Effects of phycocyanin on pulmonary and gut microbiota in a radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis model

Inhalation of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52) causes changes to the gut microbiome throughout the gastrointestinal tract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), such as PCB52, are hazardous environmental contaminants present in indoor and outdoor environments. Oral PCB exposure affects the colon microbiome; however, it is unknown if inhalation of PCBs alters the intestinal microbiome. We hypothesize that sub-acute inhalation of PCB52 affects microbial communities depending on the location in the (GI) gastrointestinal tract and the local profiles of PCB52 and its metabolites present in the GI tract following mucociliary clearance and biliary or intestinal excretion. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed via nose-only inhalation 4 h per day, 7 days per week, for 4 weeks to either filtered air or PCB52. After 28 days, differences in the microbiome and levels of PCB52 and its metabolites were characterized throughout the GI tract. PCB52 inhalation altered taxa abundances and predicted functions altered throughout the gut, with most alterations occurring in the large intestine. PCB52 and metabolite levels varied across the GI tract, resulting in differing PCB × microbiome networks. Thus, the presence of different levels of PCB52 and its metabolites in different parts of the GI tract has varying effects on the composition and predicted function of microbial communities. Future studies need to investigate whether these changes lead to adverse outcomes.

Assessment of progression of pulmonary fibrosis based on metabonomics and analysis of intestinal microbiota

The main purpose of this study was to explore the changes of biomarkers in different developmental stages of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in rats via comprehensive pathophysiology, UPLC-QTOF/MS metabonomic technology, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of intestinal microbiota. The rats were randomly divided into normal control and 1-, 2- and 4-week model group. The rat model of PF was established by one-time intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. The levels of inflammatory and fibrosis-related factors such as hydroxyproline (HYP), type III procollagen (COL-III), type IV collagen (COL-IV), hyaluronidase (HA), laminin (LN), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased as the PF cycle progressed. In the 1-, 2- and 4-week model group, 2, 19 and 18 potential metabolic biomarkers and 3, 16 and 12 potential microbial biomarkers were detected, respectively, which were significantly correlated. Glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was observed to be an important pathway affecting PF at 1, 2 and 4 weeks; arginine and proline metabolism pathways significantly affected PF at 2 weeks. Linoleic acid metabolism pathway exhibited clear metabolic abnormalities at 2 and 4 weeks of PF, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism pathway significantly affected PF at 4 weeks.

Therapeutic effect of phycocyanin on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice

INTRODUCTION

The prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is closely tied to antioxidation and anti-inflammation. Phycocyanin (PC) has numerous pharmacological effects, such as antioxidation and anti-inflammation. However, it remains unclear whether PC can play a therapeutic role in COPD.

OBJECTIVE

As inflammation and oxidative stress can aggravate COPD, this study is to explore the effect of PC on COPD mice and its mechanisms.

METHODS

The COPD mice model was established by exposing them to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cigarette smoke (CS); PC was administrated in a concentration of 50 mg/kg for 30 days. On the last day, lung function was measured, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained and classified for cells. Lung tissue pathological change was analyzed, and organ indices statistics were measured. Based on molecular docking, the mechanism was explored with Western blotting, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

PC significantly ameliorated the pulmonary function of COPD mice and reduced inflammation of the lung (p < 0.05), and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed PC depressed lung inflammatory cell accumulation and emphysema. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Masson staining revealed that PC retarded goblet cells metaplasia and collagen deposition (p < 0.05). In addition, in vivo PC regulated Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) (p < 0.05) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) level (p < 0.01) in the lung, as well as NOX2 level in pulmonary macrophages. Molecular docking results indicate that phycocyanobilin (PCB) in PC had a good binding site in Keap1 and NOX2 proteins; the phycocyanobilin-bound phycocyanin peptide (PCB-PC-peptide) was obtained for further studies. In vitro, PCB-PC-peptide could depress the phospho-NF-E2-related factor 2 (p-Nrf2) and NQO1 protein expression in RAW264.7 cells induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

PC exerts beneficial effects on COPD via anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress, which may be achieved through PCB.

Triangle correlations of lung microbiome, host physiology and gut microbiome in a rat model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Changes in lung and gut microbial communities have been associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study aimed to investigate correlations between microbial changes in the lung and gut and host physiological indices in an IPF model, exploring potential mechanisms of the lung-gut axis in IPF pathogenesis. IPF model rats were established via trans-tracheal injection of bleomycin, with assessments of hematological indices, serum cytokines, lung histopathology, and microbiome alterations. Significant differences in microbial structure and composition were observed in the IPF model compared to controls, with 14 lung and 7 gut microbial genera showing significant abundance changes. Further analysis revealed 20 significant correlations between pulmonary and gut genera. Notably, 11 pairs of correlated genera were linked to the same IPF-related physiological indices, such as hydroxyproline, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD). We identified 24 instances where a lung and a gut genus were each associated with the same physiological index, forming "lung genus-index-gut genus" relationships. Mediation analysis showed that indices like hydroxyproline, MCV, and RDW-SD mediated correlations between 10 lung genera (e.g., Cetobacterium, Clostridium XVIII ) and the gut genus Allobaculum. This study first describes gut-lung microbial interactions in pulmonary fibrosis. Mediation analysis suggests pathways underlying "lung genus-host index-gut genus" and "gut genus-host index-lung genus" correlations, thus providing clues to further elucidate the mechanisms of the "gut-lung axis" in IPF pathogenesis.

