An update on the role of miR-379 in human disorders

Expression of microRNA-379 reduces metastatic spread of prostate cancer

Introduction

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer in males, and the metastatic form is a leading cause of death worldwide. There are currently no curative treatments for this subset of patients. To decrease the mortality of this disease, greater focus must be placed on developing therapeutics to reduce metastatic spread. We focus on dissemination to the bone since this is both the most common site of metastatic spread and associated with extreme pain and discomfort for patients. Our strategy is to exploit microRNAs (miRNAs) to disrupt the spread of primary PCa to the bone.

Methods

PCa cell lines were transduced to overexpress microRNA-379 (miR-379). These transduced PCa cells were assessed using cell growth, migration, colony formation and adhesion assays. We also performed in vivo intracardiac injections to look at metastatic spread in NSG mice. A cytokine array was also performed to identify targets of miR-379 that may drive metastatic spread.

Results

PCa cells with increased levels of miR-379 showed a significant decrease in proliferation, migration, colony formation, and adhesion to bone cells in vitro. In vivo miR-379 overexpression in PC3 cells significantly decreased metastatic spread to bone and reduced levels of miR-379 were seen in patients with metastases. We identified GDF-15 to be secreted from osteoblasts when grown in conditioned media from PCa cells with reduced miR-379 levels.

Discussion

Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo functional assays support a role for miR-379 as a tumour suppressor. A potential mechanism is unravelled whereby miR-379 deregulation in PCa cells affects the secretion of GDF-15 from osteoblasts which in turn facilitates the metastatic establishment in bone. Our findings support the potential role of miR-379 as a therapeutic solution for prostate cancer.

Deregulated expression of the 14q32 miRNA cluster in clear cell renal cancer cells

Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) are characterized by arm-wide chromosomal alterations. Loss at 14q is associated with disease aggressiveness in ccRCC, which responds poorly to chemotherapeutics. The 14q locus contains one of the largest miRNA clusters in the human genome; however, little is known about the contribution of these miRNAs to ccRCC pathogenesis. In this regard, we investigated the expression pattern of selected miRNAs at the 14q32 locus in TCGA kidney tumors and in ccRCC cell lines. We demonstrated that the miRNA cluster is downregulated in ccRCC (and cell lines) as well as in papillary kidney tumors relative to normal kidney tissues (and primary renal proximal tubule epithelial (RPTEC) cells). We demonstrated that agents modulating expression of DNMT1 (e.g., 5-Aza-deoxycytidine) could modulate 14q32 miRNA expression in ccRCC cell lines. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, a lysophospholipid mediator elevated in ccRCC) not only increased labile iron content but also modulated expression of a 14q32 miRNA. Through an overexpression approach targeting a subset of 14q32 miRNAs (specifically at subcluster A: miR-431-5p, miR-432-5p, miR-127-3p, and miR-433-3p) in 769-P cells, we uncovered changes in cellular viability and claudin-1, a tight junction marker. A global proteomic approach was implemented using these miRNA overexpressing cell lines which uncovered ATXN2 as a highly downregulated target. Collectively, these findings support a contribution of miRNAs at 14q32 in ccRCC pathogenesis.

Emerging roles and mechanisms of miR-206 in human disorders: a comprehensive review

As a member of the miR-1 family, miR-206 is located between IL-17 and PKHD1 genes in human. This miRNA has been shown to be involved in the pathogenic processes in a variety of human disorders including cancers, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, epilepsy, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Hirschsprung disease, muscular dystrophies, pulmonary arterial hypertension, sepsis and ulcerative colitis. In the current review, we summarize the role of miR-206 in both malignant and non-malignant situations and explain its possible therapeutic implications.

A review on the importance of miRNA-135 in human diseases

MicroRNA-135 (miR-135) is a microRNA which is involved in the pathoetiology of several neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. Both tumor suppressor and oncogenic roles have been reported for this miRNA. Studies in prostate, renal, gallbladder and nasopharyngeal cancers as well as glioma have shown down-regulation of miR-135 in cancerous tissues compared with controls. These studies have also shown the impact of miR-135 down-regulation on enhancement of cell proliferation and aggressive behavior. Meanwhile, miR-135 has been shown to be up-regulated in bladder, oral, colorectal and liver cancers. Studies in breast, gastric, lung and pancreatic cancers as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have reported dual roles for miR-135. Dysregulation of miR-135 has also been noted in various non-neoplastic conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, depression, diabetes, Parkinson, pulmonary arterial hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, endometriosis, epilepsy and allergic conditions. In the current review, we summarize the role of miR-135 in the carcinogenesis as well as development of other disorders.

