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Yang X, Liu Z, Wang X, Tian W, Zhao T, Yang Q, Li W, Yang L, Yang H, Jia Y. Anti-cancer effects of nitazoxanide in epithelial ovarian cancer in-vitro and in-vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 400:111176. [PMID: 39084502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies and poses a considerable threat to women's health. Although the progression-free survival of patients has been prolonged with the application of anti-angiogenesis drugs and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) inhibitors, overall survival has not substantially improved. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are essential for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), an FDA-approved anti-parasitic drug, has garnered attention for its potential anti-cancer activity. However, the anti-tumor effects and possible underlying mechanisms of NTZ on ovarian cancer remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effects and the mechanism of NTZ on ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. We found that NTZ inhibited the proliferation of A2780 and SKOV3 epithelial ovarian cancer cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; Furthermore, NTZ suppressed the metastasis and invasion of A2780 and SKOV3 cells in vitro, correlating with the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition; Additionally, NTZ suppressed the Hippo/YAP/TAZ signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo and demonstrated a good binding activity with core genes of Hippo pathway, including Hippo, YAP, TAZ, LATS1, and LATS2. Oral administration of NTZ inhibited tumor growth in xenograft ovarian cancer mice models without causing considerable damage to major organs. Overall, these data suggest that NTZ has therapeutic potential for treating epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China
| | - Zhenyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China
| | - Wenda Tian
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China
| | - Taoyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dehong Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Dehong People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, 678400, PR China
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China.
| | - Hongying Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China.
| | - Yue Jia
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China.
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Ali BM, Al-Mokaddem AK, Selim HMRM, Alherz FA, Saleh A, Hamdan AME, Ousman MS, El-Emam SZ. Pinocembrin's protective effect against acute pancreatitis in a rat model: The correlation between TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 and miR-34a-5p/SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116854. [PMID: 38824834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (APS) is a prevalent acute pancreatic inflammation, where oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling pathways, and apoptosis activation contribute to pancreatic injury. METHODS Pinocembrin, the predominant flavonoid in propolis, was explored for its likely shielding effect against APS provoked by two intraperitoneal doses of L-arginine (250 mg / 100 g) in a rat model. RESULTS Pinocembrin ameliorated the histological and immunohistochemical changes in pancreatic tissues and lowered the activities of pancreatic amylase and lipase that were markedly elevated with L-arginine administration. Moreover, pinocembrin reinstated the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium, which was perturbed by L-arginine, and boosted the pancreatic levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Pinocembrin markedly reduced the elevation in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level induced by L-arginine. Additionally, it decreased the expression of high motility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and NOD-like receptor (NLR) Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the pancreas. Furthermore, it also reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Pinocembrin markedly downregulated miR-34a-5p expression and upregulated the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and the gene expression level of the inhibitor protein of NF-κB (IκB-α), along with normalizing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Pinocembrin notably improved L-arginine-induced APS by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. Pinocembrin exhibited a protective role in APS by suppressing inflammatory signaling via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and enhancing cytoprotective signaling via the miR-34a-5p/SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Mohamed Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Asmaa K Al-Mokaddem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba Mohammed Refat M Selim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, P.O.Box 71666, Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mona S Ousman
- Emergency medical services, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Z El-Emam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt.
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He M, Yasin K, Yu S, Li J, Xia L. Total Flavonoids in Artemisia absinthium L. and Evaluation of Its Anticancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16348. [PMID: 38003540 PMCID: PMC10671751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the shortcomings of traditional extraction methods, such as long extraction time and low efficiency, and considering the low content and high complexity of total flavonoids in Artemisia absinthium L., in this experiment, we adopted ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis to improve the yield of total flavonoids, and combined this with molecular docking and network pharmacology to predict its core constituent targets, so as to evaluate its antitumor activity. The content of total flavonoids in Artemisia absinthium L. reached 3.80 ± 0.13%, and the main components included Astragalin, Cynaroside, Ononin, Rutin, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, Diosmetin, Isorhamnetin, and Luteolin. Cynaroside and Astragalin exert their cervical cancer inhibitory functions by regulating several signaling proteins (e.g., EGFR, STAT3, CCND1, IGFIR, ESR1). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the anticancer activity of both compounds was associated with the ErbB signaling pathway and FoxO signaling pathway. MTT results showed that total flavonoids of Artemisia absinthium L. and its active components (Cynaroside and Astragalin) significantly inhibited the growth of HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 of 396.0 ± 54.2 μg/mL and 449.0 ± 54.8 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, its active components can mediate apoptosis by inducing the accumulation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Lijie Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (S.Y.)
