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Vakilchap F, Mousavi SM. Structural study and metal speciation assessments of waste PCBs and environmental implications: Outlooks for choosing efficient recycling routes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 151:181-194. [PMID: 35963037 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental protection from risks and disposal management of discarded mobile phone printed circuit boards (MPhPCBs) is a global issue. Although recycling is proposed as a solution, it is challenging to choose a sustainable method due to the insufficient recognition from extreme structural heterogeneity of these wastes based on their types. To this end, a thorough study on the structural characterization of PCBs using different analyses and metal speciation by sequential extraction procedure were performed. Understanding these information is an essential step in order to choose efficient methods to maximize selective recycling of metals and minimize environmental implications. PCBs were found to be potent metallic reservoirs after all metal content of PCBs were precisely measured. The structural analysis results of the sample included identification of different phases, functional groups, 45.1 % of the crystalline and 54.9 % of amorphous, the mesoporous nature (pore diameter mean ∼ 7.24 nm), hydrophobic property (contact angle ∼93.4°), the positive ζ-potential of particles at pH < (isoelectric point ∼5.4) and vice versa, and the particle size that were not oversized. The metal speciation outcome indicated over 80 % of the total content of elements such as Si, Sn, Ag, Au, Sr, Al, Cr, Nd, Ca, Ba, and P was in a solid crystal structure/residual fraction, which were hard recycled. The assessment of contamination levels of waste indicated the considerable contamination for the environment at global contamination factor ∼27.7, the moderate ecological risk at potential ecological risk assessment ∼82.9, and threats to public health. In addition, the metals of Pr, Mn, and Zn pose high risks because of their risk assessment code values of 42.7 %, 36.7 %, and 33.1 %, respectively. Leaching tests proved Waste Extraction Test was an aggressive method. ANC4 proposed high level of H+ consumption are required for metal leaching in future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Vakilchap
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Modares Environmental Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Javaid S, Dey M, Matzke C, Gupta S. Synthesis and characterization of engineered
PEEK
‐based composites for enhanced tribological and mechanical performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Javaid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Maharshi Dey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Caleb Matzke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Surojit Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of North Dakota Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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Wang T, Bai Y, Du Y, An S, Han B, Yang X, He C, Sun H, Zhao K, Xue X, Kang J. HPLC-DVD combined with chemometrics to analyze the correlation between the Q-marker content and color of Corni Fructus. Food Funct 2022; 13:5455-5465. [PMID: 35475458 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03866d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although Corni Fructus (CF) is a fruit with great economic value and development potential in medicine and food, too much reliance on personal experience for quality evaluation seriously limits the trading and circulation of CF. In the present study, through the research on the correlation between the chemical composition and the appearance color, a standard colorimetric card related to CF quality was established, which simplified the quality evaluation process and improved the accuracy of the visual evaluation of CF. Firstly, a total of 29 batches of CF from different places were collected. Then, "imread" in the MATLAB software was used to convert the color of all samples into RGB values, and HPLC-DVD was used to measure the content of the main chemical components in CF. Thereafter, the correlation between the content and color was studied by using MLR, BP-ANNs and SVM chemometric tools to screen the Q-marker of CF, which was further confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Finally, the Q-marker standard colorimetric card with the best fitting degree is established according to the prediction model. Thus, this study provides an auxiliary reference for the color evaluation of CF and a reference for the standardization and quantification of the macro characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Yilin Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Yating Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Shujing An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Binkai Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Changfen He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Haoqiang Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Ke Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaochang Xue
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiefang Kang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
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4
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The effects of various levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and a dacitic (rhyolitic) tuff breccia on pellet production rate and durability. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Xu Q, Zheng F, Cao X, Yang P, Xing Y, Zhang P, Liu H, Zhou G, Liu X, Bi X. Effects of Airflow Ultrafine-Grinding on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tartary Buckwheat Powder. Molecules 2021; 26:5841. [PMID: 34641384 PMCID: PMC8512056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different ultrafine milled flours (UMFs) were prepared from Tartary buckwheat via airflow ultrafine-grinding at different grinding pressures. The airflow ultrafine-grinding resulted in marked differences in particle size (from 100 to 10 μm). The UMFs were all brighter in appearance (higher L*) than Tartary buckwheat common flour (TBCF). Illustrated by the example of 70 °C, the UMFs were also found to have a greater water holding capacity (from 4.42 g/g to 5.24 g/g), water solubility (from 12.57% to 14.10%), and water solubility index (from 5.11% to 6.10%). Moreover, as the particle sizes reduced, the moisture content decreased (from 10.05 g/100 g DW to 7.66 g/100 g DW), as did the total starch content (from 68.88 g/100 g DW to 58.24 g/100 g DW) and the protein content (from 13.16% to 12.04%). However, the grinding process was also found to have negative effects on the mineral content of the Tartary buckwheat. Additionally, several substantial variations were found in their hydration properties along with grinding pressure changes in the differently ground UMFs. Consequently, fine Tartary buckwheat powders of a bright yellow color, with superior food processing properties, were prepared in this study by airflow ultrafine-grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Faying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiaotong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Yage Xing
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Ping Zhang
- Huantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610225, China; (P.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Guangchao Zhou
- Huantai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610225, China; (P.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xiaocui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiufang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing and Food Safety of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (Q.X.); (F.Z.); (X.C.); (P.Y.); (H.L.); (X.L.); (X.B.)
