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Bekhta P. Recent Developments in Eco-Friendly Wood-Based Composites II. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081941. [PMID: 37112091 PMCID: PMC10144388 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional wood-based composites are bonded with synthetic formaldehyde-based adhesives [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Bekhta
- Department of Wood-Based Composites, Cellulose and Paper, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 790 57 Lviv, Ukraine
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Furniture and Wood Products, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia
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2
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Xiao G, Liang J, Li D, Tu Y, Zhang B, Gong F, Gu W, Tang M, Ding X, Wu Z, Lei H. Fully Bio-Based Adhesive from Tannin and Sucrose for Plywood Manufacturing with High Performances. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8725. [PMID: 36556528 PMCID: PMC9782220 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fully bio-based adhesives are beneficial to reduce the dependence of the wood adhesive industry on synthetic resins based on petrochemical resources and enhance the market competitiveness of adhesives. A fully bio-based wood adhesive composed of tannin and sucrose was developed and successfully used in the preparation of plywood. Effects of the preparation technology on the bonding strength and water resistance of plywood were investigated, and the properties of the adhesive were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry (TG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in this study. The results showed that: (1) Compared with other biomass adhesives, tannin-sucrose adhesive had the characteristics of high-solid content and low viscosity, which had the potential to prepare particleboard and fiberboard. (2) A proper mass ratio of tannin to sucrose was key to obtaining a tannin-sucrose adhesive with better properties. (3) The optimum preparation process of tannin-sucrose adhesive for plywood was as follows: hot-pressing temperature of 210 °C, hot-pressing time of 1.2 min/mm, m(tannin):m(sucrose) of 60:40 and adhesive loading of 160 g/m2. Under these conditions, the water-resistant bonding strength of the plywood was 0.89 MPa, which met the strength requirements of the Type II standard of plywood in GB/T 17657-2013. (4) The hot-pressing temperature played a decisive role in the tannin-sucrose adhesive, and the good performance of the plywood was maintained when the temperature was 210 °C or above. Thus, the prepared tannin-sucrose adhesive had high-bonding strength, good water resistance and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Xiao
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiankun Liang
- College of Civil Engineering, Kaili University, Qiandongnan 556011, China
| | - De Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuan Tu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bengang Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Feiyan Gong
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wen Gu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Min Tang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xinyue Ding
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong Lei
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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3
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Soonklang N, Saowakon N. Evaluation of formaldehyde exposure among gross dissection after modified embalming solution and health assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65642-65654. [PMID: 35488160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mainly embalming fixative contains formaldehyde which is classified as a carcinogen. People who work with cadavers have been at higher risk of cancer after formaldehyde exposure. We have formulated a less-formalin fixative (contained 3.6% formaldehyde,23.8% ethanol, 15% glycerin, and 0.2% phenol in the water) for preserving cadavers. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the level of atmospheric formaldehyde indoors and the breathing exposure of medical students during dissection classes. We also analyzed the pulmonary parameters and effects of formaldehyde. The levels of atmospheric formaldehyde indoors and personal breathing exposure were sampled during anatomy dissection classes (musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, and abdominopelvic organ system) using sorbent tubes with air sampling pumps. Samples were then analyzed using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The mean level of formaldehyde indoor air among the three classes was 0.518 ± 0.156 ppm whereas the formaldehyde level in the personal breathing zone was 0.956±0.408 ppm, which exceeded the recommended exposure standards of international agencies, including NIOSH agency and PEL of Thailand legislation. The laboratory had high humidity, high room temperature, and poor air ventilation. There was a significant difference in FVC, FEV1, and PEF (p < 0.05) between the sexes of students. Comparison pulmonary parameters between students and instructors showed that all parameters of the pulmonary function test had no significant differences. General fatigue and burnings of eyes and nose associated with strong odor were the most common symptoms reported during the dissection classes. The modified embalming fixative was used less formalin with ethanol-glycerin mixture, and it was suitable for the study of medical students, with few side effects of respiratory problems. However, the modified exhaust ventilation with local table-exhaust ventilation and heating-ventilation-air conditioning system performance were urgent issues for reducing levels of formaldehyde indoor air in the dissection room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantawan Soonklang