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Agena R, Cortés-Sánchez ADJ, Hernández-Sánchez H, Álvarez-Salas LM, Martínez-Rodríguez OP, García VHR, Jaramillo Flores ME. Pro-Apoptotic Activity and Cell Cycle Arrest of Caulerpa sertularioides against SKLU-1 Cancer Cell in 2D and 3D Cultures. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114361. [PMID: 37298837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with the highest mortality and morbidity rate worldwide. First-line drugs induce several side effects that drastically reduce the quality of life of people with this disease. Finding molecules to prevent it or generate less aggressiveness or no side effects is significant to counteract this problem. Therefore, this work searched for bioactive compounds of marine macroalgae as an alternative treatment. An 80% ethanol extract of dried Caulerpa sertularioides (CSE) was analyzed by HPLS-MS to identify the chemical components. CSE was utilized through a comparative 2D versus 3D culture model. Cisplatin (Cis) was used as a standard drug. The effects on cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, and tumor invasion were evaluated. The IC50 of CSE for the 2D model was 80.28 μg/mL versus 530 μg/mL for the 3D model after 24 h of treatment exposure. These results confirmed that the 3D model is more resistant to treatments and complex than the 2D model. CSE generated a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, induced apoptosis by extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, upregulated caspases-3 and -7, and significantly decreased tumor invasion of a 3D SKLU-1 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. CSE generates biochemical and morphological changes in the plasma membrane and causes cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases. These findings conclude that C. sertularioides is a potential candidate for alternative treatment against lung cancer. This work reinforced the use of complex models for drug screening and suggested using CSE's primary component, caulerpin, to determine its effect and mechanism of action on SKLU-1 in the future. A multi-approach with molecular and histological analysis and combination with first-line drugs must be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosette Agena
- Ingeniería Bioquímica-Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto Hernández-Sánchez
- Ingeniería Bioquímica-Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Luis Marat Álvarez-Salas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Pablo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Ingeniería Bioquímica-Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Rosales García
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Jaramillo Flores
- Ingeniería Bioquímica-Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB)-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
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Liu J, Zhang J, Fu X, Yang S, Li Y, Liu J, DiSanto ME, Chen P, Zhang X. The Emerging Role of Cell Adhesion Molecules on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2870. [PMID: 36769190 PMCID: PMC9917596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men. It is characterized by prostatic enlargement and urethral compression and often causes lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs) such as urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia. Existing studies have shown that the pathological process of prostate hyperplasia is mainly related to the imbalance of cell proliferation and apoptosis, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and growth factors. However, the exact molecular mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a group of cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion and cell migration. Modulating adhesion molecule expression can regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, EMT, and fibrotic processes, engaged in the development of prostatic hyperplasia. In this review, we went over the important roles and molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion molecules (mainly integrins and cadherins) in both physiological and pathological processes. We also analyzed the mechanisms of CAMs in prostate hyperplasia and explored the potential value of targeting CAMs as a therapeutic strategy for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Junchao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xun Fu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Michael E. DiSanto
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Current advances on the therapeutic potential of pinocembrin: An updated review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114032. [PMID: 36481404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinocembrin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a major flavonoid found in many plants, fungi and hive products, mainly honey and propolis. Several in vitro and preclinical studies revealed numerous pharmacological activities of pinocembrin including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and anticancer activities. Here, we comprehensively review and critically analyze the studies carried out on pinocembrin. We also discuss its potential mechanisms of action, bioavailability, toxicity, and clinical investigations. The wide therapeutic window of pinocembrin makes it a promising drug candidate for many clinical applications. We recommend some future perspectives to improve its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties for better delivery that may also lead to new therapeutic advances.