Manufacturing processes, additional nutritional value and versatile food applications of fresh microalgae Spirulina

Spirulina is capable of using light energy and fixing carbon dioxide to synthesize a spectrum of organic substances, including proteins, polysaccharides, and unsaturated fatty acids, making it one of the most coveted food resources for humanity. Conventionally, Spirulina products are formulated into algal powder tablets or capsules. However, the processing and preparation of these products, involving screw pump feeding, extrusion, high-speed automation, and high-temperature dewatering, often result in the rupture of cell filaments, cell fragmentation, and the unfortunate loss of vital nutrients. In contrast, fresh Spirulina, cultivated within a closed photobioreactor and transformed into an edible delight through harvesting, washing, filtering, and sterilizing, presents a refreshing taste and odor. It is gradually earning acceptance as a novel health food among the general public. This review delves into the manufacturing processes of fresh Spirulina, analyzes its nutritional advantages over conventional algal powder, and ultimately prospects the avenues for fresh Spirulina's application in modern food processing. The aim is to provide valuable references for the research and development of new microalgal products and to propel the food applications of microalgae forward.

Microbiome in radiotherapy: an emerging approach to enhance treatment efficacy and reduce tissue injury

Radiotherapy is a widely used cancer treatment that utilizes powerful radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. While radiation can be beneficial, it can also harm the healthy tissues surrounding the tumor. Recent research indicates that the microbiota, the collection of microorganisms in our body, may play a role in influencing the effectiveness and side effects of radiation therapy. Studies have shown that specific species of bacteria living in the stomach can influence the immune system's response to radiation, potentially increasing the effectiveness of treatment. Additionally, the microbiota may contribute to adverse effects like radiation-induced diarrhea. A potential strategy to enhance radiotherapy outcomes and capitalize on the microbiome involves using probiotics. Probiotics are living microorganisms that offer health benefits when consumed in sufficient quantities. Several studies have indicated that probiotics have the potential to alter the composition of the gut microbiota, resulting in an enhanced immune response to radiation therapy and consequently improving the efficacy of the treatment. It is important to note that radiation can disrupt the natural balance of gut bacteria, resulting in increased intestinal permeability and inflammatory conditions. These disruptions can lead to adverse effects such as diarrhea and damage to the intestinal lining. The emerging field of radiotherapy microbiome research offers a promising avenue for optimizing cancer treatment outcomes. This paper aims to provide an overview of the human microbiome and its role in augmenting radiation effectiveness while minimizing damage.

Network analysis of gut microbial communities reveal key genera for a multiple sclerosis cohort with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection

BACKGROUND

In gut ecosystems, there is a complex interplay of biotic and abiotic interactions that decide the overall fitness of an individual. Divulging the microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions may lead to better strategies in disease management, as microbes rarely act in isolation. Network inference for microbial communities is often a challenging task limited by both analytical assumptions as well as experimental approaches. Even after the network topologies are obtained, identification of important nodes within the context of underlying disease aetiology remains a convoluted task. We therefore present a network perspective on complex interactions in gut microbial profiles of individuals who have multiple sclerosis with and without Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Our exposé is guided by recent advancements in network-wide statistical measures that identify the keystone nodes. We have utilised several centrality measures, including a recently published metric, Integrated View of Influence (IVI), that is robust against biases.

RESULTS

The ecological networks were generated on microbial abundance data (n = 69 samples) utilising 16 S rRNA amplification. Using SPIEC-EASI, a sparse inverse covariance estimation approach, we have obtained networks separately for MAP positive (+), MAP negative (-) and healthy controls (as a baseline). Using IVI metric, we identified top 20 keystone nodes and regressed them against covariates of interest using a generalised linear latent variable model. Our analyses suggest Eisenbergiella to be of pivotal importance in MS irrespective of MAP infection. For MAP + cohort, Pyarmidobacter, and Peptoclostridium were predominately the most influential genera, also hinting at an infection model similar to those observed in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). In MAP- cohort, on the other hand, Coprostanoligenes group was the most influential genera that reduces cholesterol and supports the intestinal barrier.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of keystone nodes, their co-occurrences, and associations with the exposome (meta data) advances our understanding of biological interactions through which MAP infection shapes the microbiome in MS individuals, suggesting the link to the inflammatory process of IBDs. The associations presented in this study may lead to development of improved diagnostics and effective vaccines for the management of the disease.

