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Nasiri F, Asaadi Y, Mirzadeh F, Abdolahi S, Molaei S, Gavgani SP, Rahbarizadeh F. Updates on CAR T cell therapy in multiple myeloma. Biomark Res 2024; 12:102. [PMID: 39261906 PMCID: PMC11391811 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological cancer characterized by the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells. Initial treatments often include immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors (PIs), and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Despite salient progress in diagnosis and treatment, most MM patients typically have a median life expectancy of only four to five years after starting treatment. In recent developments, the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells in treating B-cell malignancies exemplifies a new paradigm shift in advanced immunotherapy techniques with promising therapeutic outcomes. Ide-cel and cilta-cel stand as the only two FDA-approved BCMA-targeted CAR T-cells for MM patients, a recognition achieved despite extensive preclinical and clinical research efforts in this domain. Challenges remain regarding certain aspects of CAR T-cell manufacturing and administration processes, including the lack of accessibility and durability due to T-cell characteristics, along with expensive and time-consuming processes limiting health plan coverage. Moreover, MM features, such as tumor antigen heterogeneity, antigen presentation alterations, complex tumor microenvironments, and challenges in CAR-T trafficking, contribute to CAR T-cell exhaustion and subsequent therapy relapse or refractory status. Additionally, the occurrence of adverse events such as cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, and on-target, off-tumor toxicities present obstacles to CAR T-cell therapies. Consequently, ongoing CAR T-cell trials are diligently addressing these challenges and barriers. In this review, we provide an overview of the effectiveness of currently available CAR T-cell treatments for MM, explore the primary resistance mechanisms to these treatments, suggest strategies for improving long-lasting remissions, and investigate the potential for combination therapies involving CAR T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yasaman Asaadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mirzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Abdolahi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Molaei
- School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Somayeh Piri Gavgani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Gheitasi M, Safdel S, Kumar Patra S, Zandvakili R, Nemati M, Saha B, Jafarzadeh A. Generation of immune cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): Their potential for adoptive cell therapy. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110836. [PMID: 38981248 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Advances in human stem cell technologies enable induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to be explored as potent candidates for treating various diseases, such as malignancies, autoimmunity, immunodeficiencies, and allergic reactions. iPSCs with infinite self-renewal ability can be derived from different types of somatic cells without the ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells. To date, numerous cell types, including various immune cell subsets [CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, gamma delta T (γδ T) cells, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils] have successfully been generated from iPSCs paving the way for effective adoptive cell transfer therapy, drug development, and disease modeling. Herein, we review various iPSC-derived immune cells and their possible application in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Gheitasi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sepeher Safdel
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Raziyeh Zandvakili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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3
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Maccagno M, Tapparo M, Saccu G, Rumiano L, Kholia S, Silengo L, Herrera Sanchez MB. Emerging Cancer Immunotherapies: Cutting-Edge Advances and Innovations in Development. Med Sci (Basel) 2024; 12:43. [PMID: 39311156 PMCID: PMC11417735 DOI: 10.3390/medsci12030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise in biological therapies has revolutionized oncology, with immunotherapy leading the charge through breakthroughs such as CAR-T cell therapy for melanoma and B-ALL. Modified bispecific antibodies and CAR-T cells are being developed to enhance their effectiveness further. However, CAR-T cell therapy currently relies on a costly ex vivo manufacturing process, necessitating alternative strategies to overcome this bottleneck. Targeted in vivo viral transduction offers a promising avenue but remains under-optimized. Additionally, novel approaches are emerging, such as in vivo vaccine boosting of CAR-T cells to strengthen the immune response against tumors, and dendritic cell-based vaccines are under investigation. Beyond CAR-T cells, mRNA therapeutics represent another promising avenue. Targeted delivery of DNA/RNA using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) shows potential, as LNPs can be directed to T cells. Moreover, CRISPR editing has demonstrated the ability to precisely edit the genome, enhancing the effector function and persistence of synthetic T cells. Enveloped delivery vehicles packaging Cas9 directed to modified T cells offer a virus-free method for safe and effective molecule release. While this platform still relies on ex vivo transduction, using cells from healthy donors or induced pluripotent stem cells can reduce costs, simplify manufacturing, and expand treatment to patients with low-quality T cells. The use of allogeneic CAR-T cells in cancer has gained attraction for its potential to lower costs and broaden accessibility. This review emphasizes critical strategies for improving the selectivity and efficacy of immunotherapies, paving the way for a more targeted and successful fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Maccagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.T.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.T.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Saccu
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.T.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Letizia Rumiano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.T.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.T.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (L.S.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.T.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Maria Beatriz Herrera Sanchez
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.T.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (L.S.)