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Pinocembrin Relieves Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection‑Induced Pneumonia in Mice Through the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:6335-6348. [PMID: 35917101 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a serious infectious disease with increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. The M. pneumoniae is a major airway pathogen that mainly affects respiratory tract and ultimately leads to the development of pneumonia. The current exploration was aimed to uncover the beneficial properties of pinocembrin against the M. pneumoniae-triggered pneumonia in mice via its anti-inflammatory property. The pneumonia was stimulated to the BALB/c mice via infecting them with M. pneumoniae (100 µl) for 2 days through nasal drops and concomitantly treated with pinocembrin (10 mg/kg) for 3 days. The azithromycin (100 mg/kg) was used as a standard drug. Then the lung weight, nitric oxide, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assessed. The content of MDA, GSH, and SOD activity was scrutinized using kits. The total cells and DNA amount present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assessed by standard methods. The IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF contents in the BALF samples and NF-κB level in the lung tissues were assessed using kits. The lung histopathology was assessed microscopically to detect the histological alterations. The 10 mg/kg of pinocembrin treatment substantially decreased the lung weight, nitric oxide (NO) level, and MPO activity. The MDA level was decreased, and GSH content and SOD activity were improved by the pinocembrin treatment. The pinocembrin administered pneumonia animals also demonstrated the decreased total cells, DNA amount, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF in the BALF and NF-κB level. The findings of histological studies also witnessed the beneficial role of pinocembrin against M. pneumoniae-infected pneumonia. In conclusion, our findings confirmed that the pinocembrin effectively ameliorated the M. pneumoniae-provoked inflammation and oxidative stress in the pneumonia mice model. Hence, it could be a hopeful therapeutic agent to treat the pneumonia in the future.
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Liu J, Qian K, Qin Z, Alshehri MD, Li Q, Tai Y. Cloud computing-enabled IIOT system for neurosurgical simulation using augmented reality data access. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kis B, Pavel IZ, Avram S, Moaca EA, Herrero San Juan M, Schwiebs A, Radeke HH, Muntean D, Diaconeasa Z, Minda D, Oprean C, Bojin F, Dehelean CA, Soica C, Danciu C. Antimicrobial activity, in vitro anticancer effect (MCF-7 breast cancer cell line), antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory potentials of Populus nigra L. buds extract. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:74. [PMID: 35296309 PMCID: PMC8928639 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, the in vitro anticancer effect (tested on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line), as well as the antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory potential of Populus nigra L. bud (Pg) extract collected from the western part of Romania. RESULTS Populus nigra L. bud extract presents an important antioxidant activity, due to the rich phytochemical composition. Regarding the biological activity, results have shown that poplar bud extract presents a significant inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria and a dose-dependent decrease of MCF-7 tumor cell viability with an IC50 of 66.26 μg/mL, while not affecting healthy cells. Phenomena of early apoptotic events at the maximum concentration tested (150 μg/mL) were detected by Annexin V-PI double staining. The extract induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest. In addition, Pg extract showed antiangiogenic potential on the chorioallantoic membrane. Also, at the highest concentration (150 μg/mL), good tolerability and no signs of toxicity upon vascular plexus were observed. Moreover, in low concentrations, the Pg extract had immunomodulatory activity on primary human dendritic cells by upregulating IL-12 and IL-23 subunits. CONCLUSION The study concludes that poplar bud extract elicited antioxidant activity, antitumor properties on the breast cancer cell line, followed by an antiangiogenic effect and an immunomodulatory potential on human primary dendritic cells. The biological activity of Populus nigra L. buds extract may open new directions of research on the topic addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Kis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Zinuca Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania. .,Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.,Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Elena Alina Moaca
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.,Department of Toxicology, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Martina Herrero San Juan
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Anja Schwiebs
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Heinfried H Radeke
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Delia Muntean
- Department of Microbiology, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.
