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Matsuda I, Nittono H. The Intention to Conceal Does Not Always Affect Time Perception. Front Psychol 2021; 12:781685. [PMID: 34955999 PMCID: PMC8702501 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The display duration of stimuli is overestimated due to the increase in phasic arousal induced by the stimuli or high levels of background arousal. A previous study demonstrated that display duration of items (2 s) was overestimated when a participant attempted to conceal one of the items so as not to be detected in the concealed information test (CIT). As the time perception remained the same between the item to be concealed and the other items, the overestimation was thought to be due to the high level of background arousal under the conceal condition. Duration of 2 s may be too long to examine the phasic arousal effect induced by the concealed item. The present study conducted three online experiments with shorter durations, that is, each of three items was presented with duration of 1, 0.5, and 2 s in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The participants were instructed to conceal one of the three items under the conceal condition and did not conceal any item in the innocent condition. The difference in time perception between the conceal and innocent conditions or between items under the conceal condition was observed in none of the three experiments. The result indicates that temporal overestimation does not occur when a participant is only concealing an object. Rather, temporal overestimation would occur only when the level of background arousal is amplified by the concealment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Matsuda
- Department of Psychology, Aoyama Gakuin University, Shibuya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Matsuda I, Ogawa T, Tsuneoka M. Broadening the Use of the Concealed Information Test in the Field. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:24. [PMID: 30804817 PMCID: PMC6370687 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Japan is the only country where the polygraph with the concealed information test (CIT) is widely applied to criminal investigations. The CIT can reveal whether an examinee has knowledge of specific details of a crime. Furthermore, the CIT can extract crime-relevant information that investigative organizations have not yet uncovered. This article introduces how Japanese polygraphers take advantage of the CIT in criminal investigations. We also describe how polygraphs with the CIT are currently used in court. Then we propose statistical discrimination methods that can be easily applied to CIT interpretation in the field. Appropriate application of the statistical values is discussed. We hope that this article will facilitate more active use of the CIT outside Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Matsuda
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokihiro Ogawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsuda I, Ogawa T, Tsuneoka M, Verschuere B. Using pretest data to screen low-reactivity individuals in the autonomic-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:436-9. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Matsuda
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | - Tokihiro Ogawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental; Clinical, & Health Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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Ogawa T, Matsuda I, Hirota A, Takasawa N. Systematic changes in tonic physiological activities during the Concealed Information Test. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 94:455-62. [PMID: 25152172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many studies on the Concealed Information Test have focused on phasic physiological changes that are temporally locked to stimulus presentation. However, little is known about changes in tonic, basal physiological levels throughout a stimulus series. This study focused on changes in tonic physiological activities during the CIT. Thirty-nine participants carried out a mock theft and subsequently received a CIT. Skin conductance, heart rate, and normalized pulse volume (NPV) were recorded. The pre-stimulus physiological level of these measures throughout the CIT series was compared across a question series with different serial positions of the relevant item. Results showed that changes in the pre-stimulus level differed depending on the serial position of the relevant item. Skin conductance declined throughout the series, but showed a transient increase after relevant item presentation. Heart rate was relatively constant throughout the series, but decreased after relevant item presentation. NPV continued to decrease until the relevant item, but increased thereafter, indicating a pattern similar to the classic Peak of Tension concept. In addition, the pre-stimulus NPV showed a significant relevant-irrelevant difference. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokihiro Ogawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Izumi Matsuda
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Akihisa Hirota
- Faculty of Child Studies, Kamakura Women's University, 6-1-3 Ofuna, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8512, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Takasawa
- College of Sociology, Edogawa University, 4-7-4 Komaki, Nagareyama, Chiba 270-0198, Japan
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Meijer EH, Selle NK, Elber L, Ben-Shakhar G. Memory detection with the Concealed Information Test: A meta analysis of skin conductance, respiration, heart rate, and P300 data. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:879-904. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewout H. Meijer
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | | | - Lotem Elber