Exploring the effects of Saorilao-4 on the gut microbiota of pulmonary fibrosis model rats based on 16S rRNA sequencing

AIMS

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and incurable lung disease for which treatment options are limited. Here, we aimed to conduct an exploratory study on the effects of the Mongolian medicine Saorilao-4 (SRL) on the gut microbiota structure, species abundance, and diversity of a rat PF model as well as the mechanisms underlying such effects.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Rat fecal samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Bioinformatic and correlation analyses were performed on microbiota data to determine significant associations. SRL substantially attenuated the adverse effects exerted by PF on the structure and diversity of gut microbiota while regulating its alpha and beta diversities. Linear discriminant analysis effect size enabled the identification of 62 differentially abundant microbial taxa. Gut microbiota abundance analysis revealed that SRL significantly increased the relative abundance of bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Moreover, SRL increased the proportion of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteriales, decreased the proportion of pathogenic bacteria, such as Rikenellaceae, and balanced the gut microbiota by regulating metabolic pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

SRL may attenuate PF by regulating gut microbiota. This exploratory study establishes the groundwork for investigating the metagenomics of PF.

Consumption of Apigenin Prevents Radiation-induced Gut Dysbiosis in Male C57BL/6J Mice Exposed to Silicon Ions

The search for medical treatments to prevent radiation-induced damage to gastrointestinal tissue is crucial as such injuries can be fatal. This study aimed to investigate the effects of apigenin (AP) on the gut microbiome of irradiated mice, as it is a promising radiation countermeasure. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups, with six mice in each group. Two groups were given food with apigenin (20 mg/kg body weight or AP 20) before and after exposure to 0 or 50 cGy of silicon (28Si) ions, while another two groups of mice received regular diet without apigenin (0 mg/kg body weight or AP 0) before and after irradiation. The duodenum, the primary site for oral AP absorption, was collected from each mouse seven days after radiation exposure. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we found significant differences in microbial diversity among groups. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the major phyla for all groups, while actinobacterial and proteobacterial sequences represented only a small percentage. Mice not given dietary apigenin had a higher Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and an imbalanced duodenal microbiota after exposure to radiation, while irradiated mice given apigenin had maintained homeostasis of the microbiota. Additionally, irradiated mice not given apigenin had decreased probiotic bacteria abundance and increased inflammation, while apigenin-supplemented mice had reduced inflammation and restored normal histological structure. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the potential of dietary apigenin as a countermeasure against radiation-induced gut injuries due to its anti-inflammatory activity, reduction of gut microbiota dysbiosis, and increase in probiotic bacteria (e.g., Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae).

The mechanism of gut-lung axis in pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a terminal change of a lung disease that is marked by damage to alveolar epithelial cells, abnormal proliferative transformation of fibroblasts, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), and concomitant inflammatory damage. Its characteristics include short median survival, high mortality rate, and limited treatment effectiveness. More in-depth studies on the mechanisms of PF are needed to provide better treatment options. The idea of the gut-lung axis has emerged as a result of comprehensive investigations into the microbiome, metabolome, and immune system. This theory is based on the material basis of microorganisms and their metabolites, while the gut-lung circulatory system and the shared mucosal immune system act as the connectors that facilitate the interplay between the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The emergence of a new view of the gut-lung axis is complementary and cross-cutting to the study of the mechanisms involved in PF and provides new ideas for its treatment. This article reviews the mechanisms involved in PF, the gut-lung axis theory, and the correlation between the two. Exploring the gut-lung axis mechanism and treatments related to PF from the perspectives of microorganisms, microbial metabolites, and the immune system. The study of the gut-lung axis and PF is still in its early stages. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms of PF related to the gut-lung axis, providing ideas for subsequent research and treatment of related mechanisms.

MicroRNA-29a Compromises Hepatic Adiposis and Gut Dysbiosis in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice via Downregulating Inflammation

SCOPE

miR-29a expression patterns influence numerous physiological phenomena. Of note, upregulation of miR-29a ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver dysfunctions in mice. However, the miR-29a effect on gut microbiome composition and HFD-induced gut microbiota changes during metabolic disturbances remains unclear. The study provides compelling evidence for the protective role of miR-29a in gut barrier dysfunction and steatohepatitis.

METHODS AND RESULTS

miR-29a overexpressed mice (miR-29aTg) are bred to characterize intestinal, serum biochemical, and fecal microbiota profiling features compared to wild-type mice (WT). Mice are fed an HFD for 8 months to induce steatohepatitis, and intestinal dysfunction is determined via histopathological analysis. miR-29aTg has better lipid metabolism capability that decreases total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum than WT of the same age. The study further demonstrates that miR-29aTg contributes to intestinal integrity by maintaining periodic acid Schiff positive cell numbers and diversity of fecal microorganisms. HFD-induced bacterial community disturbance and steatohepatitis result in more severe WT than miR-29aTg. Gut microorganism profiling reveals Lactobacillus, Ruminiclostridium_9, and Lachnoclostridium enrichment in miR-29aTg and significantly decreases interleukin-6 expression in the liver and intestinal tract.