| | - Zorita Diaconeasa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur, 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daliana Minda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.,Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Camelia Oprean
- Department of Pharmacy I, Drug Analysis, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.,"Pius Brinzeu" Timişoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Oncogen Institute, 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723, Timişoara, Romania.,Advanced Instrumental Screening Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Florina Bojin
- "Pius Brinzeu" Timişoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Oncogen Institute, 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723, Timişoara, Romania.,Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.,Department of Toxicology, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Codruta Soica
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania.,Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041, Timișoara, Romania
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Gong H. Pinocembrin suppresses proliferation and enhances apoptosis in lung cancer cells in vitro by restraining autophagy. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6035-6044. [PMID: 34486470 PMCID: PMC8806703 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1972779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of human death, and the 5-year survival rate for lung cancer patients remains a relative low level. Pinocembrin (Pino) was reported to play an important role in the inhibition of cancer development, so this study was designed to explore the role of pino in lung cancer. A549 cells were treated with different concentration of Pino (25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 µM) for 24, 48 and 72, respectively to detect cell viability by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Then, the proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy of A549 cells under pino exposure were detected using colony formation, TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Western blot was used to analyze proliferation-, apoptosis-, and autophagy-related proteins. To measure the effects of pino on cell autophagy, the above-mentioned functional assays were conducted again in A549 cells treated with pino and 20 µM autophagy activator rapamycin (RAPA). Declined trends in cell viability, proliferation, and autophagy were found in A549 cells treated with increasing doses of pino, by contrast with those without any treatment. Additionally, the apoptosis of A549 cells was enhanced upon pino exposure, accompanied by elevated caspase3 activity. However, RAPA reversed the anti-proliferative, anti-autophagic and pro-apoptotic properties of pino in A549 cells. In conclusion, this paper is the first to verify that pino suppresses the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of lung cancer cells by restraining autophagy, indicating that pino has potential therapeutic effects on the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Gong
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
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11
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Pinocembrin Ameliorates Skin Fibrosis via Inhibiting TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081240. [PMID: 34439906 PMCID: PMC8393190 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin fibrotic diseases, such as keloids, are mainly caused by pathologic scarring of wounds during healing and characterized by benign cutaneous overgrowths of dermal fibroblasts. Current surgical and therapeutic modalities of skin fibrosis are unsatisfactory. Pinocembrin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to possess a vast range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. In this study we explored the potential effect and mechanisms of pinocembrin on skin fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies indicated that pinocembrin dose-dependently suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of keloid fibroblasts and mouse primary dermal fibroblasts. The in vivo studies showed that pinocembrin could effectively alleviate bleomycin (BLM)-induced skin fibrosis and reduce the gross weight and fibrosis-related protein expression of keloid tissues in xenograft mice. Further mechanism studies indicated that pinocembrin could suppress TGF-β1/Smad signaling and attenuate TGF-β1-induced activation of skin fibroblasts. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of pinocembrin for skin fibrosis.
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Ma J, Liu L, Ling Y, Zheng J. Polypeptide LTX-315 reverses the cisplatin chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells via regulating Beclin-1/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22853. [PMID: 34309113 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polypeptide LTX-315 induces immunogenic cell death, thus having the potential to improve the effect of anticancer treatment. However, the function of LTX-315 in reversing chemoresistance in ovarian cancer (OC) still remains elusive. Our study aims to decipher the effect of LTX-315 on reversing the chemoresistance of OC cells and explore its mechanism. METHODS SKOV3, A2780, SKOV3/DDP, and A2780/DDP cells (cisplatin [DDP]-resistant cells] were treated with different concentrations of LTX-315 (10 and 20 µmol/L), respectively. Cell counting kit-8 assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were used to assess cell viability, migration, invasion, apoptosis rate, and cell cycle of the cells. Western blot was performed to examine the expression of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 3, cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), PARP, Bax, Bcl-2, Beclin-1, p-Akt, Akt, p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mTOR. Furthermore, OC cells were treated with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and "rescue experiments" were performed. RESULTS DDP-resistant OC cell models were established, and LTX-315 treatment resulted in lower IC50 of DDP. In OC cells treated with LTX-315, the viability, migration, invasion and the expression of Bcl-2 of were repressed, but the apoptotic rate and the expression of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP and Bax were increased, and the cell cycle was arrested. Moreover, LTX-315 promoted Beclin-1 expression level and inhibited p-Akt and p-mTOR expression levels, whereas 3-MA could partially reverse the biological effects of LTX-315 on OC cells. CONCLUSION LTX-315 can inhibit the resistance of OC cells to DDP in vitro and plays a role by regulating Beclin-1/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Clinical Medical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Ling
