reduction in the muscular tunic, submucosa, and mucosa thickness in the HH group of 37%, 28%, and 46%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The depth of the crypts decreased by 29% (p < 0.0001) and height increased by 5% (p < 0.0013). Villus height decreased by 41% and 18% in HH and HC groups (p < 0.0001) and width decreased by 11% in the HH (p < 0.0001). The height of the enterocytes decreased by 18% in the HH (p < 0.0001). There was a decrease in the area of the myenteric and submucosal plexus ganglia in the HH and HC groups (p < 0.0001). The number, occupation, and granules of Paneth cells increased in the HH and HC groups (p < 0.0001). Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) increased in all groups exposed to the HFD. Goblet cells decreased in groups CH and HH (p < 0.0001). The evidence from this study suggests that the HFD had altered the histomorphometry, neuroplasticity, and histopathology of the ileum of the rats.
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Casagrande L, Pastre MJ, Trevizan AR, Cuman RKN, Bersani-Amado CA, Garcia JL, Gois MB, de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana D, Nogueira-Melo GDA. Moderate intestinal immunopathology after acute oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts is associated with expressive levels of serotonin. Life Sci 2022; 309:120985. [PMID: 36150462 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion of the intestinal mucosa by T. gondii elicits a local immune response of variable intensity. These reactions can be lethal in C57BL/6 mice. The tissue damage caused by inflammation and the functional effects depend on the host immunity, strain, and developmental form of the parasite. We investigated the effects of acute oral infection with T. gondii on histoarchitecture, enteric nervous system (ENS), and inflammatory markers in the jejunum and ileum of mice. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into a control group and a group orally infected with 1000 sporulated T. gondii oocysts (ME-49 strain). After 5 days, jejunum and ileum were collected and processed for analyzes (e.g., histological and histopathological examinations, ENS, cytokine dosage, myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide activity). MAIN RESULTS In infected mice, we observed a significant increase in serotonin-immunoreactive cells (5-HT IR) in the intestinal mucosa, as well as cellular infiltrates in the lamina propria, periganglionitis, and ganglionitis in the myenteric plexus. We also noted decreased neuron density in the jejunum, increased population of enteric glial cells in the ileum, histomorphometric changes in the intestinal wall, villi, and epithelial cells, remodeling of collagen fibers, and increased myeloperoxidase activity, cytokines, and nitric oxide in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Acute infection of female mice with T. gondii oocysts resulted in changes in ENS and a marked increase in 5-HT. These changes are consistent with its modulatory role in the development of moderate acute inflammation. The use of this experimental model may lend itself to studies aimed at understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of intestinal inflammation in humans involving ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Casagrande
- Biosciences and Pathophysiology Postgraduate Program, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | - Maria José Pastre
- Biosciences and Pathophysiology Postgraduate Program, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | - Aline Rosa Trevizan
- Biosciences and Pathophysiology Postgraduate Program, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
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Montazeri M, Fakhar M, Keighobadi M. The Potential Role of the Serotonin Transporter as a Drug Target against Parasitic Infections: A Scoping Review of the Literature. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 17:23-33. [PMID: 35249526 DOI: 10.2174/1574891x16666220304232301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several in vitro and in vivo biological activities of serotonin, 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), as a bioactive molecule, and its transporter (5-HT-Tr) were evaluated in parasitic infections. OBJECTIVE Herein, the roles of 5-HT and 5-HTR in helminths and protozoan infections with medical and veterinary importance are reviewed. METHODS We searched information in 4 main databases and reviewed published literature about the serotonin transporter's role as a promising therapeutic target against pathogenic parasitic infections between 2000 and 2021. RESULTS Based on recent investigations, 5-HT and 5-HT-Tr play various roles in parasite infections, including biological function, metabolic activity, organism motility, parasite survival, and immune response modulation. Moreover, some of the 5-HT-TR in Schistosoma mansoni showed an excess of favorite substrates for biogenic amine 5-HT compared to their mammalian hosts. Furthermore, the main neuronal protein related to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) was identified in S. mansoni and Echinococcus granulosus, playing main roles in these parasites. In addition, 5-HT increased in toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, and Chagas disease. On the other hand, in Plasmodium spp., different forms of targeted 5-HTR stimulate Ca2+ release, intracellular inositol triphosphate (ITP), cAMP, and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. CONCLUSION This review summarized the several functional roles of the 5-HT and the importance of the 5-HT-TR as a drug target with minimal harm to the host to fight against helminths and protozoan infections. Hopefully, this review will shed light on research regarding serotonin transporter-based therapies as a potential drug target soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Montazeri
- The Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- The Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- The Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- The Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Keighobadi