CONCLUSION

This study provides new evidence that sheds light on the host genetic background of miR-29a, which protects against steatohepatitis and other intestinal disorders.

In Vitro Characterization of Limosilactobacillus reuteri Lac Ib01 (OL468126.1) Isolated from Traditional Sheep Dry Sausage and Evaluation of the Activity of Arthrospira platensis or Phycocyanin on Its Growth-Promoting Ability

The positive impact of probiotic strains on human health is more evident than ever. To achieve the beneficial health effects and desirable functional properties of probiotics, sufficient numbers of these microorganisms must reach the intestinal tract with high survival rates. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize a novel strain of Limosilactobacillus reuteri isolated from traditional sheep dry sausage and evaluate its growth-promoting ability with the addition of Arthrospira platensis or phycocyanin extract. In vitro experimental approaches were conducted to determine the physiological features of the candidate probiotic isolate, including biochemical identification, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, tolerance assays to acid and bile salts, antimicrobial activities, adherence ability, and antiproliferative assays. The effects of A. platensis or phycocyanin (0, 1, 5, and 8 mg/mL) on the growth of probiotic cultures were studied after 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Our results showed that the isolated Limosilactobacillus reuteri (OL468126.1) possesses desirable characteristics as a probiotic candidate and can, therefore, be used as an ingredient in functional foods. Furthermore, A. platensis and phycocyanin extract have great potential for enhancing the growth and prolonging the stationary phase of isolated probiotics. Our findings showed that phycocyanin extract not only plays the role of a natural pigment but also acts as a growth promoter of probiotics.

Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through modulating gut microbiota

Introduction: Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule (BFHX) has been used to treat pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in clinic. However, the mechanism of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that the changes in gut microbiota were closely related to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Modulating gut microbiota provides new thoughts in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: In this study,a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was induced using bleomycin (BLM) and treated with Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule. We firstly evaluated the therapeutic effects of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis model mice. Besides,the anti-inflammatory and anti- oxidative effects of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule were evaluated. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to observe the changes in gut microbiota in pulmonary fibrosis model mice after Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule treatment. Results: Our results showed that Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule significantly reduced the collagen deposition in pulmonary fibrosis model mice. Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule treatment also reduced the levels and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the oxidative stress in lung. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule affected the diversity of gut microbiota and the relative abundances of gut microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Romboutsia. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the therapeutic effects of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanisms of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis may be associated with regulating gut microbiota.

New Insights into the Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Radiotherapy for Cancer

Cancer is the second most common cause of death among humans in the world, and the threat that it presents to human health is becoming more and more serious. The mechanisms of cancer development have not yet been fully elucidated, and new therapies are changing with each passing day. Evidence from the literature has validated the finding that the composition and modification of gut microbiota play an important role in the development of many different types of cancer. The results also demonstrate that there is a bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota and radiotherapy treatments for cancer. In a nutshell, the modifications of the gut microbiota caused by radiotherapy have an effect on tumor radiosensitivity and, as a result, affect the efficacy of radiotherapy and show a certain radiation toxicity, which leads to numerous side effects. What is of new research significance is that the "gut-organ axis" formed by the gut microbiota may be one of the most interesting potential mechanisms, although the relevant research is still very limited. In this review, we combine new insights into the relationship between the gut microbiota, cancer, and radiotherapy. Based on our current comprehensive understanding of this relationship, we give an overview of the new cancer treatments based on the gut microbiota.

Pulmonary Fibrosis as a Result of Acute Lung Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms, Relevant In Vivo Models, Prognostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease that steadily leads to lung architecture disruption and respiratory failure. The development of pulmonary fibrosis is mostly the result of previous acute lung inflammation, caused by a wide variety of etiological factors, not resolved over time and causing the deposition of fibrotic tissue in the lungs. Despite a long history of study and good coverage of the problem in the scientific literature, the effective therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis treatment are currently lacking. Thus, the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from acute lung inflammation to pulmonary fibrosis, and the search for new molecular markers and promising therapeutic targets to prevent pulmonary fibrosis development, remain highly relevant tasks. This review focuses on the etiology, pathogenesis, morphological characteristics and outcomes of acute lung inflammation as a precursor of pulmonary fibrosis; the pathomorphological changes in the lungs during fibrosis development; the known molecular mechanisms and key players of the signaling pathways mediating acute lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the characteristics of the most common in vivo models of these processes. Moreover, the prognostic markers of acute lung injury severity and pulmonary fibrosis development as well as approved and potential therapeutic approaches suppressing the transition from acute lung inflammation to fibrosis are discussed.