- Department of Medical Oncology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Clinical Medical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Zhu X, Li R, Wang C, Zhou S, Fan Y, Ma S, Gao D, Gai N, Yang J. Pinocembrin Inhibits the Proliferation and Metastasis of Breast Cancer via Suppression of the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:661184. [PMID: 34336656 PMCID: PMC8322951 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.661184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate of breast cancer (BC) patients remains poor, thus the identification of safe and effective new drugs is crucial to improve therapeutic outcomes and overall survival. Pinocembrin (PCB), a pharmacologically active ingredient of Pinus heartwood, Eucalyptus, Euphorbia, Populus, and Sparattosperma leucanthum, has been widely applied for the treatment of various diseases and possesses anticancer activities. In vitro assays were performed to investigate the antiproliferation and antimetastasis activities of PCB in BC cells. A tumorigenesis assay with the use of murine BC models was performed to assess the antiproliferation activities of PCB in vivo. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activities of PCB in BC cells were explored. The results showed that the anti-inhibitory and antiproliferation activities of PCB in BC might involve cell cycle (G2/M phase) arrest and apoptosis. PCB downregulated the expression levels of proteins involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis, including cyclinB1, Cdc2, PARP1, Bcl-2, and survivin, and upregulated protein levels of cleaved PARP1, cleaved caspase3, cleaved caspase9, and BAX. In a murine subcutaneous tumor model, PCB suppressed the growth of MCF-7 cells in vivo. Low concentrations of PCB also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of BC cells. Mechanistically, PCB administration was correlated to suppression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Inhibition of the proliferation of BC cells by PCB involved cell cycle (G2/M phase) arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Low concentrations of PCB also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of BC cells. These findings suggest that PCB might be an effective agent for treatment of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Rongnian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Panjin Liaohe Oilfield Gem Flower Hospital, Panjin, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yujia Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Didi Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Nian Gai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, China
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Wang H, Zhang H, Sun Z, Chen W, Miao C. GABAB receptor inhibits tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the regulation of Hippo/YAP1 pathway in colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1953-1962. [PMID: 34131398 PMCID: PMC8193267 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type B Receptor (GABABR) plays essential roles in tumor progression. However, the function of GABABR in colorectal cancer (CRC) needs further clarification. As the main part of GABABR, GABABR1 expression was identified significantly lower in tumor tissues than those in non-tumor normal tissues and that CRC patients with high GABABR1 expression lived longer. Further studies indicated that knockdown of GABABR1 elevated CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, knockdown of GABABR1 activated the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins N-cadherin and Vimentin, whereas decrease the protein level of E-cadherin. In addition, activation of Hippo/YAP1 signaling contributes to the GABABR1 down-regulation promoted proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in CRC cells. At last, we verified the contribution of Hippo/YAP1 signaling in the GABABR1 down-regulation impaired biological phenotype of colon cancer cells in vivo. In summary, these data indicate that GABABR1 impairs the migration and invasion of CRC cells by inhibiting EMT and the Hippo/YAP1 pathway, suggesting that GABABR1 could be a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Cancer Center, ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University; 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Cancer Center, ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University; 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Cancer Center, ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University; 180# Feng-Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Qu X, Qi G, Sun D, Yue J, Xu W, Xu S. Metformin hydrochloride action on cell membrane N-cadherin expression and cell nucleus revealed by SERS nanoprobes. Talanta 2021; 232:122442. [PMID: 34074427 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-tumor effects of metformin hydrochloride (MH), an initial pharmacologic agent for type 2 diabetes, were reexamined by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. A SERS immuno-tag fabricated by decorating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a specific antibody was employed to trace the dynamic expression of the tumor metastasis-related N-cadherin. With the MH action, the N-cadherin expression on the cell membranes decreases, proving that MH has a pharmacological effect on prohibiting cancer cell metastasis. Another AgNP-based nucleus targeting nanoprobe was adopted to culture with the MH acted cells, which can help the label-free SERS collection of the cell nuclei to explore the MH influences on intranuclear genes and proteins. By analyzing the intranuclear SERS spectra, the find is that MH has impacts on the transcription and translation of genes, thus regulates the expression of tumor metastasis-related proteins (N-cadherins). This study presents a proof-of-concept for MH as a potential drug for diabetes patients associated with tumors. The developed plasmonic immune analytical platform can be extended to assess other substances of the cell membrane and applicable for the SERS-based screening of membrane receptor-related drugs at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China; The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, PR China
