1
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Xu YS, Xiang J, Lin SJ. Functional role of P2X7 purinergic receptor in cancer and cancer-related pain. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10019-w. [PMID: 38771429 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed that the ATP-gated ion channel purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in tumor progression and the pathogenesis of cancer pain. P2X7R requires activation by extracellular ATP to perform its regulatory role functions. During tumor development or cancer-induced pain, ATP is released from tumor cells or other cells in the tumor microenvironment (such as tumor-associated immune cells), which activates P2X7R, opens ion channels on the cell membrane, affects intracellular molecular metabolism, and regulates the activity of tumor cells. Furthermore, peripheral organs and receptors can be damaged during tumor progression, and P2X7R expression in nerve cells (such as microglia) is significantly upregulated, enhancing sensory afferent information, sensitizing the central nervous system, and inducing or exacerbating pain. These findings reveal that the ATP-P2X7R signaling axis plays a key regulatory role in the pathogenesis of tumors and cancer pain and also has a therapeutic role. Accordingly, in this study, we explored the role of P2X7R in tumors and cancer pain, discussed the pharmacological properties of inhibiting P2X7R activity (such as the use of antagonists) or blocking its expression in the treatment of tumor and cancer pain, and provided an important evidence for the treatment of both in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Si-Jian Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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2
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Yin J, Lai P, Zhu L, Ma J. Angiopoietin 1 Relieves Osteolysis by Promoting Macrophage Mitophagy Through the TBK1-SQSTM1 Pathway to Inhibit AIM2 Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04961-z. [PMID: 38662322 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Osteolysis resulting from wear particles and subsequent aseptic loosening is a leading cause of revision surgery of artificial joints. The underlying pathogenesis of particle-induced osteolysis (PPO) has remained largely uncertain. Addressing how to mitigate osteolysis caused by wear particles presents a significant challenge for orthopedic surgeons. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism by which Angiopoietin (Ang-1) inhibits osteoclast activation to alleviate osteolysis. RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were stimulated with LPS or RANKL to induce osteoclast formation. Additionally, titanium (Ti) particles (50 mg) were subperiosteally implanted around the cranial suture of mice to establish a calvarial osteolysis model. Ang-1, a member of the pro-angiogenic factor protein family and an important inflammatory regulator molecule, was utilized in this model. TRAP staining was utilized to detect osteoclast activation, while a western blot was conducted to identify key proteins associated with mitophagy and pyroptosis. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the morphology and dimensions of Ti particles. Additionally, a combination of micro-CT, H&E, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining techniques were applied to analyze the calvarial samples. Results indicated that Ang-1 could inhibit LPS- or RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and alleviate Ti particle-induced calvarial osteolysis in mice. TBK-1, a key signaling molecule involved in initiating mitophagy, was found to be mechanistically enhanced by Ang-1 through promoting TBK-1 phosphorylation in macrophages. This process inhibited AIM2 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and impeded osteoclastogenesis. Overall, this research uncovers a novel mechanism by which Ang-1 can attenuate inflammatory osteolysis, potentially offering a new therapeutic approach for PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Peng Lai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Libo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Jinzhong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201600, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201600, China.
