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Dong P, Dai W, Zhao T, Gong Y, Weng N, Lv S, Zhao Y, Du C, Ma Y, Zhang Z, He S, Zheng F, Sun P. Jingqianshu granules mitigates premenstrual depression by regulating orexin signaling. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1294122. [PMID: 38948463 PMCID: PMC11211579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1294122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), is a serious health disorder that affects patient moods. It is caused by cyclic psychological symptoms and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Abnormalities in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) orexin system, which are important causes of the development of depressive mood, have not been reported in PMDD, so exploring its intrinsic mechanisms is meaningful for enriching the pathomechanisms of PMDD. Methods: High performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of the active ingredients of Jingqianshu granules. Developing a rat model of premenstrual depression using the forced swimming test (FST). The experiment consisted of two parts. In Part 1, the rats were divided into the control group, the model group, the model + Jingqianshu group, and the model + fluoxetine group. The FST, open field test, and elevated plus maze test, were used to assess the behavior of the rats as well as to evaluate the effect of drug intervention. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of orexin and its receptors OX1R and OX2R genes and proteins. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor kappa-B, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and interleukin-1β in the BLA brain region was detected by Western-Blot. In part 2, the rats were injected intracerebrally with orexin-A. Observe the behavioral activities of rats in the control group, model group, and model+orexin-A group. Immunofluorescence was used to detect microglia in the BLA area of rats, and the expression levels of the above inflammatory factors were detected by Western-Blot. Results: The five components of Jingqianshu granules are: paeoniflorin, erulic acid, liquiritin, hesperidin, and paeonol. During the estrous cycle, rats exhibited depressive-like behavior during the non-receptive phase of the behavioral test, which disappeared during the receptive phase. Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR showed reduced gene and protein expression of orexin, OX1R, and OX2R in the BLA region of rats in the model group.WB showed elevated levels of inflammatory factors. All returned to control levels after drug treatment. In part 2, injection of orexin-A into the BLA brain region of model rats resulted in reduced immunoreactivity of microglia and decreased expression levels of inflammatory factors. Discussion: Jianqianshu granules can achieve the purpose of treating premenstrual depression by regulating orexin-mediated inflammatory factors, which provides a new idea for further research on the pathogenesis of PMDD. However, the current study is still preliminary and the pathogenesis of PMDD is complex. Therefore, more in-depth exploration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Foreign Language, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | | | - Ning Weng
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Shimeng Lv
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhua He
- Boai Hospitai of Zhngshan, Zhngshan, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Hansen BH, Andresen HN, Gjesvik J, Thorsby PM, Naerland T, Knudsen-Heier S. Associations between psychiatric comorbid disorders and executive dysfunctions in hypocretin-1 deficient pediatric narcolepsy type1. Sleep Med 2023; 109:149-157. [PMID: 37442017 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Psychiatric symptoms and cognitive deficits add significantly to impairment in academic achievement and quality of life in patients with narcolepsy. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and executive dysfunctions, secondly to explore the association between psychiatric comorbidity, executive dysfunctions, subjective and objective sleep measures, and severity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 deficiency in pediatric narcolepsy type 1 (PNT1). PATIENTS/METHODS Cross-sectional study of 59 consecutively included PNT1 patients (age: 6-20 years; 34:25 girls: boys; 54/59 H1N1 (Pandemrix®)-vaccinated). Core narcolepsy symptoms including subjective sleepiness, polysomnography and multiple sleep latency test results, CSF hypocretin-1 levels, psychiatric disorders (by semistructured diagnostic interview Kaufmann Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime version (KSADS)), and executive dysfunction (by Behavior Rating of Executive Function (BRIEF)) were assessed. RESULTS 52.5% of the patients had one or more psychiatric comorbid disorder, and 64.7% had executive dysfunction in a clinically relevant range, with no sex difference in prevalence, while older age was associated with poorer executive function (p=0.013). Having any psychiatric comorbid disorder was associated with poorer executive functions (p=0.001). CSF hypocretin-1 deficiency severity was significantly associated with presence of psychiatric comorbidity (p=0.022) and poorer executive functions (p=0.030), and poorer executive functions was associated with subjective sleepiness (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS The high occurrence of, and association between, psychiatric comorbidity and executive dysfunction underlines the importance of close attention to both these comorbidities in clinical care of NT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Hjelde Hansen
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias, Department of Rare Disorders, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | | | | | - Per M Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Naerland
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias, Department of Rare Disorders, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Knudsen-Heier
- Norwegian Centre of Expertise for Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Hypersomnias, Department of Rare Disorders, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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James MH, Aston-Jones G. Orexin Reserve: A Mechanistic Framework for the Role of Orexins (Hypocretins) in Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:836-844. [PMID: 36328706 PMCID: PMC10184826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, we proposed that orexin signaling transformed motivationally relevant states into adaptive behavior directed toward exploiting an opportunity or managing a threat, a process we referred to as motivational activation. Advancements in animal models since then have permitted higher-resolution measurements of motivational states; in particular, the behavioral economics approach for studying drug demand characterizes conditions that lead to the enhanced motivation that underlies addiction. This motivational plasticity is paralleled by persistently increased orexin expression in a topographically specific manner-a finding confirmed across species, including in humans. Normalization of orexin levels also reduces drug motivation in addiction models. These new advancements lead us to update our proposed framework for the orexin function. We now propose that the capacity of orexin neurons to exhibit dynamic shifts in peptide production contributes to their role in adaptive motivational regulation and that this is achieved via a pool of reserve orexin neurons. This reserve is normally bidirectionally recruited to permit motivational plasticity that promotes flexible, adaptive behavior. In pathological states such as addiction, however, we propose that the orexin system loses capacity to adaptively adjust peptide production, resulting in focused hypermotivation for drug, driven by aberrantly and persistently high expression in the orexin reserve pool. This mechanistic framework has implications for the understanding and treatment of several psychiatric disorders beyond addiction, particularly those characterized by motivational dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey; Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey; Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University and Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey.
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