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Naruwan Saowakon
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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Guo Y, Liu W, Dong S, Li Y, He J, Liu F, Li R, Zhang S, Cai L, Zhang Y. Effects of deacetylation degree, molecular weight, and preparation method on wet‐adhesive and rheological properties of chitosan as food‐grade adhesive. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunsi Guo
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
- Food Nutrition Science Centre Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., LTD Wuhan China
| | | | - Yingxue Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., LTD Wuhan China
| | - Jiewang He
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., LTD Wuhan China
| | - Fengfeng Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., LTD Wuhan China
| | - Ran Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., LTD Wuhan China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
- Food Nutrition Science Centre Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
- Food Nutrition Science Centre Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
- Food Nutrition Science Centre Zhejiang Gongshang University Hangzhou China
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Huang S, Song S, Nielsen CP, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Weschler LB, Xie S, Li J. Residential building materials: An important source of ambient formaldehyde in mainland China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106909. [PMID: 34619531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contribution of formaldehyde from residential building materials to ambient air in mainland China. Based on 265 indoor field tests in 9 provinces, we estimate that indoor residential sources are responsible for 6.66% of the total anthropogenic formaldehyde in China's ambient air (range for 31 provinces: 1.88-18.79%). Residential building materials rank 6th among 81 anthropogenic sources (range: 2nd-10th for 31 provinces). Emission intensities show large spatial variability between and within regions due to different residential densities, emission characteristics of building materials, and indoor thermal conditions. Our findings indicate that formaldehyde from the indoor environment is a significant source of ambient formaldehyde, especially in urban areas. This study will help to more accurately evaluate exposure to ambient formaldehyde and its related pollutants, and will assist in formulating policies to protect air quality and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Shaojie Song
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Chris P Nielsen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, USA
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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6
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Feng S, Liu F, Guo Y, Ye M, He J, Zhou H, Liu L, Cai L, Zhang Y, Li R. Exploring the role of chitosan in affecting the adhesive, rheological and antimicrobial properties of carboxymethyl cellulose composite hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:554-563. [PMID: 34492250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels are promising in food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, the potential of composite hydrogels prepared by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan as glue for cigar wrapping applications was firstly studied. The impacts of degree of carboxymethyl substitution (DS) and the ratio of CMC:chitosan on the adhesive performance and rheological behaviors of composite hydrogels have been investigated. And the results indicated that relatively low DS of CMC and relatively low ratio of chitosan might be favorable for the adhesive properties of composite hydrogels. But a higher ratio of chitosan may significantly improve the rheological properties of composite hydrogels and alter their thermal-sensitivity. The impacts of chitosan on the wet ability with tobacco leaf, the morphology and the XRD patterns of composite hydrogels were also observed. The CMC-chitosan composite hydrogel could significantly decrease the total molds on tobacco leaf brought by CMC, and therefore may show great potential to improve the quality of cigar during long-term storage. All the information in this study is new, which could be useful for exploring the application of CMC-chitosan composite hydrogel in food, pharmaceutical, even other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Feng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yunsi Guo
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Mingqiao Ye
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Jiewang He
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Hongshen Zhou
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Ran Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China.