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3
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Yin Y, Wei L, Caseley EA, Lopez‐Charcas O, Wei Y, Li D, Muench SP, Roger S, Wang L, Jiang L. Leveraging the ATP-P2X7 receptor signalling axis to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1346-1373. [PMID: 36924449 PMCID: PMC10947395 DOI: 10.1002/med.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an exceptional member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, with its activation requiring high concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that are often associated with tissue damage and inflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), it is highly expressed in glial cells, particularly in microglia. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of the P2X7 receptor in mediating neuroinflammation and other pathogenic events in a variety of traumatic CNS damage conditions, which lead to loss of neurological and cognitive functions. We raise the perspective on the steady progress in developing CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor-specific antagonists that leverage the ATP-P2X7 receptor signaling axis as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yin
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Linyu Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Emily A. Caseley
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Osbaldo Lopez‐Charcas
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Yingjuan Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Dongliang Li
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Steve P. Muench
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sebastian Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Lin‐Hua Jiang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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4
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Penolazzi L, Notarangelo MP, Lambertini E, Vultaggio-Poma V, Tarantini M, Di Virgilio F, Piva R. Unorthodox localization of P2X7 receptor in subcellular compartments of skeletal system cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1180774. [PMID: 37215083 PMCID: PMC10192554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1180774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the subcellular localization of a protein within a cell is often an essential step in understanding its function. The main objective of this report was to determine the presence of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in healthy human cells of skeletal system, specifically osteoblasts (OBs), chondrocytes (Chs) and intervertebral disc (IVD) cells. This receptor is a member of the ATP-gated ion channel family, known to be a main sensor of extracellular ATP, the prototype of the danger signal released at sites of tissue damage, and a ubiquitous player in inflammation and cancer, including bone and cartilaginous tissues. Despite overwhelming data supporting a role in immune cell responses and tumor growth and progression, a complete picture of the pathophysiological functions of P2X7R, especially when expressed by non-immune cells, is lacking. Here we show that human wild-type P2X7R (P2X7A) was expressed in different samples of human osteoblasts, chondrocytes and intervertebral disc cells. By fluorescence microscopy (LM) and immunogold transmission electron microscopy we localized P2X7R not only in the canonical sites (plasma membrane and cytoplasm), but also in the nucleus of all the 3 cell types, especially IVD cells and OBs. P2X7R mitochondrial immunoreactivity was predominantly detected in OBs and IVD cells, but not in Chs. Evidence of subcellular localization of P2X7R may help to i. understand the participation of P2X7R in as yet unidentified signaling pathways in the joint and bone microenvironment, ii. identify pathologies associated with P2X7R mislocalization and iii. design specific targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Penolazzi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Mario Tarantini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Piva
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Huang H, He YM, Lin MM, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liang L, He X. P2X7Rs: new therapeutic targets for osteoporosis. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:207-219. [PMID: 35106736 PMCID: PMC9984661 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that both the occurrence and progression of osteoporosis are associated with inflammation, especially in primary osteoporosis. The maintenance of skeletal homeostasis is dependent on the complex regulation of bone metabolism. Numerous evidence suggested that purinoceptor networks are essential for bone homeostasis. In this review, the relationship between inflammation and the development of osteoporosis and the role of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in regulating the dynamic regulation of bone reconstruction were covered. We also discussed how P2X7R regulates the balance between resorption and bone formation by osteoblasts and reviewed the relevance of P2X7R polymorphisms in skeletal physiology. Finally, we analyzed potential targets of P2X7R for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Huang
- Clinical Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yu-Mei He
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Miao-Miao Lin
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueling He
- Laboratory Animal Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Strategies of Macrophages to Maintain Bone Homeostasis and Promote Bone Repair: A Narrative Review. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010018. [PMID: 36662065 PMCID: PMC9864083 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis (a healthy bone mass) is regulated by maintaining a delicate balance between bone resorption and bone formation. The regulation of physiological bone remodeling by a complex system that involves multiple cells in the skeleton is closely related to bone homeostasis. Loss of bone mass or repair of bone is always accompanied by changes in bone homeostasis. However, due to the complexity of bone homeostasis, we are currently unable to identify all the mechanisms that affect bone homeostasis. To date, bone macrophages have been considered a third cellular component in addition to osteogenic spectrum cells and osteoclasts. As confirmed by co-culture models or in vivo experiments, polarized or unpolarized macrophages interact with multiple components within the bone to ensure bone homeostasis. Different macrophage phenotypes are prone to resorption and formation of bone differently. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate bone homeostasis and concludes that macrophages can control bone homeostasis from osteoclasts, mesenchymal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and the blood/vasculature system. The elaboration of these mechanisms in this narrative review facilitates the development of macrophage-based strategies for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases and bone defects.