Optimization on the dose and time of nicaraven administration for mitigating the side effects of radiotherapy in a preclinical tumor-bearing mouse model

OBJECTIVE

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is one of the serious complications of radiotherapy. We have recently demonstrated that nicaraven can effectively mitigate RILI in healthy mice. Here, we further tried to optimize the dose and time of nicaraven administration for alleviating the side effects of radiotherapy in tumor-bearing mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A subcutaneous tumor model was established in the back of the chest in C57BL/6N mice by injecting Lewis lung cancer cells. Therapeutic thoracic irradiations were done, and placebo or different doses of nicaraven (20, 50, 100 mg/kg) were administrated intraperitoneally pre-irradiation (at almost 5-10 min before irradiation) or post-irradiation (within 5 min after irradiation). Mice that received radiotherapy and nicaraven were sacrificed on the 30th day, but control mice were sacrificed on the 15th day. Serum and lung tissues were collected for evaluation. Nicaraven significantly decreased the level of CCL8, but did not clearly change the levels of 8-OHdG, TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum. Besides these, nicaraven effectively decreased the levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, and SOD2 in the lungs, especially by post-irradiation administration with the dose of 20 mg/kg. Although there was no significant difference, the expression of SOD1, 53BP1, and caspase 3 was detected lower in the lungs of mice received nicaraven post-irradiation than that of pre-irradiation.

CONCLUSION

According to our data, the administration of nicaraven at a relatively low dose soon after radiotherapy will be recommended for attenuating the side effects of radiotherapy.

The intervention effect of Amygdalus mongolica oil on the metabolomics and intestinal flora in pulmonary fibrosis

Amygdalus mongolica oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as inoleic acid (47.11%) and oleic acid (23.81%). Our research demonstrates that it exerts a protective effect on rat models of pulmonary fibrosis, however, little is known regarding the underlying mechanism of action. This study aimed to characterize the therapeutic mechanism of action of A. mongolica oil on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. A. mongolica oil appears to regulate the levels of potential key serum biomarkers which include tetrahydrobiopterin, L-serine, citrulline and estradiol to participate in folate biosynthesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis and steroid hormone biosynthesis. And it also enriched intestinal microbial abundance, homogeneity and modulated the abundance of Duncaniell, Desulfovibrio, Peptococcaceae_unclassified, Dubosiella, Tyzzerella, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lactobacillus, Clostridiales_unclassified to exert a protective effect against pulmonary fibrosis. A. mongolica oil appears to confer protective effects against pulmonary fibrosis by affecting the level of pulmonary fibrosis metabolites and the abundance of related intestinal flora through multiple targets, as evidenced by our untargeted LC-MS/MS metabonomics evaluation and 16S rDNA sequencing technology.

Quercetin and Luteolin may be the New Effective Drugs for Radiation Pneumonitis: Based on a Systems Pharmacology

Background: The occurrence of radiation pneumonia not only affects the efficacy of radiotherapy, but also seriously threatens the health of patients undergoing radiotherapy for lung cancer. Studies have suggested that a feining granule is a potentially effective drug for the treatment of radiation pneumonitis, but its mechanism and main components are still unclear. Our study used bioinformatics methods to analyze the main drug Aster tataricus L. f. in feining granules and aims to gain the main mechanism in the treatment of radiation pneumonitis. Methods: Analyzed the effective drug components and targets of A tataricus through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology website. And obtained gene targets related to radiation pneumonia through the website of OMIM, Genecard, and Disgenet. Protein–protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the obtained drugs and gene-related targets were conducted. Verify the effects of small molecule drugs on corresponding targets by conducting molecular docking experiments. Results: In total, 193 targets were identified for 13 molecules of A tataricus, and 897 genes were identified to be related to radiation pneumonia. Finally, we obtained 111 genes by crossing drug and disease-related target genes. Using PPI, GO, and KEGG analysis, we found TP53, HSP90AA1, RELA, JUN, AKT1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 ( MAPK1), tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), and interleukin-6 ( IL-6) are the most critical genes, which were mainly focused on the GOs of DNA-binding transcription factor, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor and protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and the pathways of lipids and atherosclerosis, advanced glycation end products and their receptors, and IL-17. Conclusion: Through molecular docking experiments, it was found that the small molecules of quercetin and luteolin bind tightly to RELA and JUN proteins. We reveal the mechanism of action of A tataricus in the treatment of radiation pneumonia. Quercetin and luteolin may be effective small molecules for radiation pneumonitis.