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6
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Oil Recovery from Fractionated Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Using Enzymes. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil recovered from dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) can be a high-value product over animal feed to provide an additional profit to ethanol plants currently operating at slim profit margins. Fractionations of DDGS and enzymatic hydrolysis were considered in this study to improve the oil recovery from DDGS. A combination of sieving and then air aspiration was used to separate the original DDGS into three different fractions: light, medium, and heavy. The heavier fraction had up to 24% increased oil content compared to the original DDGS. Commercial enzymes, protease, cellulase, and hemicellulase were tested separately and in combinations at 55 °C for 3 h at 130 rpm to determine their effect on oil recovery from the original and fractionated DDGS. Oil recovery was significantly improved (around 20%) following enzyme hydrolysis of the sieved aspirated heavy fractions of DDGS compared to the original DDGS. More than 90% of oil recovery was achieved by using a combination of cellulase and protease enzymes. Increasing the temperature above 55 °C without any enzyme did not impact oil recovery using the heavy-fraction DDGS. Overall, fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis showed promise to increase oil recovery from DDGS without any current ethanol plant design changes.
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7
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Acosta JA, Petry AL, Gould SA, Jones CK, Stark CR, Fahrenholz AC, Patience JF. Can the digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs at two stages of growth be enhanced through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill? Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa171. [PMID: 33381711 PMCID: PMC7751184 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of reducing the mean particle size (PS) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with a hammermill (HM) or with a roller mill (RM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and fiber components in growing and finishing pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows were housed in individual pens and were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial design (n = 8): three grinding methods [either corn DDGS ground with an HM to a PS of 450 μm; corn DDGS ground with an RM to a PS of 450 μm; and corn DDGS with a PS of 670 μm (not further ground)] and two body weight (BW) periods (growing pigs with an average initial BW of 54.7 ± 0.9 kg, and finishing pigs with an average initial BW of 107.8 ± 1.5 kg BW). Fecal samples were collected for each BW period in the last 3 d of an 11-d feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results showed that finishing pigs tended to have better ATTD of DM than growing pigs (P = 0.09) and had increased ATTD of GE and N than growing pigs (P = 0.03 and P < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, growing pigs had better ATTD of AEE than finishing pigs (P = 0.01). Pig BW period did not affect the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose. Reducing the mean PS of corn DDGS with either HM or RM (from 670 to 450 µm) improved the ATTD of DM and GE (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01), tended to improve the ATTD of N (P = 0.08), and improved the ATTD of AEE (P < 0.01). No effect of reducing PS was observed for the ATTD of NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose. There were no differences between HM and RM in any of the ATTD variables tested. In conclusion, reducing PS of corn DDGS from 670 to 450 μm either with an HM or with an RM improved the digestibility of DM, GE, and AEE and modestly improved the digestibility of N in growing and finishing pigs. However, reducing the PS of corn DDGS did not affect the digestibility of fiber components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Acosta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amy L Petry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Stacie A Gould
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Charles R Stark
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Adam C Fahrenholz
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Zhao C, Yin H, Yan J, Qi B, Liu J. Structural and physicochemical properties of soya bean protein isolate/maltodextrin mixture and glycosylation conjugates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing Jilin Agricultural University Changchun130118China
| | - Huanhuan Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing Jilin Agricultural University Changchun130118China
| | - Jiannan Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing Jilin Agricultural University Changchun130118China
| | - Baokun Qi
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin 150030 China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing Jilin Agricultural University Changchun130118China
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Purification of Polyphenols from Distiller's Grains by Macroporous Resin and Analysis of the Polyphenolic Components. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071284. [PMID: 30986967 PMCID: PMC6479346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to purify polyphenols from distiller’s grain extract using macroporous resins and to identify its polyphenolic components. The influence of operational parameters on purification efficiency was investigated. The polyphenolic composition was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and then quantified by UPLC-MS using authenticated standards. The results showed that the optimal purifying conditions were D101 resin with a dosage of 3 g, four hours adsorption, three hours desorption time, and 60% ethanol as the eluent, producing the highest purification rate of 51%. The purified distiller’s grain extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the unpurified extracts, which was assessed using DPPH and ABTS methods (IC50 DPPH = 34.03 and 16.21 μg/mL, respectively; IC50 ABTS = 20.31 and 5.73 μg/mL, respectively). UPLC-MS results indicated that (−)-epicatechin is the major compound found in distiller’s grain extract which was quantified as 562.7 μg/g extract, followed by ferulic acid (518.2 μg/g), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (417.7 μg/g), caffeic acid (217.1 μg/g), syringic acid (158.0 μg/g) and quercetin (147.8 μg/g). Two compounds, vanillic acid (66.5 μg/g) and gallic acid (41.4 μg/g), were found in lower concentrations. The findings of this study suggest that purification of polyphenolic compounds from distiller’s grain by macroporous resins is feasible, providing a new and effective method for the secondary use of distiller’s grain resources.