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Jędrejko K, Kała K, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Pytko-Polończyk J, Muszyńska B. Effect of Cordyceps spp. and Cordycepin on Functions of Bones and Teeth and Related Processes: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238170. [PMID: 36500262 PMCID: PMC9737375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps spp. (belonging to the Ascomycota group) are entomopathogenic mushrooms that have traditionally been used in ethnomedicine in Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea, and India. They are unique parasites of larvae of selected species of moths. Cordyceps militaris is one of the best sources of cordycepin. Worldwide, osteoporosis is one of the most common bone diseases, whose pharmacotherapy includes various medical interventions; however, the research and development of new molecules and new drugs is required. The impact of adenosine receptors (ARs) on the purinergic signaling pathway may regulate proliferation, differentiate dental pulp stem cells and bone marrow, and modulate osteogenesis and bone repair. The aim of the review was to collect and analyze the available data on the effects of Cordyceps spp. or cordycepin on bone function and related processes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review in this perspective, not necessarily using mushroom raw material or even the isolated parent compound cordycepin, but new molecules that are analogs of nucleosides, such as those from C. militaris. This review found that Cordyceps spp. or isolated cordycepin interacts via the AR, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) signaling pathway and evaluated their impact on bones, teeth, and dental pulp. Cordyceps spp. was found to have the potential to develop regenerative medicines, thus providing an opportunity to expand the treatment or intervention methods in the recovery after traumatic injuries, convalescence, and terminal-stage or devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jędrejko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (B.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Kała
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sułkowska-Ziaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Pytko-Polończyk
- Chair and Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 4 Montelupich Street, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (B.M.)
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8
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Schäfer W, Stähler T, Pinto Espinoza C, Danquah W, Knop JH, Rissiek B, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Origin, distribution, and function of three frequent coding polymorphisms in the gene for the human P2X7 ion channel. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1033135. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1033135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, is widely expressed on the plasma membrane of immune cells and plays important roles in inflammation and apoptosis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in the human P2RX7 gene. In contrast to other members of the P2X family, non-synonymous polymorphisms in P2X7 are common. Three of these occur at overall frequencies of more than 25% and affect residues in the extracellular “head”-domain of P2X7 (155 Y/H), its “lower body” (270 R/H), and its “tail” in the second transmembrane domain (348 T/A). Comparison of the P2X7 orthologues of human and other great apes indicates that the ancestral allele is Y—R—T (at 155–270–348). Interestingly, each single amino acid variant displays lower ATP-sensitivity than the ancestral allele. The originally published reference sequence of human P2X7, often referred to as “wildtype,” differs from the ancestral allele at all three positions, i.e. H—H—A. The 1,000 Genome Project determined the sequences of both alleles of 2,500 human individuals, including roughly 500 persons from each of the five major continental regions. This rich resource shows that the ancestral alleles Y155, R270, and T348 occur in all analyzed human populations, albeit at strikingly different frequencies in various subpopulations (e.g., 25%–59% for Y155, 59%–77% for R270, and 13%–47% for T348). BLAST analyses of ancient human genome sequences uncovered several homozygous carriers of variant P2X7 alleles, possibly reflecting a high degree of inbreeding, e.g., H—R—T for a 50.000 year old Neanderthal, H—R—A for a 24.000 year old Siberian, and Y—R—A for a 7,000 year old mesolithic European. In contrast, most present-day individuals co-express two copies of P2X7 that differ in one or more amino acids at positions 155, 270, and 348. Our results improve the understanding of how P2X7 structure affects its function and suggest the importance of considering P2X7 variants of participants when designing clinical trials targeting P2X7.
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Chen YQ, Hu WH, Dong ZC, Dong SW. Multi-functional osteoclasts in matrix-based tissue engineering bone. Chin J Traumatol 2022; 25:132-137. [PMID: 34969539 PMCID: PMC9125721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of bone defects, especially for the large segment of bone defects, has always been an urgent problem in orthopedic clinic and attracted researchers' attention. Nowadays, the application of tissue engineering bone in the repair of bone defects has become the research hotspot. With the rapid development of tissue engineering, the novel and functional scaffold materials for bone repair have emerged. In this review, we have summarized the multi-functional roles of osteoclasts in bone remodeling. The development of matrix-based tissue engineering bone has laid a theoretical foundation for further investigation about the novel bone regeneration materials which could perform high bioactivity. From the point of view on preserving pre-osteoclasts and targeting mature osteoclasts, this review introduced the novel matrix-based tissue engineering bone based on osteoclasts in the field of bone tissue engineering, which provides a potential direction for the development of novel scaffold materials for the treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zi-Cai Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shi-Wu Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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10