- 2i3T, Società per la Gestione dell’incubatore di Imprese e per il Trasferimento Tecnologico, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
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4
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Mohammad Taheri M, Javan F, Poudineh M, Athari SS. Beyond CAR-T: The rise of CAR-NK cell therapy in asthma immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:736. [PMID: 39103889 PMCID: PMC11302387 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma poses a major public health burden. While existing asthma drugs manage symptoms for many, some patients remain resistant. The lack of a cure, especially for severe asthma, compels exploration of novel therapies. Cancer immunotherapy successes with CAR-T cells suggest its potential for asthma treatment. Researchers are exploring various approaches for allergic diseases including membrane-bound IgE, IL-5, PD-L2, and CTLA-4 for asthma, and Dectin-1 for fungal asthma. NK cells offer several advantages over T cells for CAR-based immunotherapy. They offer key benefits: (1) HLA compatibility, meaning they can be used in a wider range of patients without the need for matching tissue types. (2) Minimal side effects (CRS and GVHD) due to their limited persistence and cytokine profile. (3) Scalability for "off-the-shelf" production from various sources. Several strategies have been introduced that highlight the superiority and challenges of CAR-NK cell therapy for asthma treatment including IL-10, IFN-γ, ADCC, perforin-granzyme, FASL, KIR, NCRs (NKP46), DAP, DNAM-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, CCL, NKG2A, TF, and EGFR. Furthermore, we advocate for incorporating AI for CAR design optimization and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology for precise gene manipulation to generate highly effective CAR constructs. This review will delve into the evolution and production of CAR designs, explore pre-clinical and clinical studies of CAR-based therapies in asthma, analyze strategies to optimize CAR-NK cell function, conduct a comparative analysis of CAR-T and CAR-NK cell therapy with their respective challenges, and finally present established novel CAR designs with promising potential for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Javan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Poudineh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Shamseddin Athari
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 12th Street, Shahrake Karmandan, Zanjan, 45139-561111, Iran.
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5
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Chandra DJ, Alber B, Saultz JN. The Immune Resistance Signature of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Current Immunotherapy Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2615. [PMID: 39123343 PMCID: PMC11311077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex hematopoietic clonal disorder with limited curative options beyond stem cell transplantation. The success of transplant is intimately linked with the graft versus leukemia effect from the alloreactive donor immune cells including, T and NK cells. The immune system plays a dynamic role in leukemia survival and resistance. Despite our growing understanding of the immune microenvironment, responses to immune-based therapies differ greatly between patients. Herein, we review the biology of immune evasion mechanisms in AML, discuss the current landscape of immunotherapeutic strategies, and discuss the implications of therapeutic targets. This review focuses on T and NK cell-based therapy, including modified and non-modified NK cells, CAR-T and CAR-NK cells, antibodies, and checkpoint blockades. Understanding the complex interchange between immune tolerance and the emergence of tumor resistance will improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Chandra
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Bernhard Alber
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Jennifer N. Saultz
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
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6
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Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi M, Yazdanparast S, Kheyrandish S, Safdari SM, Amiri Samani F, Sohani M, Jaafarian AS, Damirchiloo F, Izadpanah A, Parkhideh S, Mikanik F, Roshandel E, Hajifathali A, Gharehbaghian A. Harnessing natural killer cells for refractory/relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma: biological roles, clinical trials, and future prospective. Biomark Res 2024; 12:66. [PMID: 39020411 PMCID: PMC11253502 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are heterogeneous and are among the most common hematological malignancies worldwide. Despite the advances in the treatment of patients with NHLs, relapse or resistance to treatment is anticipated in several patients. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Recently, natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy alone or in combination with monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptors, or bispecific killer engagers have been applied in many investigations for NHL treatment. The functional defects of NK cells and the ability of cancerous cells to escape NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity within the tumor microenvironment of NHLs, as well as the beneficial results from previous studies in the context of NK cell-based immunotherapy in NHLs, direct our attention to this therapeutic strategy. This review aims to summarize clinical studies focusing on the applications of NK cells in the immunotherapy of patients with NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Yazdanparast
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setare Kheyrandish
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehrab Safdari
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Amiri Samani
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sohani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Sadat Jaafarian
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Damirchiloo
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Izadpanah
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Parkhideh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mikanik
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Roshandel
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Gharehbaghian
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Yu G, Ye Z, Yuan Y, Wang X, Li T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yan J. Recent Advancements in Biomaterials for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Immunotherapy. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0045. [PMID: 39011521 PMCID: PMC11246982 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy is an innovative cancer treatment method that utilizes the patient's own immune system to combat tumor cells effectively. Currently, the mainstream therapeutic approaches include chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, T cell receptor gene-modified T cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor natural killer-cell therapy with CAR-T therapy mostly advanced. Nonetheless, the conventional manufacturing process of this therapy has shortcomings in each step that call for improvement. Marked efforts have been invested for its enhancement while notable progresses achieved in the realm of biomaterials application. With CAR-T therapy as a prime example, the aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss the various biomaterials used in cell immunotherapy, their roles in regulating immune cells, and their potential for breakthroughs in cancer treatment from gene transduction to efficacy enhancement. This article additionally addressed widely adopted animal models for efficacy evaluating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyu Yu