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Espinosa CD, Lee SA, Stein HH. Digestibility of amino acids, energy, acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber, and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:662-675. [PMID: 32704835 PMCID: PMC7200975 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that digestibility of amino acids (AA), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and values for metabolizable energy (ME) in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) vary among suppliers. In Exp. 1, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, AEE, and NDF, and concentration of ME were determined in eight sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I). A corn-based basal diet and eight diets containing corn and each source of DDGS were fed to 72 barrows (initial body weight = 18.1 ± 1.3 kg) with eight pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. The ME did not differ among the eight sources of DDGS with the exception that DDGS source E contained less (P < 0.05) ME than DDGS source D. The ATTD of GE did also not differ among the eight sources of DDGS, but ME and ATTD of GE in corn were greater (P < 0.05) than in the eight sources of DDGS. However, the ATTD of AEE in corn and the eight sources of DDGS was not different, but the ATTD of AEE in DDGS source E was greater (P < 0.05) than in DDGS source A. The ATTD of NDF in DDGS source D was also greater (P < 0.05) than in DDGS sources E, G, and H, but ATTD of NDF did not differ between corn and the eight sources of DDGS. In Exp. 2, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was determined in seven sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, and H). Twenty-four barrows (initial body weight = 63.4 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a two-period incomplete Latin square design with eight diets. Seven diets were formulated to contain each of the seven sources of DDGS and an N-free diet was also used. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d after 5 d of adaptation. There were no differences between pigs fed DDGS sources A and B in SID of AA, and the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp did not differ among DDGS sources A, B, and E. However, SID of most indispensable and dispensable AA except Gly were greater (P < 0.05) in DDGS source B than in DDGS sources C, D, E, G, and H. In conclusion, variability in SID of AA, ATTD of NDF and AEE, and ME were observed among the sources of DDGS used in this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su A Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Abstract
This is a PhD proposal defended in a 2012-2013 session at the Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Malaysia. The proposal has been written in accordance with the requirements of the university under the sub-headings: background, problem statement, rationale, hypothesis and research questions, research objectives, literature review, methodology, scope, expected outcomes and concluding remarks, work schedule, and references. This proposal provides a comprehensive study on bioethanol production from corn. First, it discusses development and field experiments of high sugary genotypes (HSGs). Secondly, it provides a comparative evaluation of enzyme consumptions and ethanol production between normal and HSG corn genotypes. Finally, this proposal provides evaluation of the co-product quality for both groups of genotypes. The readers who are interested to conduct any further study on corn-based bioethanol would be benefited from this proposal.
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12
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Espinosa CD, Stein HH. High-protein distillers dried grains with solubles produced using a novel front-end-back-end fractionation technology has greater nutritional value than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1869-1876. [PMID: 29471545 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, and DE and ME in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV) and in a novel source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-HP) produced by Lincolnway Energy (Nevada, IA). In Exp. 1, 18 barrows (initial BW: 72.47 ± 9.16 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained cornstarch and DDGS-CV or DDGS-HPLincolnway as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated. Diets were fed to pigs for 7 d, and ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each period. The SID for Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, and Glu was greater (P < 0.05) in DDGS-HPLincolnway than in DDGS-CV, and the SID of Ile, Val, and total indispensable AA, as well as the SID of Tyr, tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in DDGS-HPLincolnway than in DDGS-CV. No difference between DDGS-CV and DDGS-HPLincolnway was observed for the SID of CP and all other AA. In Exp. 2, 24 barrows (initial BW: 52.80 ± 2.55 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. A corn-based basal diet (97.25% corn) and 2 diets that contained corn and DDGS-CV or corn and DDGS-HPLincolnway were formulated. Each diet was fed to 8 pigs. Feces and urine were collected using the marker to marker approach with 7-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. The DE and ME in DDGS-CV and DDGS-HPLincolnway were calculated using the difference procedure. The DE and ME in DDGS-HPLincolnway on an as-fed basis were greater (P < 0.05) than in corn and DDGS-CV, but the ATTD of GE in DDGS-HPLincolnway and DDGS-CV was less (P < 0.01) than in corn. In conclusion, the SID of some AA and the DE and ME in DDGS-HPLincolnway were greater than in DDGS-CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Espinosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - H H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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13
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Fang L, Lamsal B, Wang T. Effects of Addition of Hydrolyzing Enzymes during Fermentation on Characteristics of Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department; Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Lane; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Buddhi Lamsal
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department; Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Lane; Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department; Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Lane; Ames IA 50011 USA
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14
