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Lu A, Ebright B, Naik A, Tan HL, Cohen NA, Bouteiller JMC, Lazzi G, Louie SG, Humayun MS, Asante I. Hydroxypropyl-Beta Cyclodextrin Barrier Prevents Respiratory Viral Infections: A Preclinical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2061. [PMID: 38396738 PMCID: PMC10888609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence and mutation of pathogenic viruses have been occurring at an unprecedented rate in recent decades. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global public health crisis due to extensive viral transmission. In situ RNA mapping has revealed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression to be highest in the nose and lower in the lung, pointing to nasal susceptibility as a predominant route for infection and the cause of subsequent pulmonary effects. By blocking viral attachment and entry at the nasal airway using a cyclodextrin-based formulation, a preventative therapy can be developed to reduce viral infection at the site of entry. Here, we assess the safety and antiviral efficacy of cyclodextrin-based formulations. From these studies, hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and hydroxypropyl gamma-cyclodextrin (HPGCD) were then further evaluated for antiviral effects using SARS-CoV-2 pseudotypes. Efficacy findings were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infection of Calu-3 cells and using a K18-hACE2 murine model. Intranasal pre-treatment with HPBCD-based formulations reduced viral load and inflammatory signaling in the lung. In vitro efficacy studies were further conducted using lentiviruses, murine hepatitis virus (MHV), and influenza A virus subtype H1N1. These findings suggest HPBCD may be used as an agnostic barrier against transmissible pathogens, including but not limited to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lu
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Brandon Ebright
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Aditya Naik
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Hui L. Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.L.T.); (N.A.C.)
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.L.T.); (N.A.C.)
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean-Marie C. Bouteiller
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (J.-M.C.B.); (G.L.); (M.S.H.)
| | - Gianluca Lazzi
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (J.-M.C.B.); (G.L.); (M.S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Stan G. Louie
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
| | - Mark S. Humayun
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (J.-M.C.B.); (G.L.); (M.S.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Isaac Asante
- Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.L.); (B.E.); (A.N.); (S.G.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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El Khoury M, Naim HY. Lipid rafts disruption by statins negatively impacts the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit and ACE2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1335458. [PMID: 38260879 PMCID: PMC10800905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1335458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is a virus that targets mainly the upper respiratory tract. However, it can affect other systems such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therapeutic strategies for this virus are still inconclusive and understanding its entry mechanism is important for finding effective treatments. Cholesterol is an important constituent in the structure of cellular membranes that plays a crucial role in a variety of cellular events. In addition, it is important for the infectivity and pathogenicity of several viruses. ACE2, the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2, is associated with lipid rafts which are microdomains composed of cholesterol and sphingolipids. In this study, we investigate the role of statins, lipid-lowering drugs, on the trafficking of ACE2 and the impact of cholesterol modulation on the interaction of this receptor with S1 in Caco-2 cells. The data show that fluvastatin and simvastatin reduce the expression of ACE2 to variable extents, impair its association with lipid rafts and sorting to the brush border membrane resulting in substantial reduction of its interaction with the S1 subunit of the spike protein. By virtue of the substantial effects of statins demonstrated in our study, these molecules, particularly fluvastatin, represent a promising therapeutic intervention that can be used off-label to treat SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Dasgupta A, Gangai S, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Mapping the Lipid Signatures in COVID-19 Infection: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Solutions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14411-14433. [PMID: 37899546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic ignited research centered around the identification of robust biomarkers and therapeutic targets. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible, hijacks the metabolic machinery of the host cells. It relies on lipids and lipoproteins of host cells for entry, trafficking, immune evasion, viral replication, and exocytosis. The infection causes host cell lipid metabolic remodelling. Targeting lipid-based processes is thus a promising strategy for countering COVID-19. Here, we review the role of lipids in the different steps of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and identify lipid-centric targetable avenues. We discuss lipidome changes in infected patients and their relevance as potential clinical diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. We summarize the emerging direct and indirect therapeutic approaches for targeting COVID-19 using lipid-inspired approaches. Given that viral protein-targeted therapies may become less effective due to mutations in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, lipid-inspired interventions may provide additional and perhaps better means of combating this and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishi Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shon Gangai
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences (SCMS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences (SCMS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
- School of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences (SILS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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