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Huang L, Xiao W, Wang Y, Li J, Gong J, Tu E, Long L, Xiao B, Yan X, Wan L. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in epileptogenesis: an update on abnormal mGluRs signaling and its therapeutic implications. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:360-368. [PMID: 37488891 PMCID: PMC10503602 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity, high recurrence, and drug resistance. Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders, and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy. In this review, we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways. Then, we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis. In addition, strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized. We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjie Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jiaoe Gong
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Lagard C, Vodovar D, Chevillard L, Callebert J, Caillé F, Pottier G, Liang H, Risède P, Tournier N, Mégarbane B. Investigation of the Mechanisms of Tramadol-Induced Seizures in Overdose in the Rat. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101254. [PMID: 36297366 PMCID: PMC9607071 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol overdose is frequently associated with the onset of seizures, usually considered as serotonin syndrome manifestations. Recently, the serotoninergic mechanism of tramadol-attributed seizures has been questioned. This study’s aim was to identify the mechanisms involved in tramadol-induced seizures in overdose in rats. The investigations included (1) the effects of specific pretreatments on tramadol-induced seizure onset and brain monoamine concentrations, (2) the interaction between tramadol and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors in vivo in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and 11C-flumazenil. Diazepam abolished tramadol-induced seizures, in contrast to naloxone, cyproheptadine and fexofenadine pretreatments. Despite seizure abolishment, diazepam significantly enhanced tramadol-induced increase in the brain serotonin (p < 0.01), histamine (p < 0.01), dopamine (p < 0.05) and norepinephrine (p < 0.05). No displacement of 11C-flumazenil brain kinetics was observed following tramadol administration in contrast to diazepam, suggesting that the observed interaction was not related to a competitive mechanism between tramadol and flumazenil at the benzodiazepine-binding site. Our findings do not support the involvement of serotoninergic, histaminergic, dopaminergic, norepinephrine or opioidergic pathways in tramadol-induced seizures in overdose, but they strongly suggest a tramadol-induced allosteric change of the benzodiazepine-binding site of GABAA receptors. Management of tramadol-poisoned patients should take into account that tramadol-induced seizures are mainly related to a GABAergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lagard
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Vodovar
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Universités Paris-Sud et Paris-Saclay, 91471 Orsay, France
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Universités Paris-Sud et Paris-Saclay, 91471 Orsay, France
| | - Géraldine Pottier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Universités Paris-Sud et Paris-Saclay, 91471 Orsay, France
| | - Hao Liang
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Patricia Risède
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, INSERM, CNRS, Universités Paris-Sud et Paris-Saclay, 91471 Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-149-958-961; Fax: +33-149-956-578
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Nakhaee S, Farrokhfall K, Miri-Moghaddam E, Askari M, Amirabadizadeh A, Foadoddini M, Mehrpour O. Effects of naloxone and diazepam on blood glucose levels in tramadol overdose using generalized estimating equation (GEE) model; (an experimental study). BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:180. [PMID: 34488743 PMCID: PMC8422785 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tramadol is a synthetic opioid and poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose levels, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam), and their combination on blood glucose levels in male rats. METHODS This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of both of these two drugs. On the last day, animals' tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline) and 1 hour, 3 hours, and 6 hours after wards. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 h after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE). RESULTS According to the GEE model results, the diazepam-tramadol and naloxone-diazepam-tramadol groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p < 0.05). The diazepam-tramadol group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone-tramadol group (p < 0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, 3 hours and 6 hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels 1 hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone-tramadol were significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 h after injection of tramadol. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. The diazepam-tramadol combination and the diazepam-naloxone-tramadol combination caused an increase in blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Farrokhfall
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Askari
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Amirabadizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Foadoddini
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran.
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Matsuda N, Kinoshita K, Okamura A, Shirakawa T, Suzuki I. Histograms of Frequency-Intensity Distribution Deep Learning to Predict the Seizure Liability of Drugs in Electroencephalography. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:229-242. [PMID: 34021344 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of seizures as well as that of seizure auras is effective in improving the predictive accuracy of seizure liability of drugs. Whereas electroencephalography has been known to be effective for the detection of seizure liability, no established methods are available for the detection of seizure auras. We developed a method for detecting seizure auras through machine learning using frequency-characteristic images of electroencephalograms. Histograms of frequency-intensity distribution prepared from electroencephalograms of rats analyzed during seizures induced with 4-aminopyridine (6 mg/kg), strychnine (3 mg/kg), and pilocarpine (400 mg/kg), were used to create an artificial intelligence (AI) system that learned the features of frequency-characteristic images during seizures. The AI system detected seizure states learned in advance with 100% accuracy induced even by convulsants acting through different mechanisms, and the risk of seizure before a seizure was detected in general observation. The developed AI system determined that the unlearned convulsant Tramadol (150 mg/kg) was the risk of seizure and the negative compounds aspirin and vehicle were negative. Moreover, the AI system detected seizure liability even in electroencephalography data associated with the use of 4-aminopyridine (3 mg/kg), strychnine (1 mg/kg), and pilocarpine (150 mg/kg), which did not induce seizures detectable in general observation. These results suggest that the AI system developed herein is an effective means for electroencephalographic detection of seizure auras, raising expectations for its practical use as a new analytical method that allows for the sensitive detection of seizure liability of drugs that has been overlooked previously in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Matsuda
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Miyagi 982-8577, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kinoshita
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Ai Okamura
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shirakawa
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Ikuro Suzuki
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Miyagi 982-8577, Japan
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