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Liang W, Wu X, Dong Y, Chen X, Zhou P, Xu F. Mechanical stimuli-mediated modulation of bone cell function-implications for bone remodeling and angiogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:445-454. [PMID: 34665321 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling, expressed as bone formation and turnover, is a complex and dynamic process closely related to its form and function. Different events, such as development, aging, and function, play a critical role in bone remodeling and metabolism. The ability of the bone to adapt to new loads and forces has been well known and has proven useful in orthopedics and insightful for research in bone and cell biology. Mechanical stimulation is one of the most important drivers of bone metabolism. Interestingly, different types of forces will have specific consequences in bone remodeling, and their beneficial effects can be traced using different biomarkers. In this narrative review, we summarize the major mediators and events in bone remodeling, focusing on the effects of mechanical stimulation on bone metabolism, cell populations, and ultimately, bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 355 Xinqiao Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 355 Xinqiao Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinchang People's Hospital, Shaoxing, 312500, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangming Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 355 Xinqiao Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ma Y, Ran D, Cao Y, Zhao H, Song R, Zou H, Gu J, Yuan Y, Bian J, Zhu J, Liu Z. The effect of P2X7 on cadmium-induced osteoporosis in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124251. [PMID: 33168313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), an environmental pollutant, induces osteoporosis by directly destroying bone tissue, but its direct damaging effect on bone cells is not fully illustrated. Here, we treated mouse bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) and bone marrow macrophages (BMM) with Cd, and gave BALB/c mice Cd in water. Long-term Cd exposure significantly inhibited BMSC osteogenesis and osteoclast differentiation in vitro, and induced osteoporosis in vivo. Cd exposure also reduced P2X7 expression dramatically. However, P2X7 deletion significantly inhibited osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation; P2X7 overexpression obviously reduced the suppression effect of Cd on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. The suppression of P2X7-PI3K-AKT signaling aggravated the effect of Cd. In mice, short-term Cd exposure did not result in osteoporosis, but bone formation was inhibited, RANKL expression was increased, and osteoclasts were significantly increased in vivo. In vitro, short-term Cd exposure not only increased osteoclast numbers, but also promoted osteoclast adhesion function at late-stage osteoclast differentiation. Cd exposure also reduced P2X7 expression in vivo and in vitro. Our results demonstrate that short-term Cd exposure does not affect osteoblast and osteoclast apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, but long-term Cd exposure significantly increases bone tissue apoptosis. Overall, our results describe a novel mechanism for Cd-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Di Ran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiaqiao Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, PR China.
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Ma Y, Ran D, Zhao H, Song R, Zou H, Gu J, Yuan Y, Bian J, Zhu J, Liu Z. Cadmium exposure triggers osteoporosis in duck via P2X7/PI3K/AKT-mediated osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141638. [PMID: 32858297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a common environmental pollutant that accumulates in the bone and kidneys and causes severe health and social problems. However, the effects of Cd on the occurrence of osteoporosis and its mechanism of action in this process are unclear. To test whether Cd-induced osteoporosis is mediated via P2X7/PI3K/AKT signaling, duck bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and bone marrow macrophage cells (BMMs) were treated with Cd for 5 days, and duck embryos were treated with Cd. Micro-CT analysis indicated that Cd-induced osteoporosis occurs in vivo, and histopathology and immunohistochemical analyses also revealed that Cd induced bone damage and the downregulation of osteogenic and bone resorption-related proteins. Cd exposure significantly inhibited the differentiation of BMSCs and BMMs into osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro, and promoted osteoblast and osteoclast apoptosis. Cd exposure significantly downregulated the P2X7/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro, and inhibition of this signaling pathway significantly aggravated osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. Cd exposure also upregulated the OPG/RANKL ratio in vivo and in vitro, further inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. These results demonstrate that Cd causes osteoporosis in duck by inhibiting P2X7/PI3K/AKT signaling and increasing the OPG/RANKL ratio. These results establish a previously unknown mechanism of Cd-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Di Ran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Ruilong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaqiao Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Sasaki F, Hayashi M, Ono T, Nakashima T. The regulation of RANKL by mechanical force. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:34-44. [PMID: 32889574 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is a key mediator of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Osteoblast-lineage cells including osteoblasts and osteocytes express RANKL, which is regulated by several different factors, including hormones, cytokines, and mechanical forces. In vivo and in vitro analyses have demonstrated that various types of mechanosensing proteins on the cell membrane (i.e. mechanosensors) and intracellular mechanosignaling proteins play essential roles in the differentiation and functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes via soluble factors, such as sclerostin, Wnt ligands, and RANKL. This section provides an overview of the in vivo and in vitro evidence for the regulation of RANKL expression by mechanosensing and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Mikihito Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Innovative Medical Care (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Takehito Ono