- School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Zhichao Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Yuyang Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Research, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,
Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Research, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
- Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Research, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jianing Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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8
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Qi Y, Li Y, Wang H, Wang A, Liu X, Liang Z, Gao Y, Wei L. Natural killer cell-related anti-tumour adoptive cell immunotherapy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18362. [PMID: 38837666 PMCID: PMC11151221 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-)modified T cells have been successfully used to treat blood cancer. With the improved research on anti-tumour adoptive cell therapy, researchers have focused on immune cells other than T lymphocytes. Natural killer (NK) cells have received widespread attention as barriers to natural immunity. Compared to T lymphocyte-related adoptive cell therapy, the use of NK cells to treat tumours does not cause graft-versus-host disease, significantly improving immunity. Moreover, NK cells have more sources than T cells, and the related modified cells are less expensive. NK cells function through several pathways in anti-tumour mechanisms. Currently, many anti-tumour clinical trials have used NK cell-related adoptive cell therapies. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress in NK cell-related adoptive cellular immunotherapy for tumour treatment and propose the current challenges faced by CAR-NK cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Qi
- Department of Gynecological OncologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological BehaviorsWuhanChina
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhanChina
| | - Ying Li
- Physical Examination CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological BehaviorsWuhanChina
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhanChina
| | - Anjin Wang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological BehaviorsWuhanChina
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhanChina
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Department of Gynecological OncologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological BehaviorsWuhanChina
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhanChina
| | - Ziyan Liang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological BehaviorsWuhanChina
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhanChina
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Gynecological OncologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological BehaviorsWuhanChina
- Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhanChina
| | - Liqing Wei
- Wuhan Wuchang HospitalWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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9
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Verhaar ER, van Keizerswaard WJC, Knoflook A, Balligand T, Ploegh HL. Nanobody-based CAR NK cells for possible immunotherapy of MICA + tumors. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae184. [PMID: 38756234 PMCID: PMC11096969 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The glycoproteins MICA and MICB are upregulated on the surface of cells undergoing stress, for instance due to (viral) infection or malignant transformation. MICA/B are the ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D, found on cytotoxic immune cells like NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and γδ T cells. Upon engagement of NKG2D, these cells are activated to eradicate the MICA/B-positive targets, assisted by the secretion of cytokines. Nanobodies, or VHHs, are derived from the variable regions of camelid heavy-chain only immunoglobulins. Nanobodies are characterized by their small size, ease of production, stability, and specificity of recognition. We generated nanobodies that recognize membrane-bound MICA with high affinity. Here, we use these nanobodies as building blocks for a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to establish VHH-based CAR NK cells. These anti-MICA nanobody-based CAR NK cells recognize and selectively kill MICA-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. We track localization of the VHH-based CAR NK cells to MICA-positive lung metastases by immuno-positron emission tomography imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha R Verhaar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anouk Knoflook
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Balligand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Hartley A, Burger L, Wincek CL, Dons L, Li T, Grewenig A, Taşgın T, Urban M, Roig-Merino A, Ghazvini M, Harbottle RP. A Simple Nonviral Method to Generate Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using SMAR DNA Vectors. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:575. [PMID: 38790204 PMCID: PMC11121542 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a powerful tool for biomedical research, but their production presents challenges and safety concerns. Yamanaka and Takahashi revolutionised the field by demonstrating that somatic cells could be reprogrammed into pluripotent cells by overexpressing four key factors for a sufficient time. iPSCs are typically generated using viruses or virus-based methods, which have drawbacks such as vector persistence, risk of insertional mutagenesis, and oncogenesis. The application of less harmful nonviral vectors is limited as conventional plasmids cannot deliver the levels or duration of the factors necessary from a single transfection. Hence, plasmids that are most often used for reprogramming employ the potentially oncogenic Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) system to ensure adequate levels and persistence of expression. In this study, we explored the use of nonviral SMAR DNA vectors to reprogram human fibroblasts into iPSCs. We show for the first time that iPSCs can be generated using nonviral plasmids without the use of EBNA-1 and that these DNA vectors can provide sufficient expression to induce pluripotency. We describe an optimised reprogramming protocol using these vectors that can produce high-quality iPSCs with comparable pluripotency and cellular function to those generated with viruses or EBNA-1 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hartley
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Burger
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia L. Wincek
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Lieke Dons
- Erasmus MC iPS Core Facility, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.G.)
| | - Tracy Li
- Erasmus MC iPS Core Facility, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.G.)
| | - Annabel Grewenig
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Toros Taşgın
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Urban
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alicia Roig-Merino
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mehrnaz Ghazvini
- Erasmus MC iPS Core Facility, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.G.)
| | - Richard P. Harbottle
- DNA Vector Laboratory, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.); (A.G.); (A.R.-M.)