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7
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Dong S, Feng S, Liu F, Li R, Li W, Liu F, Shi G, Chen L, Zhang Y. Factors influencing the adhesive behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel for food applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:398-406. [PMID: 33684429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels have been used as adhesive materials for food and other newly emerged innovative applications. To increase the knowledge of CMC hydrogel-based adhesives and optimize the preparation and storage conditions in practical, we prepared CMC hydrogels for cigar wrapper application and investigated their adhesive performance as affected by different CMC type, concentration, pH, temperature, and storage time, etc. Two parameters, initial adhesiveness and peel strength were used to evaluate the adhesive behavior of CMC with paper and tobacco leaf. Sample C2 with relatively medium molecular weight and medium degree of substitution values showed the best adhesive performance. Hydrogels prepared using boiled water at neutral pH presented better adhesive behavior, which was not significantly affected by storage temperature (up to 13 days). The wettability, steady shear flow behavior, dynamic rheological properties, and stress recovery performance of CMC hydrogel were measured, and their correlations to the adhesive behavior were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Dong
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Sirui Feng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Wenhua Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Fengfeng Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Gang Shi
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Réh R, Krišťák Ľ, Sedliačik J, Bekhta P, Božiková M, Kunecová D, Vozárová V, Tudor EM, Antov P, Savov V. Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040511. [PMID: 33567731 PMCID: PMC7915062 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of using ground birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) bark as an eco-friendly additive in urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives for plywood manufacturing was investigated in this work. Five-ply plywood panels were fabricated in the laboratory from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneers bonded with UF adhesive formulations comprising three addition levels of birch bark (BB) as a filler (10%, 15%, and 20%). Two UF resin formulations filled with 10% and 20% wheat flour (WF) were used as reference samples. The mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and shear strength) of the laboratory-fabricated plywood panels, bonded with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture, were evaluated and compared with the European standard requirements (EN 310 and EN 314-2). The mechanical strength of the plywood with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture is acceptable and met the European standard requirements. Markedly, the positive effect of BB in the UF adhesive mixture on the reduction of formaldehyde emission from plywood panels was also confirmed. Initially, the most significant decrease in formaldehyde release (up to 14%) was measured for the plywood sample, produced with 15% BB. After four weeks, the decrease in formaldehyde was estimated up to 51% for the sample manufactured with 20% BB. The performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the findings of the study. As this research demonstrated, BB as a waste or by-product of wood processing industry, can be efficiently utilized as an environmentally friendly, inexpensive alternative to WF as a filler in UF adhesive formulations for plywood manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Réh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia; (R.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Ľuboš Krišťák
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia; (R.R.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (Ľ.K.); (P.A.)
| | - Ján Sedliačik
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia; (R.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Pavlo Bekhta
- Department of Wood-Based Composites, Cellulose and Paper, Ukrainian National Forestry University, 79057 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Monika Božiková
- Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (D.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Daniela Kunecová
- Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (D.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vlasta Vozárová
- Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.B.); (D.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Eugenia Mariana Tudor
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, 5431 Kuchl, Austria;
- Faculty of Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Correspondence: (Ľ.K.); (P.A.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Jin S, Li K, Zhang X, Gao Q, Zeng L, Shi SQ, Li J. Phytic acid-assisted fabrication for soybean meal/nanofiber composite adhesive via bioinspired chelation reinforcement strategy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:123064. [PMID: 32512279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adhesives are commonly used in the wood industry, such as plywood, fiberboard, and particleboard, for making furniture, flooring, kitchen cabinets, and wall materials. However, almost all of these adhesives come from petroleum resources and release toxic substances that pollute the environment and endanger human health. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the production of eco-friendly adhesives. The development of plant-protein-based adhesives can increase the value of agricultural wastes and reduce the environmental hazards. However, their industrial application is limited by their poor mechanical strength and inferior water resistance. The main purpose of this study was to prepare a green effective reinforcer to improve the water resistance and mechanical strength of soybean meal (SM) adhesive. To achieve the above goals, a natural chelating agent phytic acid (PA)-mediated aminoclay-cellulose nanofiber (AC@CNF) nanohybrid was prepared. Then, the AC@CNF-PA nanohybrids were combined with SM to prepare a high-performance SM-based adhesive. The water resistance of the modified adhesive was remarkably improved, with 105.2 % higher than that of the unmodified SM adhesive in wet shear strength. Moreover, the modified adhesive showed good cytocompatibility, biodegradability, and flame retardancy. This work suggested a new approach in preparing green high-performance protein-based adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicun Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Utilization (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kuang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Dehua TB Decoration New Material Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Nanning SCISKY Waterborne Technologies Co., Ltd, Nanning 530105, China