Breast Cancer Therapy: The Potential Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Translational Biomedical Research

The potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of metastatic cancers, including breast cancer, has been investigated for many years leading to encouraging results. The role of fat grafting and the related adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) has been detailed and described for breast reconstruction purposes confirming the safety of AD-MSCs. MSCs have great potential for delivering anticancer agents, suicide genes, and oncolytic viruses to tumors. Currently, many studies have focused on the products of MSCs, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a cell-free therapy. This work aimed to review and discuss the current knowledge on MSCs and their EVs in breast cancer therapy.

A Comprehensive Review on Function of miR-15b-5p in Malignant and Non-Malignant Disorders

miR-15b-5p is encoded by MIR15B gene. This gene is located on cytogenetic band 3q25.33. This miRNA participates in the pathogenesis of several cancers as well as non-malignant conditions, such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, coronary artery disease, dexamethasone induced steatosis, diabetic complications and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. In malignant conditions, both oncogenic and tumor suppressor impacts have been described for miR-15b-5p. Dysregulation of miR-15b-5p in clinical samples has been associated with poor outcome in different kinds of cancers. In this review, we discuss the role of miR-15b-5p in malignant and non-malignant conditions.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes as novel vehicles for delivery of miRNAs in cancer therapy

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as promising sources for cancer therapy and can be utilized as vehicles in cancer gene therapy. MSC-derived exosomes are central mediators in the therapeutic functions of MSCs, known as the novel cell-free alternatives to MSC-based cell therapy. MSC-derived exosomes show advantages including higher safety as well as more stability and convenience for storage, transport and administration compared to MSCs transplant therapy. Unmodified MSC-derived exosomes can promote or inhibit tumors while modified MSC-derived exosomes are involved in the suppression of cancer development and progression via the delivery of several therapeutics molecules including chemotherapeutic drugs, miRNAs, anti-miRNAs, specific siRNAs, and suicide gene mRNAs. In most malignancies, dysregulation of miRNAs not only occurs as a consequence of cancer progression but also is directly involved during tumor initiation and development due to their roles as oncogenes (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressors (TS-miRNAs). MiRNA restoration is usually achieved by overexpression of TS-miRNAs using synthetic miRNA mimics and viral vectors or even downregulation of oncomiRs using anti-miRNAs. Similar to other therapeutic molecules, the efficacy of miRNAs restoration in cancer therapy depends on the effectiveness of the delivery system. In the present review, we first provided an overview of the properties and potentials of MSCs in cancer therapy as well as the application of MSC-derived exosomes in cancer therapy. Finally, we specifically focused on harnessing the MSC-derived exosomes for the aim of miRNA delivery in cancer therapy.

miR-206 Inhibits Laryngeal Carcinoma Cell Multiplication, Migration, and Invasion

Laryngeal carcinoma (LC) is one of the common human cancer types. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were reported to be the essential regulators in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It was reported that miR-206 expression was reduced in various neoplastic diseases. However, the role and functional mechanism of miR-206 in LC progression remain unclear. In this research, miR-206 was found to be associated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. In addition, the area under the curve (AUC) of miR-206 was 0.902 for diagnosis of LC and 0.854 for differential diagnosis of stage I-II and stage III-IV patients. Low expression of miR-206 was associated with poor prognosis of LC patients. miR-206 expression was an independent factor affecting the prognosis of LC patients, as revealed by the Cox regression analysis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that miR-206 overexpression reduced cell multiplication, invasion, and migration and increased cell apoptosis in LC cells. Moreover, SOX9 was a target of miR-206, and miR-206 negatively regulated SOX9 expression. Collectively, miR-206 might be a promising biomarker with diagnostic and prognostic value for LC, and the miR-206/SOX9 axis might be a candidate target for LC therapy.

Comprehensive Analysis of RNA Expression Profile Identifies Hub miRNA-circRNA Interaction Networks in the Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is classified as a sort of serious nervous system syndrome that occurs in the early life period. Noncoding RNAs had been confirmed to have crucial roles in human diseases. So far, there were few systematical and comprehensive studies towards the expression profile of RNAs in the brain after hypoxia ischemia. In this study, 31 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) with upregulation were identified. In addition, 5512 differentially expressed mRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) were identified in HIE groups. Bioinformatics analysis showed these circRNAs and mRNAs were significantly enriched in regulation of leukocyte activation, response to virus, and neutrophil degranulation. Pathway and its related gene network analysis indicated that HLA - DPA1, HLA - DQA2, HLA - DQB1, and HLA - DRB4 have a more crucial role in HIE. Finally, miRNA-circRNA-mRNA interaction network analysis was also performed to identify hub miRNAs and circRNAs. We found that miR-592 potentially targeting 5 circRNAs, thus affecting 15 mRNA expressions in HIR. hsa_circ_0068397 and hsa_circ_0045698 were identified as hub circRNAs in HIE. Collectively, using RNA-seq, bioinformatics analysis, and circRNA/miRNA interaction prediction, we systematically investigated the differentially expressed RNAs in HIE, which could give a new hint of understanding the pathogenesis of HIE.