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Review: protein value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal nutrition as affected by the ethanol production process. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gaillard C, Sørensen MT, Vestergaard M, Weisbjerg MR, Basar A, Larsen MK, Martinussen H, Kidmose U, Sehested J. Effect of substituting soybean meal and canola cake with dried distillers grains with solubles at 2 dietary crude protein levels on feed intake, milk production, and milk quality in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8928-8938. [PMID: 28843683 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) is an alternative source of feed protein for dairy cows. Previous studies found that DDGS, based on grains other than corn, can substitute for soybean meal and canola cake as a dietary protein source without reducing milk production or quality. As societal concerns exist, and in many areas strict regulation, regarding nitrogen excretion from dairy cows, the dairy industry has focused on reducing dietary protein level and nitrogen excretion. In the present study, we investigated the use of DDGS as a protein source, at a marginally low dietary crude protein (CP) levels, in a grass-clover and corn silage-based ration. The experiment involved 24 Holstein cows and 2 protein sources (DDGS or soybean-canola mixture) fed at 2 levels of CP (14 or 16%) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both protein source and protein level on feed intake, milk yield, and milk quality. The results indicated that feed intake, milk yield, and protein in milk increased when the protein level in the ration was 16% CP compared with 14%. We found no effect of substituting the soybean-canola mixture with DDGS. Moreover, no sensory problems were observed when comparing fresh milk with stored milk, and milk taste was unaffected by DDGS. Milk from cows fed DDGS had a slightly higher content of linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA 9-11), and lower content of C11 to C17 fatty acids than cows fed diets with the soybean-canola mixture. Cows fed the diets with 16% CP produced milk with higher oleic acids and lower palmitic acid content than cows fed 14% CP diets. To conclude, DDGS can substitute for a soybean-canola mixture without affecting feed intake, milk yield and quality, or sensory quality. Under the conditions of this experiment, feeding 16% CP compared with 14% CP in the ration can increase feed intake and milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gaillard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M T Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Vestergaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A Basar
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M K Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - U Kidmose
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - J Sehested
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Bhadra R, Ambrose RPK, Casada ME, Simsek S, Siliveru K. Air and Moisture Transport Properties of Low‐Oil DDGS. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-03-17-0050-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rumela Bhadra
- College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, 4003 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
| | - R. P. Kingsly Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
| | - Mark E. Casada
- USDA‐ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Product Insects and Engineering Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S.A. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer
| | - Senay Simsek
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Kaliramesh Siliveru
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, U.S.A
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Purschke B, Brüggen H, Scheibelberger R, Jäger H. Effect of pre-treatment and drying method on physico-chemical properties and dry fractionation behaviour of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.). Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Jiang L, Xu QX, Qiao M, Ma FF, Thakur K, Wei ZJ. Effect of superfine grinding on properties of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb leaves powder. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1571-1578. [PMID: 30263694 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb, have been widely used in various traditional medicines and food products. The narrow and uniform particle size distribution in V. bracteatum Thunb leaves (VBTL) can be achieved through a new emerging type of foodstuff processing and superfine grinding. The VBTL powders were subjected to four particle sizes as followed: 300-125, 125-75, 75-40, and <40 μm. The VBTL powders were observed to be with smaller size and bulk density, greater surface area, tapped density and the angle of repose. Water solubility index, water holding capacity and total flavonoid extraction increased slightly with the decrease in particle size. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the VBTL exhibiting particle size of <40 μm had the lowest peak temperature; whereas, powder with a particle size of 125-300 μm displayed the largest endothermic enthalpy. Our results of the properties of VBTL superfine powder supplied the basis for VBTL in potential industrial applications of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Xin Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Qiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Kiran Thakur
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 People's Republic of China
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19