- The Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- The Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interferon (IFN)-γ differentially regulate ICAM-1 expression and adhesion of Toxoplasma gondii to human trophoblast (BeWo) and uterine cervical (HeLa) cells. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106111. [PMID: 34450063 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite able to infect various cell types, including trophoblast cells. Studies have demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interferon (IFN)-γ are involved in the susceptibility of BeWo trophoblast cells to T. gondii infection. Furthermore, T. gondii is able to adhere to the plasma membrane of host cells through intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the role of IL-10, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ in the expression of ICAM-1 in BeWo and HeLa cells and to analyze the role of ICAM-1 in the adhesion and invasion of T. gondii to these cells under the influence of these cytokines. For this purpose, BeWo and HeLa cells were treated or not, before and after T. gondii infection, with rIL-10, rTGF-β1 or rIFN-γ. For the BeWo cells, rIL-10 and rTGF-β1 favored susceptibility to infection, but only rTGF-β1 and rIFN-γ increased ICAM-1 expression, and TNF-α release. On the other hand, rIFN-γ downregulated the expression of ICAM-1 triggered by T. gondii in HeLa cells, leading to control of the infection. Moreover, we observed that upregulation of ICAM-1, mediated by cytokine's stimulation, in BeWo and HeLa cells resulted in a high number rate of both parasite adhesion and invasion to these cells, which were strongly reduced after ICAM-1 neutralization. Likewise, the blockage of ICAM-1 molecule also impaired T. gondii infection in human villous explants. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TGF-β1 and IFN-γ differentially regulate ICAM-1 expression, which may interfere in the adhesion/invasion of T. gondii to BeWo and HeLa cells for modulating susceptibility to infection.
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Li T, Liu H, Jiang N, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shen Y, Cao J. Comparative proteomics reveals Cryptosporidium parvum manipulation of the host cell molecular expression and immune response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009949. [PMID: 34818332 PMCID: PMC8612570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a life-threating protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, which mainly causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts. Currently, there is a re-emergence of Cryptosporidium infection; however, no fully effective drug or vaccine is available to treat Cryptosporidiosis. In the present study, to better understand the detailed interaction between the host and Cryptosporidium parvum, a large-scale label-free proteomics study was conducted to characterize the changes to the proteome induced by C. parvum infection. Among 4406 proteins identified, 121 proteins were identified as differentially abundant (> 1.5-fold cutoff, P < 0.05) in C. parvum infected HCT-8 cells compared with uninfected cells. Among them, 67 proteins were upregulated, and 54 proteins were downregulated at 36 h post infection. Analysis of the differentially abundant proteins revealed an interferon-centered immune response of the host cells against C. parvum infection and extensive inhibition of metabolism-related enzymes in the host cells caused by infection. Several proteins were further verified using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. This systematic analysis of the proteomics of C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cells identified a wide range of functional proteins that participate in host anti-parasite immunity or act as potential targets during infection, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism of C. parvum infection. Cryptosporidium parvum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen transmitted via the fecal–oral route, and is considered a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrheal disease in young children in resource limited areas. After infection, C. parvum parasitizes intestinal epithelial cells and evokes an inflammatory immune response, leading to severe damage of the intestinal mucosa. The infection can be lethal to immunosuppressed individuals. However, no fully effective drug or vaccine is available for cryptosporidiosis, and the pathogenesis and immune mechanisms during C. parvum infection are obscure. Thus, an in-depth understanding of host-parasite interaction is needed. Hence, we established a C. parvum-infected HCT-8 cell model and performed comparative quantitative proteomic analyses to profile global host-parasite interactions and determine the molecular mechanisms that are activated during infection, aiming to offer new insights into the treatment of Cryptosporidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiluo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (JC)
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People’s Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YS); (JC)
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9
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Zhai X, Kong WG, Cheng GF, Cao JF, Dong F, Han GK, Song YL, Qin CJ, Xu Z. Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Genes in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704224. [PMID: 34489953 PMCID: PMC8417878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), known as CD54, is a transmembrane cell surface glycoprotein that interacts with two integrins (i.e., LFA-1 and Mac-l) important for trans-endothelial migration of leukocytes. The level of ICAM-1 expression is upregulated in response to some inflammatory stimulations, including pathogen infection and proinflammatory cytokines. Yet, to date, our knowledge regarding the functional role of ICAM-1 in teleost fish remains largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized the sequence of ICAM-1 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for the first time, which exhibited that the molecular features of ICAM-1 in fishes were relatively conserved compared with human ICAM-1. The transcriptional level of ICAM-1 was detected in 12 different tissues, and we found high expression of this gene in the head kidney, spleen, gills, skin, nose, and pharynx. Moreover, upon stimulation with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), Flavobacterium columnare G4 (F. columnare), and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) in rainbow trout, the morphological changes were observed in the skin and gills, and enhanced expression of ICAM-1 mRNA was detected both in the systemic and mucosal tissues. These results indicate that ICAM-1 may be implicated in the mucosal immune responses to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections in teleost fish, meaning that ICAM-1 emerges as a master regulator of mucosal immune responses against pathogen infections in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Guang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Center for Fish Biology and Fishery Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gao-Feng Cheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Feng Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Kun Han