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
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Abstract
Lie detectors can be applied in a wide variety of settings. But this advantage comes with a considerable cost: False positives. The applicability of the Concealed Information Test (CIT) is more limited, yet when it can be applied, the risk of false accusations can be set a priori at a very low level. The CIT assesses the recognition of critical information that is known only by the examiners and the culprit, for example, the face of an accomplice. Large effects are obtained with the CIT, whether combined with peripheral, brain, or motor responses. We see three important challenges for the CIT. First, the false negative rate of the CIT can be substantial, particularly under realistic circumstances. A possible solution seems to restrict the CIT to highly salient details. Second, there exist effective faking strategies. Future research will tell whether faking can be detected or even prevented (e.g., using covert measures). Third, recognition of critical crime details does not necessarily result from criminal activity. It is therefore important to properly embed the CIT in the investigative process, while taking care when drawing conclusions from the test outcome (recognition, not guilt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ewout H. Meijer
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Zaitsu W. Meta-analysis of mock-crime experimental studies and field studies using the Concealed Information Test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3408/jafst.19.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Noordraven E, Verschuere B. Predicting the Sensitivity of the Reaction Time-based Concealed Information Test. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Noordraven
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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Matsuda I, Nittono H, Allen JJB. The current and future status of the concealed information test for field use. Front Psychol 2012; 3:532. [PMID: 23205018 PMCID: PMC3507001 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a psychophysiological technique for examining whether a person has knowledge of crime-relevant information. Many laboratory studies have shown that the CIT has good scientific validity. However, the CIT has seldom been used for actual criminal investigations. One successful exception is its use by the Japanese police. In Japan, the CIT has been widely used for criminal investigations, although its probative force in court is not strong. In this paper, we first review the current use of the field CIT in Japan. Then, we discuss two possible approaches to increase its probative force: sophisticated statistical judgment methods and combining new psychophysiological measures with classic autonomic measures. On the basis of these considerations, we propose several suggestions for future practice and research involving the field CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Matsuda
- National Research Institute of Police ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Gamer M, Berti S. P300 amplitudes in the concealed information test are less affected by depth of processing than electrodermal responses. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:308. [PMID: 23162454 PMCID: PMC3498630 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been used in the laboratory as well as in field applications to detect concealed crime related memories. The presentation of crime relevant details to guilty suspects has been shown to elicit enhanced N200 and P300 amplitudes of the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) as well as greater skin conductance responses (SCRs) as compared to neutral test items. These electrophysiological and electrodermal responses were found to incrementally contribute to the validity of the test, thereby suggesting that these response systems are sensitive to different psychological processes. In the current study, we tested whether depth of processing differentially affects N200, P300, and SCR amplitudes in the CIT. Twenty participants carried out a mock crime and became familiar with central and peripheral crime details. A CIT that was conducted 1 week later revealed that SCR amplitudes were larger for central details although central and peripheral items were remembered equally well in a subsequent explicit memory test. By contrast, P300 amplitudes elicited by crime related details were larger but did not differ significantly between question types. N200 amplitudes did not allow for detecting concealed knowledge in this study. These results indicate that depth of processing might be one factor that differentially affects central and autonomic nervous system responses to concealed information. Such differentiation might be highly relevant for field applications of the CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gamer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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Matsuda I, Nittono H, Ogawa T. Event-related potentials increase the discrimination performance of the autonomic-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:1701-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Matsuda I, Ogawa T. Improved method for calculating the respiratory line length in the Concealed Information Test. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Matsuda I, Hirota A, Ogawa T, Takasawa N, Shigemasu K. Within-individual discrimination on the Concealed Information Test using dynamic mixture modeling. Psychophysiology 2009; 46:439-49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gamer M, Verschuere B, Crombez G, Vossel G. Combining physiological measures in the detection of concealed information. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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