| | - Guohua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Jing Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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Silva B, Biluca FC, Gonzaga LV, Fett R, Dalmarco EM, Caon T, Costa ACO. In vitro anti-inflammatory properties of honey flavonoids: A review. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110086. [PMID: 33641965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Honey is a natural ready-to-eat product rich in flavonoids, which is known by the wound healing properties due to both antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Flavonoids mitigate inflammatory processes, and thus it could currently support studies of anti-inflammatory potential of honeys. In this review, in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids found in honey were prioritized. Mechanistic information of specific isolated flavonoids as modulators of inflammatory processes are summarized aiming to stimulate studies regarding the action of honey in inflammatory events. Lastly, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) of flavonoids was also included. Flavonoids found in honey have demonstrated antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes such as COX, LOX, iNOS, and pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, cytokines and chemokines. Transcriptional factors such as NF-κB are also modulated by flavonoids, controlling the expression of several inflammatory mediators. SAR studies demonstrate the effect of flavonoids in the prevention of inflammatory cascades. Despite the promising reports of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, well-designed clinical trials need yet to be performed to confirm the benefits of honeys from different botanical sources in diseases that include episodes of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Silva
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Fabíola Carina Biluca
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Caon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Chinese Poplar Propolis Inhibits MDA-MB-231 Cell Proliferation in an Inflammatory Microenvironment by Targeting Enzymes of the Glycolytic Pathway. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6641341. [PMID: 33628847 PMCID: PMC7899755 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6641341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Propolis is rich in flavonoids and has excellent antitumor activity. However, little is known about the potential effects of propolis on glycolysis in tumor cells. Here, the antitumor effects of propolis against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in an inflammatory microenvironment stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated by assessing the key enzymes of glycolysis. Propolis treatment obviously inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, clone forming, and angiogenesis. Proinflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, as well as NLRP3 inflammasomes, were decreased following propolis treatment when compared with the LPS group. Moreover, propolis treatment significantly downregulated the levels of key enzymes of glycolysis–hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 (PKM2), and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) in MDA-MB-231 cells stimulated with LPS. After treatment with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an inhibitor of glycolysis, the inhibitory effect of propolis on migration was not significant when compared with the LPS group. In addition, propolis increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, these results indicated that propolis targeted key enzymes of glycolysis to suppress the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in an inflammatory microenvironment. These studies provide a molecular basis for propolis as a natural anticancer agent against breast cancer.
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Alzahrani AM, Rajendran P. Pinocembrin attenuates benzo(a)pyrene-induced CYP1A1 expression through multiple pathways: An in vitro and in vivo study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22695. [PMID: 33393179 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], which is a carcinogen, is a substance most typically known in cigarette smoke and considered as an important intermediary of lung cancer. The enzyme CYP1A1 is crucial for the metabolic conversion of B(a)P into the intermediates that induce carcinogenesis. Stimulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which is regulated by B(a)P, is thought to induce numerous signaling cascades. Interruption in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway causes changes in cellular processes and may alter the AhR pathway. The aim of this investigation is to examine the potential ability of a flavonoid pinocembrin (PCB) to alleviate B(a)P toxicity and analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that PCB inhibited DNA adduct formation by attenuating CYP1A1 expression through the suppression of the AhR/Src/ERK pathways. PCB mitigated the B(a)P-stimulated DNA damage, inhibited Src and ERK1/2 expression, decreased CYP1A1 expression, and reduced the B(a)P-induced stimulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling in lung epithelial cells. Finally, the activity of CYP1A1 and Src in lung tissues from mice supplemented with PCB was noticeably decreased and lower than that in lung tissues from mice supplemented with B(a)P alone. Collectively, these data suggest that PCB may alleviate the toxic effects of PAHs, which are important environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Jiang L, Yang Y, Feng H, Zhou Q, Liu Y. Pinocembrin Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, Invasiveness, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Regulating LACTB. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 37:527-536. [PMID: 33395536 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy of digestive tract. Pinocembrin (PINO) has been discovered to have proapoptotic effect on CRC. This study aimed to elucidate how other biological behaviors of CRC cells were affected under PINO treatment. Materials & Methods: The effect of PINO on HT29 and HCT116 cells were detected through treatment of different concentrations of PINO. The role of LACTB in PINO treatment was investigated by transfection of siRNA-LACTB. Cell counting kit-8 assay, wound healing assay, and Transwell assay were conducted to evaluate the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of CRC cells, respectively. Western blot or quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was carried out to measure the expressions of LACTB, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. Results: Gradient PINO inhibited the viability, migration, invasiveness, and expressions of MMP-2 and N-cadherin in CRC cells, while promoted E-cadherin and LACTB expressions. Silencing LACTB promoted the viability, migration, invasiveness, and expressions of MMP-2 and N-cadherin in CRC cells and inhibited E-cadherin expression. PINO counteracted the effect of silenced LACTB, and yet silencing LACTB partially abolished the effect of PINO on CRC cells. Conclusion: PINO inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of CRC cells by regulating LACTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongbo Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyang Feng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinfei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kis B, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Lombrea A, Buda V, Dehelean CA, Soica C, Yerer MB, Bojin F, Folescu R, Danciu C. Recent Advances Regarding the Phytochemical and Therapeutic Uses of Populus nigra L. Buds. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111464. [PMID: 33138272 PMCID: PMC7693997 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae family) is one of the most popular trees that can be found in deciduous forests. Some particularities that characterize the Populus genus refer to the fact that it includes more than 40 species, being widespread especially in Europe and Asia. Many residues, parts of this tree can be used as a bioresource for different extracts as active ingredients in pharmaceuticals next to multiple benefits in many areas of medicine. The present review discusses the latest findings regarding the phytochemical composition and the therapeutic properties of Populus nigra L. buds. The vegetal product has been described mainly to contain phenolic compounds (phenols, phenolic acids and phenylpropanoids), terpenoids (mono and sesquiterpenoids), flavones (e.g., apigenol and crysin), flavanones (e.g., pinocembrin and pinostrombin), caffeic/ferulic acids and their derivates, and more than 48 phytocompounds in the essential oils. The resinous exudates present on the buds have been the major plant source used by bees to form propolis. Several studies depicted its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypouricemic properties and its effects on melanin production. All these lead to the conclusion that black poplar buds are a valuable and important source of bioactive compounds responsible for a wide range of therapeutic uses, being a promising candidate as a complementary and/or alternative source for a large number of health problems. The aim of the review is to gather the existing information and to bring an up to date regarding the phytochemical and therapeutic uses of Populus nigra L. buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Kis
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Ioana Zinuca Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Adelina Lombrea
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-755-100-408
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Mukerrem Betul Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey;
| | - Florina Bojin
- Department of Functional Sciences, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2, Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Folescu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babeş, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (B.K.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (A.L.); (C.D.)
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Gao J, Gao Y, Lin S, Zou X, Zhu Y, Chen X, Wan H, Zhu H. Effects of activating GABAB1 receptor on proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer cells. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:126. [PMID: 33099319 PMCID: PMC7585685 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effects of activating GABAB1 receptor by baclofen on proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ovarian cancer cells. RESULTS One hundred μmol/L, 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L were selected as low, medium and high baclofen concentrations respectively. Cells were divided into four groups: Control, 100 μmol/L, 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L. Compared with the control group, the viability, colony formation, migration and invasion of SKOV3 cells were inhibited, and the apoptosis of SKOV3 cells were enhanced significantly at 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L baclofen. Moreover, they changed significantly with the increase of baclofen concentration. Compared with the control group, the expression of E-cadherin and GABAB1 increased and the N-cadherin expression decreased significantly in 200 μmol/L and 300 μmol/L groups. Higher concentration of baclofen induced higher expression of E-cadherin and lower expression of N-cadherin. CONCLUSION Baclofen inhibited the proliferation, cloning, migration, invasion and EMT of ovarian cancer cells by activating GABAB1 receptor. These results might contribute a lot to clarify the role and possible mechanism of GABAB1 receptor in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shixin Lin
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yukai Zhu
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- Postgraduate Department, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Xiangshanbei Road 128, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
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Network Pharmacology-Based and Clinically Relevant Prediction of the Potential Targets of Chinese Herbs in Ovarian Cancer Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8965459. [PMID: 33150184 PMCID: PMC7603558 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8965459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reports increasingly suggest that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used to treat ovarian cancer (OvCa) with a good curative effect; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying CHM are still unclear. In this retrospective study, we explored CHM's molecular targets for the treatment of OvCa based on clinical data and network pharmacology. We used the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis to verify the survival rate of 202 patients with CHM-treated OvCa. The association between CHM and survival time was analyzed by bivariate correlation. A target network of CHM active ingredients against OvCa was established via network pharmacology. Cox regression analysis showed that CHM is an independent favorable prognostic factor. The median survival time was 91 months in the CHM group and 65 months in the non-CHM group. The survival time of FIGO stage III patients in the two groups was 91 months and 52 months, and the median survival period of FIOG stage IV patients was 60 months and 22 months, respectively (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis demonstrated that 12 herbs were closely associated with prognosis, especially in regard to the long-term benefits. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the anti-OvCa activity of these 12 herbs occurs mainly through the regulation of apoptosis-related protein expression, which promotes OvCa cell apoptosis and inhibits OvCa development. They also regulate the progress of OvCa treatment by promoting or inhibiting protein expression on the p53 signaling pathway and by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway by directly inhibiting NF-κB.