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ling Song
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Qin
- Department of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Conservation and Utilization of Fishes Resources in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Center for Fish Biology and Fishery Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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10
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Pastre MJ, Gois MB, Casagrande L, Pereira-Severi LS, de Lima LL, Trevizan AR, Miqueloto CA, Garcia JL, Costa SL, Nogueira-Melo GDA, Sant'Ana DDMG. Acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts preferentially activates non-neuronal cells expressing serotonin in the jejunum of rats. Life Sci 2021; 283:119872. [PMID: 34352261 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of Toxoplasma gondii with the gastrointestinal tract of its host is highly regulated. Once ingested, the parasite crosses the epithelium without altering the permeability of the intestinal barrier. Nevertheless, many studies report alterations ranging from structural to functional damage in cells and tissues that make up the wall of the small and large intestine. Although the immune response to the parasite has been extensively studied, the role of serotonin (5-HT) in toxoplasmosis is poorly understood. Here we investigate the distribution of cells expressing 5-HT and its effects on cells and tissues of the jejunal wall of rats after 2, 3, or 7 days of T. gondii infection. KEY RESULTS: Our results show that transposition of the jejunal epithelium by T. gondii leads to ruptures in the basement membrane and activation of the immune system, as confirmed by the decrease in laminin immunostaining and the increase in the number of mast cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: We showed an increase in the number of enterochromaffin cells and mast cells expressing 5-HT in the jejunal wall. We also observed that the percentage of serotonergic mast cells increased in the total population. Thus, we can suggest that oral infection by T. gondii oocysts preferentially activates non-neuronal cells expressing 5-HT. Together, these results may explain both the changes in the extracellular matrix and the morphology of the enteric ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Pastre
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia and Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Casagrande
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Lainy Leiny de Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline Rosa Trevizan
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - João Luís Garcia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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11
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Dos Santos AGA, da Silva MGL, Carneiro EL, de Lima LL, Fernandes ACBS, Silveira TGV, Sant'Ana DDMG, Nogueira-Melo GDA. A New Target Organ of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Chronic Infection: The Intestine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:687499. [PMID: 34336715 PMCID: PMC8317265 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.687499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is one of the main causes of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Americas. This species presents genetic polymorphism that can cause destructive lesions in oral, nasal, and oropharyngeal tracts. In a previous study, the parasite caused several histopathological changes to hamster ileums. Our study evaluates immune response components, morphological changes, and effects on neurons in the ileums of hamsters infected by three different strains of L. (V.) braziliensis in two infection periods. For the experiment, we separated hamsters into four groups: a control group and three infected groups. Infected hamsters were euthanized 90- or 120-days post infection. We used three strains of L. (V.) braziliensis: the reference MHOM/BR/1975/M2903 and two strains isolated from patients who had different responses to Glucantime® treatment (MHOM/BR/2003/2314 and MHOM/BR/2000/1655). After laparotomy, ileums were collected for histological processing, biochemical analysis, and evaluation of neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The results demonstrated the increase of blood leukocytes after the infection. Optical microscopy analysis showed histopathological changes with inflammatory infiltrates, edemas, ganglionitis, and Leishmania amastigotes in the ileums of infected hamsters. We observed changes in the organ histoarchitecture of infected hamsters when compared to control groups, such as thicker muscular and submucosa layers, deeper and wider crypts, and taller and broader villi. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and TGF-β-immunoreactive cells increased in all infected groups when compared to the control groups. Mast cells increased with longer infection periods. The infection also caused remodeling of intestinal collagen and morphometry of myenteric and submucosal plexus neurons; but this effect was dependent on infection duration. Our results show that L. (V.) braziliensis infection caused time-dependent alterations in hamster ileums. This was demonstrated by the reduction of inflammatory cells and the increase of tissue regeneration factors at 120 days of infection. The infected groups demonstrated different profiles in organ histoarchitecture, migration of immune cells, and morphometry of ENS neurons. These findings suggest that the small intestine (or at least the ileum) is a target organ for L. (V.) braziliensis infection, as the infection caused changes that were dependent on duration and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erick Lincoln Carneiro