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Cheng MH, Rosentrater KA. Fractionation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) by combination of sieving and aspiration. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Sun C, Liu R, Ni K, Wu T, Luo X, Liang B, Zhang M. Reduction of particle size based on superfine grinding: Effects on structure, rheological and gelling properties of whey protein concentrate. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Dias Junior G, Ferraretto L, Salvati G, de Resende L, Hoffman P, Pereira M, Shaver R. Relationship between processing score and kernel-fraction particle size in whole-plant corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2719-2729. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Chatzifragkou A, Kosik O, Prabhakumari PC, Lovegrove A, Frazier RA, Shewry PR, Charalampopoulos D. Biorefinery strategies for upgrading Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS). Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Classification the geographical origin of corn distillers dried grains with solubles by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy combined with chemometrics: A feasibility study. Food Chem 2015; 189:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Characterization of Hericium erinaceum powders prepared by conventional roll milling and jet milling. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Chen Y, Zhang BC, Sun YH, Zhang JG, Sun HJ, Wei ZJ. Physicochemical properties and adsorption of cholesterol by okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) powder. Food Funct 2015; 6:3728-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00600g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Superfine ground okra powders show various physicochemical properties and improve the adsorption of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Cheng Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Ju Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- People's Republic of China
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26
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Pedersen M, Dalsgaard S, Knudsen KB, Yu S, Lærke H. Compositional profile and variation of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles from various origins with focus on non-starch polysaccharides. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Yáñez JL, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Dry fractionation creates fractions of wheat distillers dried grains and solubles with highly digestible nutrient content for grower pigs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3416-25. [PMID: 24948649 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is limited by constraints such as particle size and fiber. Wheat DDGS contains more fiber than corn DDGS that may reduce its nutritional value in swine feeds. Dry fractionation may create DDGS fractions with low and high fiber content; therefore, wheat DDGS was processed sequentially using a vibratory sifter and gravity table. Sufficient material was obtained from 3 wheat DDGS fractions that differed in particle size from fine to coarse (Fraction A [FA], Fraction C [FC], and Fraction D [FD]). Five cornstarch-based diets were mixed that contained either 40% wheat DDGS, 30% FA, 30% FC plus 10% soybean meal (SBM), 30% FD plus 15% SBM, or 35% SBM. A sixth, N-free diet served to subtract basal endogenous AA losses and as control for energy digestibility calculations. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (29 kg BW) were fed 6 diets at 2.8 times maintenance for DE in six 9-d periods as a 6 × 6 Latin square. Feces and ileal digesta were collected sequentially for 2 d each. Wheat DDGS FA, FC, and FD were 258, 530, and 723 μm in mean particle size and contained 44.8, 39.3, and 33.8% CP and 29.1, 35.1, and 37.5% in NDF, respectively. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM than wheat DDGS, was greater (P < 0.05) for FA than wheat DDGS, and did not differ between FC, FD, and wheat DDGS. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) did not differ between SBM and wheat DDGS (P > 0.05) for most AA. The SID of Arg, Lys, Trp, and available Lys was greater (P < 0.05) for FD than wheat DDGS but was similar for FA, FC, and wheat DDGS and was greater (P < 0.05) for FD than SBM. The DE and NE value was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM, FA, and FC than wheat DDGS and did not differ between FD and wheat DDGS. The SID content of indispensable AA and available Lys was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM than wheat DDGS. The SID content of Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, and Val was greater (P < 0.05) for FA than wheat DDGS but did not differ for indispensable AA between FC and wheat DDGS. The SID content of His, Ile, Leu, Met, and Phe was lower (P < 0.05) for FD than wheat DDGS. In conclusion, dry fractionation creates DDGS fractions with a differing chemical composition. Fine particle fractions contain less fiber and more CP than coarse particle fractions, but their AA digestibility was lower, likely due to most of the solubles being fine particles that are more susceptible to AA damage than protein entrapped in particles of larger size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Yáñez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México 90500
| | - E Beltranena
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - R T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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28
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Song SH, Lee MG, Lee HJ, Yoon WB. Analysis of grinding kinetics to control the effect of rice flour particle size on the yield of alcohol and glucose during fermentation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Song
- CJ CheilJedang Foods R&D Center; Seoul 152-051 South Korea
| | - Myeong-Gi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; College of Agricultural and Life Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 South Korea
| | - Hyong-Joo Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; World Class University Biomodulation Program; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 South Korea
| | - Won-Byong Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; College of Agricultural and Life Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 South Korea
- Agricultural and Life Science Research Institute; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Kangwondo 200-701 South Korea
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29