The gut-lung axis: Gut microbiota changes associated with pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models induced by bleomycin

The main objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in the gut microbiota (GM) of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) mice induced by bleomycin (BLM) with its underlying mechanisms. BLM was docked with the targets of TGF-β/SMAD and caspase-3 pathways using the molecular docking technique. HE staining and Masson staining were applied to observe the histopathological changes in the pulmonary tissues. Detection of the apoptotic signals was conducted by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. The mRNA expression of targets involved in the TGF-β/SMAD and caspase-3 signaling pathways in lungs was determined by qPCR. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was used to detect the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and BAX proteins in mice lung tissues. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis was used to investigate the changes of GM in the fecal samples of mice in each group. The results showed that the apoptosis rate of pulmonary cells in the BLM group distinctly increased, with the expression levels of crucial target pro-apoptotic gene caspase-3, BAX with the corresponding protein, cleaved caspase-3, BAX were apparently elevated. This was accompanied by a significant increase in pro-fibrotic targets level such as TGF-β, fibronectin, collagen I, and collagen III. The mechanisms of PF induced by BLM were related to apoptosis of lung tissue cells such as alveolar epithelial cells and destroyed alveolar structure and excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM), which may be bound up with activating TGF-β/SMAD and caspase-3 pathways. As for the GM, it was found that, after BLM induced PF in mice, the micro ecological balance of the GM was destroyed; the distance of PCo1 and Pco2 was significantly elongated, and the relative abundance of some intestinal probiotics like Catenibacterium and Lactobacillus (L. johnsonii and L. gasseri) dramatically lowered while the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiales and Enterobacteriales substantially increased. Therefore, GM changes associated with PF in mouse models induced by BLM and the concept of "gut-lung axis" might provide an optional therapeutic strategy for PF.

Differential regulation and preventive mechanisms of green tea powder with different quality attributes on high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice

Tea powder has been reported to have some physiological functions. However, there is no report on whether there are differences in the active ingredients of tea powder with different qualities and whether there are different prebiotic mechanisms. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of different qualities of tea powder on preventing obesity from different aspects, namely antioxidation, inflammation, lipid-lowering, and intestinal flora, using an obesity mouse model. The results showed that all three types of tea powder with different qualities could reduce body weight and decrease serum TC, TG, and LDL-C. However, tea powder with different quality attributes exhibited diverse modulatory effects and mechanisms. Tender tea powder contained more tea polyphenols, and it had a better effect on improving oxidative stress. Tender tea powder significantly decreased the abundances of Blautia, Bilophila, and Oscillibacter, and increased the abundances of Alloprevotella, Lachnoclostridium, Romboutsia, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004. Coarse tea powder contained more dietary fiber, and had a better effect on reducing the food intake and improving lipid metabolism, which could reduce lipid synthesis and increase lipid β-oxidation. Coarse tea powder significantly decreased the abundance of Dubosiella and increased the abundances of the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 group and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for the comprehensive utilization of tea powder.

Progress of Microencapsulated Phycocyanin in Food and Pharma Industries: A Review

Phycocyanin is a blue fluorescent protein with multi-bioactive functions. However, the multi-bioactivities and spectral stability of phycocyanin are susceptible to external environmental conditions, which limit its wide application. Here, the structure, properties, and biological activity of phycocyanin were discussed. This review highlights the significance of the microcapsules' wall materials which commonly protect phycocyanin from environmental interference and summarizes the current preparation principles and characteristics of microcapsules in food and pharma industries, including spray drying, electrospinning, electrospraying, liposome delivery, sharp-hole coagulation baths, and ion gelation. Moreover, the major technical challenge and corresponding countermeasures of phycocyanin microencapsulation are also appraised, providing insights for the broader application of phycocyanin.

Polyphenol-rich oolong tea alleviates obesity and modulates gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice

Obesity is a major public health issue worldwide. Oolong tea (OT), which is partially fermented from Camellia sinensis leaves, has proven health benefits and potential preventive applications in multiple studies. However, research on the role of OT in obesity prevention and potential mechanisms is still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the modulatory effects of OT intervention on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis using an obese mouse model. Our results showed that 8-week OT supplementation with 93.94% polyphenols significantly decreased body weight gain, adipose tissue mass, and serum levels of triglyceride (2.60 mmol/L), cholesterol (5.49 mmol/L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.61 mmol/L) in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, OT intervention was observed to improve fat accumulation, hepatic damage, glucose intolerance, and endotoxemia and alleviate inflammation by decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors. OT also upregulated the expression of genes including Srebf1, Ppara, Lxra, Pgc1a, and Hsl and downregulated the expression of genes including Leptin, Il-6, and Il-1b. In addition, the gut dysbiosis characterized by decreased flora diversity and increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in obese mice was recovered by OT intervention. Certain differentially abundant microbes caused by HFD feeding, including Enterococcus, Intestinimonas, Blautia, and Bilophila, were also improved by OT treatment. This study demonstrated that OT, as a novel resource of dietary polyphenols, exhibited a protective effect on HFD-induced obesity and gut microbiota disorder.