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11
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Zhang Q, Lin J, Yang M, Li Z, Zhang M, Bu B. Therapeutic potential of natural killer cells in neuroimmunological diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116371. [PMID: 38430631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a major component of the innate immune system, have prominent immunoregulatory, antitumor proliferation, and antiviral activities. NK cells act as a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential in neurological autoimmunity. Emerging evidence has identified NK cells are involved in the development and progression of neuroimmunological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, autoimmune encephalitis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. However, the regulatory mechanisms and functional roles of NK cells are highly variable in different clinical states of neuroimmunological diseases and need to be further determined. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the heterogenic involvement of NK cells in the above conditions. Further, we describe cutting-edge NK-cell-based immunotherapy for neuroimmunological diseases in preclinical and clinical development and highlight challenges that must be overcome to fully realize the therapeutic potential of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengge Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Bitao Bu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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12
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Li T, Niu M, Zhang W, Qin S, Zhou J, Yi M. CAR-NK cells for cancer immunotherapy: recent advances and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361194. [PMID: 38404574 PMCID: PMC10884099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells, intrinsic to the innate immune system, are pivotal in combating cancer due to their independent cytotoxic capabilities in antitumor immune response. Unlike predominant treatments that target T cell immunity, the limited success of T cell immunotherapy emphasizes the urgency for innovative approaches, with a spotlight on harnessing the potential of NK cells. Despite tumors adapting mechanisms to evade NK cell-induced cytotoxicity, there is optimism surrounding Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) NK cells. This comprehensive review delves into the foundational features and recent breakthroughs in comprehending the dynamics of NK cells within the tumor microenvironment. It critically evaluates the potential applications and challenges associated with emerging CAR-NK cell therapeutic strategies, positioning them as promising tools in the evolving landscape of precision medicine. As research progresses, the unique attributes of CAR-NK cells offer a new avenue for therapeutic interventions, paving the way for a more effective and precise approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Li
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijiang Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Hadiloo K, Jabbari M, Elahi R. Current progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T versus CAR NK cell for immunotherapy of solid tumors. Life Sci 2024; 337:122381. [PMID: 38145710 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Equipping cancer-fighting immune cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has gained immense attention for cancer treatment. CAR-engineered T cells (CAR T cells) are the first immune-engineered cells that have achieved brilliant results in anti-cancer therapy. Despite promising anti-cancer features, CAR T cells could also cause fatal side effects and have shown inadequate efficacy in some studies. This has led to the introduction of other candidates for CAR transduction, e.g., Natural killer cells (NK cells). Regarding the better safety profile and anti-cancer properties, CAR-armored NK cells (CAR NK cells) could be a beneficial and suitable alternative to CAR T cells. Since introducing these two cells as anti-cancer structures, several studies have investigated their efficacy and safety, and most of them have focused on hematological malignancies. Solid tumors have unique properties that make them more resistant and less curable cancers than hematological malignancies. In this review article, we conduct a comprehensive review of the structure and properties of CAR NK and CAR T cells, compare the recent experience of immunotherapy with CAR T and CAR NK cells in various solid cancers, and overview current challenges and future solutions to battle solid cancers using CARNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Marjan Jabbari
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Zhang P, Zhang G, Wan X. Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:97. [PMID: 37596653 PMCID: PMC10439661 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have existed for decades. From the initial infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to the subsequent specific enhanced T cell receptor (TCR)-T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, many novel strategies for cancer treatment have been developed. Owing to its promising outcomes, CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the field of ACTs, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Despite these advances, CAR-T cell therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues. To overcome these challenges, researchers have focused on the application of CAR engineering technology to other types of immune cell engineering. Consequently, several new cell therapies based on CAR technology have been developed, including CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT. In this review, we describe the development, advantages, and possible challenges of the aforementioned ACTs and discuss current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of ACTs. We also provide an overview of the various gene transduction strategies employed in immunotherapy given their importance in immune cell engineering. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that strategies capable of creating a positive feedback immune circuit, as healthy immune systems do, could address the flaw of a single type of ACT, and thus serve as key players in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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