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Ma WP, Hu SM, Xu YL, Li HH, Ma XQ, Wei BH, Li FY, Guan HS, Yu GL, Liu M, Liu HB. Haimufang decoction, a Chinese medicine formula for lung cancer, arrests cell cycle, stimulates apoptosis in NCI-H1975 cells, and induces M1 polarization in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:243. [PMID: 32758223 PMCID: PMC7404932 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality in the world and novel treatment strategies are still needed. Haimufang decoction (HMF) is a patented clinical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine for lung cancer treatment. HMF is composed of four herbs and has been applied clinically in advanced cancer patients. However, its therapeutic mechanisms are still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the possible mechanisms of HMF for the treatment of lung cancer. METHODS 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay was applied for evaluating the proliferative effect of HMF in lung cancer cells and monocyte macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Flow cytometer was used to detect the effects of HMF on cell cycle and apoptosis, and western blotting was employed to explore the potential apoptotic mechanisms of HMF on lung cancer cells. For immunomodulatory effect, co-culture system was used to detect the activation of macrophage RAW264.7 cells when treated with HMF, and neutral red assay was used to measure the effect of HMF on the phagocytosis of the activated macrophages. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometer, and immunofluorescence staining method were employed for the investigation on the underlying mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect on RAW264.7 induced by HMF. RESULTS HMF inhibited the proliferation, induced S phase cell cycle arrest, and stimulated apoptosis in lung cancer NCI-H1975 cells, while had negligible cytotoxicity on macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, HMF could activate macrophage RAW264.7 cells and promote the inhibition activity of RAW264.7 cells against lung cancer cells. And also, HMF activated macrophages and increased their phagocytic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. HMF increased the expression of macrophage activation marker CD40, the level of nitric oxide, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, as well as M1 macrophages cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin 12 p70, and interleukin 6. Further investigation showed that HMF induced M1 but not M2 phenotype polarization in RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS HMF can mainly exert anticancer activity via (1) cytotoxicity to human lung cancer cells by proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction; and also via (2) immunomodulation via macrophage cells activation and M1 phenotype polarization induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shu-Man Hu
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan-Lai Xu
- Naval Secret Service Nursing Center of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bao-Hong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fu-Yu Li
- Naval Secret Service Nursing Center of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Shi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guang-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Hong-Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Wang W, Zheng L, Xu L, Tu J, Gu X. Pinocembrin mitigates depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress through ameliorating neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Mol Med 2020; 26:53. [PMID: 32460706 PMCID: PMC7251698 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with chronic fatigue have a risk of comorbidity with depression. Pinocembrin (PB) is a kind of flavonoid molecule isolated from honey and propolis and has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer function. The purpose of the current study was to determine the possible function of PB on treatment of depression. METHODS A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model was established to mimic the depressive-like behaviors in vivo. The depressive-like behaviors of CUMS mice were measured by sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity or superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by commercial kit. The inflammatory factor including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were examined. RESULTS We found that PB alleviated the decreasing of sucrose preference and body weight. CUMS mice significantly increased the immobility time but decreased latency to abandon in FST, increased the immobility time in TST, and reduced crossing score and rearing score in OFT, whereas these changes were reversed by PB treatment. More importantly, PB decreased the concentration of ROS and MDA, but increased the SOD activity, suggesting that it could protected against oxidative stress in CUMS mice. Interestingly, PB inhibited cell apoptosis and regulated inflammatory factors expression in hippocampus of CUMS mice. Moreover, PB activated Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway but inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-kB. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, PB mitigated CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors through ameliorating neuroinflammation and apoptosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not Applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang City, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jianglong Tu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xunhu Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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