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lainy Leiny de Lima
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Debora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Gessilda de Alcantara Nogueira-Melo
- Biosciences and Physiopathology Program, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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12
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Passos FC, Gois MB, Sousa AD, de Marinho AIL, Corvo L, Soto M, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Baccan GC. Investigating associations between intestinal alterations and parasite load according to Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. abundance in the gut microbiota of hamsters infected by Leishmania infantum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200377. [PMID: 33263602 PMCID: PMC7703327 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a tropical neglected disease with high associated rates of mortality. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the intestinal tract (IT) and gut microbiota (GM) in the host immunological defense. Data in the literature on parasite life cycle and host immune defense against VL are scarce regarding the effects of infection on the IT and GM. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate changes observed in the colon of Leishmania infantum-infected hamsters, including alterations in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and GM (specifically, levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli). METHODS Male hamsters were inoculated with L. infantum and euthanised at four or eight months post-infection. Intestines were processed for histological analysis and GM analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to quantify each group of bacteria: Bifidobacterium spp. (Bf) and Lactobacillus spp (LacB). FINDINGS Infected hamsters showed histoarchitectural loss in the colon wall, with increased thickness in the submucosa and the mucosa layer, as well as greater numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Forms suggestive of amastigotes were seen inside mononuclear cells. L. infantum infection induced changes in ENS, as evidenced by increases in the area of colonic enteric ganglia. Despite the absence of changes in the levels of Bf and LacB during the course of infection, the relative abundance of these bacteria was associated with parasite load and histological alterations. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that L. infantum infection leads to important changes in the colon and suggest that bacteria in the GM play a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabine Correia Passos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil
| | - Adenilma Duranes Sousa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ananda Isis Lima de Marinho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Laura Corvo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manoel Soto
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Gyselle Chrystina Baccan
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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13
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Pereira AV, Gois MB, Silva MS, Miranda Junior NRD, Campos CBHF, Schneider LCL, Barbosa CP, Nogueira-Melo GDA, Sant'Ana DDMG. Toxoplasma gondii causes lipofuscinosis, collagenopathy and spleen and white pulp atrophy during the acute phase of infection. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5739919. [PMID: 32068829 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated homeostatic and functional disorders of the spleen in mice inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii. The kinetics of megakaryocyte and leukocyte production, body and spleen mass and certain histopathological aspects were analyzed. There was increased (P < 0.05) the accumulation of lipofuscin in the red pulp of the spleen, in the periods of 30 and 60 dpi of the infection, that is, in the chronification stage of the disease and decrease of the white pulp area. In addition, we observed (from 7dpi) a quantitative and qualitative increase (P < 0.05) in the deposition of collagen fibers in the spleen of all infected mice. Since resolution of the inflammatory process resulted in pathophysiological changes, we can suggest that the T. gondii invaded and multiplied in the cells of the white and red pulps of the spleen. Although we did not find the parasite in the spleen, this hypothesis is supported by the presence of diffuse inflammatory infiltrate, which extended through the spleen parenchyma of all inoculated mice. Taken together, our results suggest that T. gondii causes severe homeostatic disorders that have altered spleen physiology, including diffuse parenchymal inflammation, lipofuscinosis in histiocytes, early aging, collagenopathy, systemic sclerosis and spleen and white pulp atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Vieira Pereira
- State University of Maringá, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Federal University of "Recôncavo'' of Bahia, Avenue Carlos Amaral, Santo Antônio de Jesus, CEP 44.430-622, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia; and Postgraduate Program in Regional Development and Environment, Maria Milza College
| | - Mariana Sacchi Silva
- State University of Maringá, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Betânia Huf Ferraz Campos
- State University of Maringá, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Larissa Carla Lauer Schneider
- State University of Maringá, Department of Morphological Sciences, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Carmem Patrícia Barbosa
- State University of Maringá, Department of Morphological Sciences, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Débora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
- State University of Maringá, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Brazil.,State University of Maringá, Department of Morphological Sciences, Avenue Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Brazil
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