Inhaled curcumin mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles against radiation pneumonitis

Radiation therapy is an effective method to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors using high-energy X-ray or γ-ray. Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is one of the most serious complications of radiation therapy for thoracic cancers, commonly leading to serious respiratory distress and poor prognosis. Here, we prepared curcumin-loaded mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (CMPN) for prevention and treatment of RP by pulmonary delivery. Mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA) were successfully synthesized with an emulsion-induced interface polymerization method and curcumin was loaded in MPDA via π‒π stacking and hydrogen bonding interaction. MPDA owned the uniform spherical morphology with numerous mesopores that disappeared after loading curcumin. More than 80% curcumin released from CMPN in 6 h and mesopores recovered. CMPN remarkably protected BEAS-2B cells from γ-ray radiation injury by inhibiting apoptosis. RP rat models were established after a single dose of 15 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray radiation was performed on the chest area. Effective therapy of RP was achieved by intratracheal administration of CMPN due to free radical scavenging and anti-oxidation ability, and reduced proinflammatory cytokines, high superoxide dismutase, decreased malondialdehyde, and alleviated lung tissue damages were observed. Inhaled CMPN paves a new avenue for the treatment of RP.

The Interplay among Radiation Therapy, Antibiotics and the Microbiota: Impact on Cancer Treatment Outcomes

Radiation therapy has been used for more than a century, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities, to treat most types of cancer. On average, radiation therapy is included in the treatment plans for over 50% of all cancer patients, and it is estimated to contribute to about 40% of curative protocols, a success rate that may reach 90%, or higher, for certain tumor types, particularly on patients diagnosed at early disease stages. A growing body of research provides solid support for the existence of bidirectional interaction between radiation exposure and the human microbiota. Radiation treatment causes quantitative and qualitative changes in the gut microbiota composition, often leading to an increased abundance of potentially hazardous or pathogenic microbes and a concomitant decrease in commensal bacteria. In turn, the resulting dysbiotic microbiota becomes an important contributor to worsen the adverse events caused in patients by the inflammatory process triggered by the radiation treatment and a significant determinant of the radiation therapy anti-tumor effectiveness. Antibiotics, which are frequently included as prophylactic agents in cancer treatment protocols to prevent patient infections, may affect the radiation/microbiota interaction through mechanisms involving both their antimicrobial activity, as a mediator of microbiota imbalances, and their dual capacity to act as pro- or anti-tumorigenic effectors and, consequently, as critical determinants of radiation therapy outcomes. In this scenario, it becomes important to introduce the use of probiotics and/or other agents that may stabilize the healthy microbiota before patients are exposed to radiation. Ultimately, newly developed methodologies may facilitate performing personalized microbiota screenings on patients before radiation therapy as an accurate way to identify which antibiotics may be used, if needed, and to inform the overall treatment planning. This review examines currently available data on these issues from the perspective of improving radiation therapy outcomes.

Gut Microbiome and Organ Fibrosis

Fibrosis is a pathological process associated with most chronic inflammatory diseases. It is defined by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and can affect nearly every tissue and organ system in the body. Fibroproliferative diseases, such as intestinal fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, progressive kidney disease and cardiovascular disease, often lead to severe organ damage and are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, for which there are currently no effective therapies available. In the past decade, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the gut microbiome as a major player in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system, with severe implications in the pathogenesis of multiple immune-mediated disorders. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with the development and progression of fibrotic processes in various organs and is predicted to be a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis management. In this review we summarize the state of the art concerning the crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and organ fibrosis, address the relevance of diet in different fibrotic diseases and discuss gut microbiome-targeted therapeutic approaches that are current being explored.

Oxidative reactivity across kingdoms in the gut: Host immunity, stressed microbiota and oxidized foods

Reactive oxygen species play a major role in the induction of programmed cell death and numerous diseases. Production of reactive oxygen species is ubiquitous in biological systems such as humans, bacteria, fungi/yeasts, and plants. Although reactive oxygen species are known to cause diseases, little is known about the importance of the combined oxidative stress burden in the gut. Understanding the dynamics and the level of oxidative stress 'reactivity' across kingdoms could help ascertain the combined consequences of free radical accumulation in the gut lumen. Here, we present fundamental similarities of oxidative stress derived from the host immune cells, bacteria, yeasts, plants, and the therein-derived diets, which often accentuate the burden of free radicals by accumulation during storage and cooking conditions. Given the described similarities, oxidative stress could be better understood and minimized by monitoring the levels of oxidative stress in the feces to identify pro-inflammatory factors. However, we illustrate that dietary studies rarely monitor oxidative stress markers in the feces, and therefore our knowledge on fecal oxidative stress monitoring is limited. A more holistic approach to understanding oxidative stress 'reactivity' in the gut could help improve strategies to use diet and microbiota to prevent intestinal diseases.