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Jie YZ, Zhang JY, Zhao LH, Ma QG, Ji C. The correlationship between the metabolizable energy content, chemical composition and color score in different sources of corn DDGS. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:38. [PMID: 24066830 PMCID: PMC3816793 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) contents in 30 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in adult roosters, and establish the prediction equations to estimate the AME and TME value based on its chemical composition and color score. Methods Twenty-eight sources of corn DDGS made from several processing plants in 11 provinces of China and others imported from the United States. DDGS were analyzed for their metabolizable energy (ME) contents, measured for color score and chemical composition (crude protein, crude fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber), to predict the equation of ME in DDGS. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, each DDGS sample was tube fed (50 g) to adult roosters. The experiment was conducted as a randomized incomplete block design with 3 periods. Ninety-five adult roosters were used in each period, with 90 being fed the DDGS samples and 5 being fasted to estimate basal endogenous energy losses. Results Results showed that the AME ranged from 5.93 to 12.19 MJ/kg, TME ranged from 7.28 to 13.54 MJ/kg. Correlations were found between ME and ash content (-0.64, P < 0.01) and between ME and yellowness score (0.39, P < 0.05) of the DDGS samples. Furthermore, the best-fit regression equation for AME content of DDGS based on chemical composition and color score was AME = 6.57111 + 0.51475 GE - 0.10003 NDF + 0.13380 ADF + 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L (R2 = 0.70). The best-fit regression equation for TME content of DDGS was TME = 7.92283 + 0.51475 GE - 0.10003 NDF + 0.13380 ADF + 0.07057 fat - 0.57029 ash - 0.02437 L (R2 = 0.70). Conclusions This experiment suggested that measuring the chemical composition and color score of a corn DDGS sample may provide a quality parameter for identifying corn DDGS sources energy digestibility and metabolizable energy content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Z Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-H Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-G Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Liu K, Barrows FT. Methods to recover value-added coproducts from dry grind processing of grains into fuel ethanol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7325-7332. [PMID: 23837906 DOI: 10.1021/jf402226r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three methods are described to fractionate condensed distillers solubles (CDS) into several new coproducts, including a protein-mineral fraction and a glycerol fraction by a chemical method; a protein fraction, an oil fraction and a glycerol-mineral fraction by a physical method; or a protein fraction, an oil fraction, a mineral fraction, and a glycerol fraction by a physicochemical method. Processing factors (ethanol concentration and centrifuge force) were also investigated. Results show that the three methods separated CDS into different fractions, with each fraction enriched with one or more of the five components (protein, oil, ash, glycerol and other carbohydrates) and thus having different targeted end uses. Furthermore, because glycerol, a hygroscopic substance, was mostly shifted to the glycerol or glycerol-mineral fraction, the other fractions had much faster moisture reduction rates than CDS upon drying in a forced air oven at 60 °C. Thus, these methods could effectively solve the dewatering problem of CDS, allowing elimination of the current industrial practice of blending distiller wet grains with CDS for drying together and production of distiller dried grains as a standalone coproduct in addition to a few new fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshun Liu
- Grain Chemistry and Utilization Laboratory, National Small Grains and Potato Germplam Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, United States.
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31
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Flaking as a corn preparation technique for dry-grind ethanol production using raw starch hydrolysis. J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Reveco FE, Drew MD. Fractionation of wheat distillers' dried grains and solubles by particle size and density improves its digestible nutrient content for rainbow trout. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reveco, F. E. and Drew, M. D. 2012. Fractionation of wheat distillers' grains and solubles by particle size and density improves its digestible nutrient content in rainbow trout. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 197–205. The nutritional value of wheat distillers' dried grains and solubles (WDDGS) in aquaculture is poor because of its relatively low crude protein (CP) and high fibre content. In this study WDDGS was fractionated using grinding, sieving and elutriation sequentially. The WDDGS was ground in a hammer mill using a 3-mm screen and sieved using six sieves (20M, 30T, 40T, 50T, 60M and 80M) into seven fractions (>841, 590–840, 426–589, 298–425, 251–297, 178–250 and<177 µm). Elutriation was then performed to further fractionate based on particle shape and density. The higher density sub-fractions from the three smallest particle size fractions were mixed to produce a fractionated WDDGS containing 20.7 MJ kg−1 gross energy (GE), 454.6 g kg−1 CP, 260.4 g kg−1 neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 93.2 g kg−1 acid detergent fibre (ADF). The digestibility of the unprocessed and fractionated WWDGS products was assessed in rainbow trout. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM, GE, acid ether extract (AEE), ash and amino acids (AA) did not differ between the unprocessed material and the fractionated WDDGS (P>0.05). However, the ADC of CP was higher for fractionated WDDGS (0.88) than the unprocessed WDDGS (0.85) (P<0.05). This fractionation scheme can be used to improve the nutritional value of WDDGS for rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E. Reveco
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
- Aquaculture Protein Centre, CoE, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Murray D. Drew
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
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Kim SH, Choi YJ, Lee H, Lee SH, Ahn JB, Noh BS, Min SC. Physicochemical properties of jujube powder from Air, vacuum, and freeze drying and their correlations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-1039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clementson CL, Ileleji KE. Particle heterogeneity of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:213-221. [PMID: 22226592 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study the physical, morphological and chemical characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced by mixing three levels of condensed distillers soluble (CDS) (0%, 3.69% and 7.39% volumetric basis, v.b.) with wet distillers grains and drying were characterized. Decreasing the CDS level from 7.39% to 0% v.b. resulted in a reduction of 13.9% in geometric mean particle size and 8.8% in bulk density while the compressibility of the material increased by 3%. As the CDS level increased, pore volume, particle porosity and effective bulk porosity decreased. Crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber and ash content showed distinct patterns for all three samples studied and suggest that US sieve no. 16 (1190 μm) may be an inflection point for the chemical characteristics of DDGS granules within a bulk. The observed heterogeneity could cause sampling errors and particle segregation, and as a consequence nutrient and bulk density variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Clementson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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35