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Nakashima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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Chen Y, Hu W, Wang Y, Li Y, Li X, Li H, Tang Y, Zhang L, Dong Y, Yang X, Wei Y, Dong S. A selected small molecule prevents inflammatory osteolysis through restraining osteoclastogenesis by modulating PTEN activity. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e240. [PMID: 33377656 PMCID: PMC7708775 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory osteolysis is a severe infectious bone disorder that occurs during orthopaedic surgery and is caused by disruptions in the dynamic balance of bone matrix homeostasis, which makes this condition a burden on surgical procedures. Developing novel therapeutic drugs about inhibiting excessive osteoclastogenesis acts as an efficient approach to preventing inflammatory bone destruction. METHODS To study this, we explored the potential effects and mechanisms of compound 17 on inflammatory osteolysis in vitro. Meanwhile, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced calvarial osteolysis mouse model was used to evaluate the protective effect of compound 17 on inflammatory bone destruction in vivo. RESULTS In our study, we found that compound 17 could inhibit osteoclast (OC) differentiation and bone resorption during RANKL and LPS stimulation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while compounds 5 and 13 did not have the same effects. Mechanistically, compound 17 promoted phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) activity by reducing PTEN ubiquitination, thereby restraining the RANKL-induced NF-κB pathway, resulting in the inhibition of the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes and the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, we also investigated whether compound 17 could negatively modulate macrophage polarization and repolarization due to its anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, compound 17 also plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. In vivo experiments showed that compound 17 could effectively protect mice from LPS-induced inflammatory bone destruction by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results show that compound 17 might play protective role in inflammatory bone destruction through inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and inflammation. These findings imply a possible role of compound 17 in inflammatory osteolysis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Yuheng Li
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Haibo Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of PharmacyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Yutong Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Xiaochao Yang
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
| | - Ye Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouthwest UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials ScienceThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined InjuryThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingPR China
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Multitasking by the OC Lineage during Bone Infection: Bone Resorption, Immune Modulation, and Microbial Niche. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102157. [PMID: 32987689 PMCID: PMC7598711 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone infections, also known as infectious osteomyelitis, are accompanied by significant inflammation, osteolysis, and necrosis. Osteoclasts (OCs) are the bone-resorbing cells that work in concert with osteoblasts and osteocytes to properly maintain skeletal health and are well known to respond to inflammation by increasing their resorptive activity. OCs have typically been viewed merely as effectors of pathologic bone resorption, but recent evidence suggests they may play an active role in the progression of infections through direct effects on pathogens and via the immune system. This review discusses the host- and pathogen-derived factors involved in the in generation of OCs during infection, the crosstalk between OCs and immune cells, and the role of OC lineage cells in the growth and survival of pathogens, and highlights unanswered questions in the field.
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Bergamin LS, Penolazzi L, Lambertini E, Falzoni S, Sarti AC, Molle CM, Gendron FP, De Bonis P, Di Virgilio F, Piva R. Expression and function of the P2X7 receptor in human osteoblasts: The role of NFATc1 transcription factor. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:641-652. [PMID: 32583512 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineralization is an orchestrated process by which mineral crystals are deposited by osteoblasts; however, the detailed mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The presence of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in immature and mature bone cells is well established, but contrasting evidence on its role in osteogenic differentiation and deposition of calcified bone matrix remains. To clarify these controversies in the present study, we investigated P2X7R participation in bone maturation. We demonstrated that the P2X7R is expressed and functional in human primary osteoblasts, and identified in the P2RX7 promoter several binding sites for transcription factors involved in bone mineralization. Of particular interest was the finding that P2X7R expression is enhanced by nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) overexpression, and accordingly, NFATc1 is recruited at the P2RX7 gene promoter in SaOS2 osteoblastic-like cells. In conclusion, our data provide further insights into the regulation of P2X7R expression and support the development of drugs targeting this receptor for the therapy of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letizia Penolazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caroline M Molle
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fernand-Pierre Gendron
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pasquale De Bonis
- Department of Neurosurgery, S. Anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Piva
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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