Gut Microbiota-Derived l-Histidine/Imidazole Propionate Axis Fights against the Radiation-Induced Cardiopulmonary Injury

Radiation-induced cardiopulmonary injuries are the most common and intractable side effects that are entwined with radiotherapy for thorax cancers. However, the therapeutic options for such complications have yielded disappointing results in clinical applications. Here, we reported that gut microbiota-derived l-Histidine and its secondary metabolite imidazole propionate (ImP) fought against radiation-induced cardiopulmonary injury in an entiric flora-dependent manner in mouse models. Local chest irradiation decreased the level of l-Histidine in fecal pellets, which was increased following fecal microbiota transplantation. l-Histidine replenishment via an oral route retarded the pathological process of lung and heart tissues and improved lung respiratory and heart systolic function following radiation exposure. l-Histidine preserved the gut bacterial taxonomic proportions shifted by total chest irradiation but failed to perform radioprotection in gut microbiota-deleted mice. ImP, the downstream metabolite of l-Histidine, accumulated in peripheral blood and lung tissues following l-Histidine replenishment and protected against radiation-induced lung and heart toxicity. Orally gavaged ImP could not enter into the circulatory system in mice through an antibiotic cocktail treatment. Importantly, ImP inhibited pyroptosis to nudge lung cell proliferation after radiation challenge. Together, our findings pave a novel method of protection against cardiopulmonary complications intertwined with radiotherapy in pre-clinical settings and underpin the idea that gut microbiota-produced l-Histidine and ImP are promising radioprotective agents.

Antiaging Potential of Peptides from Underused Marine Bioresources

Aging is a biological process that occurs under normal conditions and in several chronic degenerative diseases. Bioactive natural peptides have been shown to improve the effects of aging in cell and animal models and in clinical trials. However, few reports delve into the enormous diversity of peptides from marine organisms. This review provides recent information on the antiaging potential of bioactive peptides from underused marine resources, including examples that scavenge free radicals in vitro, inhibit cell apoptosis, prolong the lifespan of fruit flies and Caenorhabditis elegans, suppress aging in mice, and exert protective roles in aging humans. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved, such as upregulation of oxidase activity, inhibition of cell apoptosis and MMP-1 expression, restoring mitochondrial function, and regulating intestinal homeostasis, are also summarized. This work will help highlight the antiaging potential of peptides from underused marine organisms which could be used as antiaging foods and cosmetic ingredients in the near future.

Lifelong dietary omega-3 fatty acid suppresses thrombotic potential through gut microbiota alteration in aged mice

Aging is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including thrombotic events. The gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of thrombotic risk. Plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid ɑ-linolenic acid (ALA) confers beneficial anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory effects. Hence, antithrombotic activity elicited by ALA may be partly dependent on its interaction with gut microbiota during aging. Here, we demonstrate that lifelong dietary ALA decreases platelet hyperresponsiveness and thrombus formation in aged mice. These phenotypic changes can be partly attributed to alteration of microbial composition and reduction of its metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, as well as the upregulated production of short-chain fatty acid acetate. ALA-rich diet also dampens secretion of increased procoagulant factors, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, in aged mice. Our results suggest long-term ALA supplementation as an attractive, accessible, and well-tolerated nutritional strategy against age-associated platelet hyperreactivity and thrombotic potential.

Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis as Potential Anti-Cancer Drug: Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

The application of cytostatic drugs or natural substances to inhibit cancer growth and progression is an important and evolving subject of cancer research. There has been a surge of interest in marine bioresources, particularly algae, as well as cyanobacteria and their bioactive ingredients. Dried biomass products of Arthrospira and Chlorella have been categorized as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Of particular importance is an ingredient of Arthrospira: phycocyanin, a blue-red fluorescent, water-soluble and non-toxic biliprotein pigment. It is reported to be the main active ingredient of Arthrospira and was shown to have therapeutic properties, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory and anti-cancer activities. In the present review, in vitro and in vivo data on the effects of phycocyanin on various tumor cells and on cells from healthy tissues are summarized. The existing knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms, and strategies to improve the efficiency of potential phycocyanin-based anti-cancer therapies are discussed.

Inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text] 1-Mediated Cellular Processes as an Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis with Chinese Herbal Medicines

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible interstitial lung disease that even threatens the lives of some patients infected with COVID-19. PF is a multicellular pathological process, including the initial injuries of epithelial cells, recruitment of inflammatory cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, etc. TGF-[Formula: see text]1 acts as a key effect factor that participates in these cellular processes of PF. Recently, much attention was paid to inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text]1 mediated cell processes in the treatment of PF with Chinese herbal medicines (CHM), an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Here, this review first summarized the effects of TGF-[Formula: see text]1 in different cellular processes of PF. Then, this review summarized the recent research on CHM (compounds, multi-components, single medicines and prescriptions) to directly and/or indirectly inhibit TGF-[Formula: see text]1 signaling (TLRs, PPARs, micrRNA, etc.) in PF. Most of the research focused on CHM natural compounds, including but not limited to alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenes. After review, the research perspectives of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1 inhibition in PF were further discussed. This review hopes that revealing the inhibiting effects of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1-mediated cellular processes of PF can promote CHM to be better understood and utilized, thus transforming the therapeutic activities of CHM into practice.