| | - Sheldon Q Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Utilization (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Structural Application of Eco-Friendly Composites from Recycled Wood Fibres Bonded with Magnesium Lignosulfonate. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry generates substantial amounts of solid waste and wastewater, which contain waste fibres. The potential of using these recycled wood fibres for producing eco-friendly composites that were bonded with a formaldehyde-free adhesive (magnesium lignosulfonate) and their use in structural applications was evaluated in this study. Fibreboards were produced in the laboratory with a density of 720 kg·m−3 and 15% magnesium lignosulfonate gluing content, based on the dry fibres. The mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bond strength), physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) and formaldehyde content were determined and compared with the European Standards requirements for wood-based panels. In general, the laboratory-produced panels demonstrated acceptable mechanical properties, such as bending strength (18.5 N·mm−2) and modulus of elasticity (2225 N·mm−2), which were higher than the minimum requirements for type P2 particleboards and equal to the requirements for MDF panels. The moisture properties, i.e., thickness swelling (24 h) and water absorption (24 h) significantly deteriorated. The free formaldehyde content of the laboratory-produced composites (1.1 mg/100 g) reached the super E0 grade (≤1.5 mg/100 g), which allowed for their classification as eco-friendly, low-emission wood-based composites. The L-type corner joints, made from the developed composites, demonstrated significantly lower bending capacity (from 2.5 to 6.5 times) compared to the same joints made from MDF panels. Nevertheless, the new eco-friendly composites can be efficiently utilised as a structural material in non-load-bearing applications.
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11
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Arias A, González-García S, González-Rodríguez S, Feijoo G, Moreira MT. Cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of bio-adhesives for the wood panel industry. A comparison with petrochemical alternatives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:140357. [PMID: 32806374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The wood panel industry requires the introduction of more environmental-friendly adhesives due to the strict current regulations on formaldehyde-based emissions. The purpose of this study was to environmentally analyse the production of four different bio-adhesives as alternatives to the most conventional fossil resins used in the production of wood panels. The bio-adhesives proposed for analysis derived from different available renewable biopolymers such as protein (soy) and lignin (Kraft and Organosolv), as well as tannin. The production systems were evaluated from a cradle-to-gate perspective using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology, with the aim of identifying critical parameters and comparing them with fossil substitutes. Inventory data of bio-adhesives were modelled at large scale from lab scale experiments and completed with literature reports. Our results showed that the soy-based and tannin based bio-adhesive had an overall better profile than fossil resins, identifying the production of polyacrylamide for the former, and the production of condensed tannin and glyoxal for the latter, as the main environmental hotspots. In contrast, further research is required on the use of lignins, specifically because of the electricity requirements in the lignin glyoxalation stage (a process required for the functionalization of lignin). Sensitivity analyses were conduced on these key parameters suggesting that there is room for improvement.This study provides useful information for researchers and policy-makers on where to focus their activities with the aim of making the future of bio-adhesives more technically and environmentally favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arias
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sandra González-Rodríguez
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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12
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Gadhave RV, S K V, Dhawale PV, Gadekar PT. Effect of boric acid on poly vinyl alcohol- tannin blend and its application as water-based wood adhesive. Des Monomers Polym 2020; 23:188-196. [PMID: 33132742 PMCID: PMC7580565 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2020.1826124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The work presented here focusses on developing adhesive by blending tannin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in water. To furthermore enhance the properties crosslinking is carried by using boric acid at varying concentrations. Presence of free hydroxyl groups in PVA and tannin acts as a site for crosslinking reaction. The empty p orbital of trivalent boron atom attracts nucleophilic hydroxyl groups of PVA and tannin, hence are expected to form crosslinks. The interaction of boric acid with the blend was confirmed by FTIR spectra studies. The acidic pH favoured the reaction and its effects were observed by increase in viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg). Films cased with the crosslinked blend demonstrated less hydrophilic behaviour from water contact angle test also increment in pencil hardness value and stress-bearing capacity. Adhesive performance properties like wet tack and time-dependent tensile lap shear strength on softwood and hardwood specimens were evaluated. The crosslinking-enhanced cohesion by reducing the free volumes between the chains and due to this, enhancement in tensile strength on bonded wood substrates was observed. Overall, it was found that the adhesive prepared by crosslinking PVA/tannin blend with boric acid is suitable for wood adhesive application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra V Gadhave