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Kingsly A, Ileleji K. Glass transition behavior of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garcia RA, Rosentrater KA. Fractionation of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Through a Narrowing of Particle Size Distribution Followed by Aspiration. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu K. Chemical composition of distillers grains, a review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1508-1526. [PMID: 21299215 DOI: 10.1021/jf103512z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing demand for ethanol as a fuel additive and decreasing dependency on fossil fuels have resulted in a dramatic increase in the amount of grains used for ethanol production. Dry-grind is the major process, resulting in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a major coproduct. Like fuel ethanol, DDGS has quickly become a global commodity. However, high compositional variation has been the main problem hindering its use as a feed ingredient. This review provides updated information on the chemical composition of distillers grains in terms of nutrient levels, changes during dry-grind processing, and causes for large variation. The occurrence in grain feedstock and the fate of mycotoxins during processing are also covered. During processing, starch is converted to glucose and then to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Most other components are relatively unchanged but concentrated in DDGS about 3-fold over the original feedstock. Mycotoxins, if present in the original feedstock, are also concentrated. Higher fold of increases in S, Na, and Ca are mostly due to exogenous addition during processing, whereas unusual changes in inorganic phosphorus (P) and phytate P indicate phytate hydrolysis by yeast phytase. Fermentation causes major changes, but other processing steps are also responsible. The causes for varying DDGS composition are multiple, including differences in feedstock species and composition, process methods and parameters, the amount of condensed solubles added to distiller wet grains, the effect of fermentation yeast, and analytical methodology. Most of them can be attributed to the complexity of the dry-grind process itself. It is hoped that information provided in this review will improve the understanding of the dry-grind process and aid in the development of strategies to control the compositional variation in DDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- KeShun Liu
- Grain Chemistry and Utilization Laboratory, National Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, United States.
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Yáñez JL, Beltranena E, Cervantes M, Zijlstra RT. Effect of phytase and xylanase supplementation or particle size on nutrient digestibility of diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles cofermented from wheat and corn in ileal-cannulated grower pigs. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:113-23. [PMID: 20870954 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is limited by physical constraints such as particle size and by biochemical limitations such as phytate and fiber or nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP). To determine the separate effects of these limitations on nutrient digestibility, ground DDGS (383 µm) supplemented with phytase (0 or 250 units/kg of feed) and xylanase (0 or 4,000 units/kg of feed) was evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments together with unground DDGS (517 µm) and an N-free diet in a 6 × 6 Latin square. Cofermented wheat and corn DDGS contained 8.6% moisture, 31.0% CP, 1.04% Lys, 8.0% ether extract, 2.0% starch, 40% NDF, and 0.85% P (as-is basis). Diets contained 43.7% DDGS as the sole source of AA; the digesta from pigs fed the N-free diet served to subtract basal endogenous AA losses and as control for energy digestibility. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (37.1 ± 0.8 kg of BW) were fed 6 diets at 2.8 × maintenance for DE in six 9-d periods. Feces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d each. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of GE and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and NDF were 2.3, 0.5, and 5.1%-units greater (P < 0.05) for the ground than unground DDGS diet, respectively. Consequently, the ATTD of GE was 1.3%-units greater (P < 0.05) and the DE content was 0.06 Mcal/kg greater (P < 0.05) for ground than unground DDGS, respectively. Grinding of DDGS did not affect (P > 0.05) the ATTD of crude fiber, ADF, P, and Ca in diets. Grinding of DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the AID of most AA in diets including Lys, Met, and Thr by 6.9, 1.1, and 1.7%-units, respectively. Grinding of DDGS increased (P < 0.05) the SID of Lys by 6.2%-units and SID content of Lys and Thr by 0.06 and 0.02%-units, respectively. Phytase and xylanase did not interact (P > 0.05) to affect nutrient digestibility. Phytase increased (P < 0.001) the ATTD of P by 10.5%-units, but did not affect (P > 0.05) AA digestibility. Xylanase did not affect nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, particle size is an important physical characteristic affecting digestibility of energy and AA, but not P in DDGS. Phytate in DDGS limits digestibility of P, but not energy and AA. The substrate for xylanase in DDGS did not hinder energy and AA digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Yáñez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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Belyea R, Rausch K, Clevenger T, Singh V, Johnston D, Tumbleson M. Sources of variation in composition of DDGS. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu K. Selected Factors Affecting Crude Oil Analysis of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as Compared with Milled Corn. Cereal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-87-3-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KeShun Liu
- National Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1691 S. 2700 West Aberdeen, ID 83210. Phone: (208) 397-4162. Fax: (208) 397-4165. E-mail:
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Han J, Liu K. Changes in composition and amino acid profile during dry grind ethanol processing from corn and estimation of yeast contribution toward DDGS proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3430-3437. [PMID: 20166661 DOI: 10.1021/jf9034833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three sets of samples, consisting of ground corn, yeast, intermediate products, and DDGS, were provided by three commercial dry grind ethanol plants in Iowa and freeze dried before chemical analysis. On average, ground corn contained 70.23% starch, 7.65% protein, 3.26% oil, 1.29% ash, 87.79% total carbohydrate (CHO), and 17.57% total nonstarch CHO, dry matter basis. Results from Plant 1 samples showed that compared to ground corn, there was a slight but significant increase in the contents of protein, amino acids (AA), oil, and ash before fermentation, although starch/dextrin decreased sharply upon saccharification. After fermentation, starch content further decreased to about 6.0%, while protein, oil, and ash contents increased over 3-fold. AA increased 2.0-3.5-fold. Total CHO content decreased by 40%, and the content of total nonstarch CHO increased over 2.5-fold. Concentrations of these attributes fluctuated slightly in the remaining downstream products, but oil and ash were concentrated in thin stillage, while protein was concentrated in distiller grains upon centrifugation. When AA composition is expressed in relative % (protein basis), its changes did not follow that of protein concentration, but the influence of yeast AA profiles on those of downstream products became apparent. Accordingly, a multiple linear regression model for the AA profile of a downstream product as a function of AA profiles of ground corn and yeast was proposed. Regression results indicated that, with an r(2) = 0.95, yeast contributed about 20% toward DDGS proteins, and the rest came from corn. Data from Plants 2 and 3 confirmed those found with Plant 1 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Han
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjian, China
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Liu K. Fractionation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) by sieving and winnowing. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:6559-6569. [PMID: 19692227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Four commercial samples of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were sieved. All sieved fractions except for the pan fraction, constituting about 90% of original mass, were then winnowed with an air blast seed cleaner. Sieving was effective in producing fractions with varying composition. As the particle size decreased, protein and ash contents increased, and total carbohydrate (CHO) decreased. Winnowing sieved fractions was also effective in shifting composition, particularly for larger particle classes. Heavy sub-fractions were enriched in protein, oil and ash, while light sub-fractions were enriched for CHO. For protein, the combination of the two procedures resulted in a maximum 56.4% reduction in a fraction and maximum 60.2% increase in another fraction. As airflow velocity increased, light sub-fraction mass increased, while the compositional difference between the heavy and light sub-fractions decreased. Winnowing three times at a lower velocity was as effective as winnowing one time at a medium velocity. Winnowing the whole DDGS was much less effective than winnowing sieved fractions in changing composition, but sieving winnowed fractions was more effective than sieving whole DDGS. The two combination sequences gave comparable overall effects but sieving followed by winnowing is recommended because it requires less time. Regardless of combinational sequence, the second procedure was more effective in shifting composition than the first procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- KeShun Liu
- Grain Chemistry and Utilization Laboratory, National Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1691 S. 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID 83210, United States.
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Liu K. Effects of particle size distribution, compositional and color properties of ground corn on quality of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:4433-4440. [PMID: 19464168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oftentimes, corn processors believe that ground corn (raw material) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are interrelated in certain quality parameters. Yet, previous studies, although rather limited, have not established this relationship. In this study, six ground corn samples and their resulting DDGS were analyzed for particle size distribution (PSD), using a series of six selected US standard sieves: Nos. 8, 12, 18, 35, 60, and 100, and a pan. The original sample and sieve sized fractions were measured for contents of moisture, protein, oil, ash and starch, and surface color. Total carbohydrate (CHO) and total non-starch CHO were also calculated. Results show that the geometric mean diameter (d(gw)) of particles varied with individual corn and DDGS samples, and that d(gw) of DDGS was larger than that of corn (0.696 vs. 0.479 mm, average values), indicating that during conversion of corn to DDGS, certain particles became enlarged. For d(gw) and mass frequency of individual particle size classes, the relationship between ground corn and DDGS varied, but PSD of the whole sample was well correlated between them (r=0.807). Upon conversion from corn to DDGS, on an average, protein was concentrated 3.59 times; oil, 3.40 times; ash, 3.32 times; and total non-starch CHO, 2.89 times. There were some positive correlations in contents of protein and non-starch CHO and in L value between corn and DDGS. Yet, variations in nutrients and color attributes were larger in DDGS than in corn. For either corn or DDGS, these variations were larger in sieved fractions than in the whole fraction. Raw material, processing method and addition of yeasts are among major factors considered for causing larger variations in these attributes among DDGS. The study partially supports the common belief by processors that quality attributes of corn affect those of DDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- KeShun Liu
- Grain Chemistry and Utilization Laboratory, National Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210, United States.
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