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vineeth S K
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Pritam V Dhawale
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Pradeep T Gadekar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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Study on incorporating wattle tannin in polyvinyl acetate emulsion and its effect on properties for wood bonding application. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Impact of Bio-Based (Tannins) and Nano-Scale (CNC) Additives on Bonding Properties of Synthetic Adhesives (PVAc and MUF) Using Chestnut Wood from Young Coppice Stands. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050956. [PMID: 32443438 PMCID: PMC7281407 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainability and ecotoxicity issues call for innovations regarding eco-friendly adhesives in the production of biocomposite wood materials, and solutions involving nano-scale and bio-based compounds represent a valid and promising target. One possible approach is to increase the performance of adhesives such as polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) or melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) by means of nanoparticles in order to obtain a material with better mechanical and environmental resistance. When applying cellulose-based nanoparticles or tannin, the concept of a circular economy is successfully implemented into the forest/wood value chain, and chances are created to develop new value chains using byproducts of forestry operations. In this study, assortments coming from young sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) coppice stands were utilized for the preparation of single lap joint assemblies using different commercial adhesives (PVAc, MUF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and tannin as additives. The results showed that addition of CNC and tannin to PVAc glue increased tensile shear strength in lap joint tests presenting a promising base for future tests regarding the addition of CNC and tannin in MUF or PVAc adhesive formulations. Unfortunately, the tested bio-based additives did not reveal the same encouraging results when tested in the wet state.
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15
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Effects of Heating Temperature on the Properties of Bio-Board Manufactured by Using Soybean Straw. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030662. [PMID: 32024279 PMCID: PMC7040741 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to effectively use soybean straw biomass resources and decrease the negative effects of using synthetic resin. Soybean straw was ground through a wet process then hot-pressed to make biodegradable fiberboard (bio-board) without any binder. The effect of heating temperature on mechanical properties and dimensional stability performance of produced bio-board was investigated. Bonding quality and chemical changes of the bio-board were also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The moisture content decreased from 12.5% to 3.4% with the increase of heating temperature. Meanwhile, most mechanical properties of bio-board improved. However, an excessive heating temperature, especially at 230 °C, did not significantly promote the improvement of most mechanical properties. However, the dimensional stability performance of the bio-board was greatly improved from 140 °C to 230 °C. Overall, the results showed that bio-board could be made by using soybean straw without any synthetic resin. Heating temperature plays a significant role in affecting the properties of bio-board. The refined bio-board is expected to be used as a packaging material, heat insulation in architecture, and mulch film for agricultural purposes.
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16
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Mngomezulu L, Amiandamhen SO, Meincken M, Tyhoda L. Influence of heat curing and aggregates on the properties of phosphate-bonded biocomposites. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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17
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Rhazi N, Hannache H, Oumam M, Sesbou A, Charrier B, Pizzi A, Charrier-El Bouhtoury F. Green extraction process of tannins obtained from Moroccan Acacia mollissima barks by microwave: Modeling and optimization of the process using the response surface methodology RSM. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Life Cycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of Pressure Sensitive Bio-Adhesive Production. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12234502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioproducts have attracted much attention in recent years due to the increasing environmental concerns about petroleum products. In this study, we aimed to explore potential environmental impacts and economic feasibility of pressure sensitive bio-adhesive (PSA) produced from the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization process. A detail process model of pressure sensitive bio-adhesive was developed in order to thoroughly understand both economic and environmental impacts of this production process. Life cycle assessment results showed that the overall environmental impacts of bio-adhesive was ~30% lower compared to the petro-adhesive’s production process. The minimum selling price for this pressure sensitive bio-adhesive was calculated as $3.48/kg. Sensitivity analysis results indicated that raw materials costs had the most significant impact on pressure sensitive bio-adhesive’s selling price, followed by total capital investment. Electricity sources had larger environmental impacts to the overall bio-adhesive production process compared to transportation distance and product yield. These results highlight the environmental advantage and potential economic competency of this pressure sensitive bio-based adhesive.
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19
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A biodegradable colorimetric film for rapid low-cost field determination of formaldehyde contamination by digital image colorimetry. Food Chem 2018; 249:154-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zeng N, Yu Y, Chen J, Meng X, Peng L, Dan Y, Jiang L. Facile synthesis of branched polyvinyl acetate via redox-initiated radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although branched polymers find widespread applications, the rational design and synthesis of branched vinyl polymers via the conventional radical (co)polymerization of commercially available monomers is still a challenge for researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University)
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yuyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University)
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Junbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University)
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xiao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University)
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Leilei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University)
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University)
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University)
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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21
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Luo J, Li X, Shi R, Gao Q, Li J, Li L. Determination of formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior from interior use plywood using various post heat treatment processes. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqing Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 People's Republic of China
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22
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Ochs SDM, Furtado LDA, Cerqueira WV, Pereira Netto AD. Characterization of the variation of carbonyl compounds concentrations before, during, and after the renovation of an apartment at Niterói, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15605-15615. [PMID: 27130339 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the variation of 31 carbonyl compounds (CC) in an apartment located at Niterói City, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Eight sampling campaigns were conducted through a 1-year period, and three areas (living room, kitchen, and bedroom) were evaluated before, during, and after the renovation activities and reoccupation of the apartment. Samples were collected using SEP-PAK cartridges impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and the hydrazones were analyzed using rapid resolution liquid chromatography with UV detection. The lowest total concentration of CC (19.0 ± 1.5 μg m(-3)) was found before the renovation when the apartment was empty, but door varnishing resulted in highest contamination of the apartment (1386 ± 384 μg m(-3)); however, an important dispersion of CC was observed in the subsequent sampling (148 ± 1.8 μg m(-3)). After apartment reoccupation, the indoor contamination seemed to depend on the routine activities taken there, such as household product use and cooking activities, but apparently, local temperature increase favored the vaporization of the volatile CC from the building materials in the apartment. As far as we are concerned, this is the first study comparing the concentrations of 31 CC in residential areas before, during, and after renovation activities taken in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya de Mendonça Ochs
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química-Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada-Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Almeida Furtado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química-Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wildson Vieira Cerqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química-Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada-Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química-Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Química Analítica Fundamental e Aplicada-Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, 24020-141, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Tamesue S, Yasuda K, Noguchi S, Mitsumata T, Yamauchi T. Highly Tolerant and Durable Adhesion between Hydrogels Utilizing Intercalation of Cationic Substituents into Layered Inorganic Compounds. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:704-708. [PMID: 35614658 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adhering hydrogel systems are important particularly in the medical field because they can be used as adhesives cross-linking between living tissues. In this research, hydrogels including cationic substituents prepared via free-radical polymerization were brought into contact after applying an aqueous dispersion of the layered inorganic compound Micromica to their surfaces. As a result, the hydrogels adhered to each other due to the intercalation of cationic substituents included in the gel networks into the interlayers of Micromica. As the water content ratio of hydrogels decreased, the adhesive strength came to be higher, and finally the adhesively bonded joint supported a tensile load of 10 kg. Moreover, it was confirmed that the adhered hydrogels have high tolerance toward various environments, such as high or low temperatures and solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tamesue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and ‡Department of Material Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi,
Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kento Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and ‡Department of Material Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi,
Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shingo Noguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and ‡Department of Material Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi,
Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tetsu Mitsumata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and ‡Department of Material Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi,
Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and ‡Department of Material Science and
Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 2-8050, Ikarashi,
Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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24
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Saowakon N, Ngernsoungnern P, Watcharavitoon P, Ngernsoungnern A, Kosanlavit R. Formaldehyde exposure in gross anatomy laboratory of Suranaree University of Technology: a comparison of area and personal sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19002-19012. [PMID: 26233735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadavers are usually preserved by embalming solution which is composed of formaldehyde (FA), phenol, and glycerol. Therefore, medical students and instructors have a higher risk of exposure to FA inhalation from cadavers during dissection. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the FA exposure in indoor air and breathing zone of medical students and instructors during dissection classes in order to investigate the relationship between them. The indoor air and personal air samples in breathing zone were collected three times during anatomy dissection classes (in January, August, and October of 2014) with sorbent tubes, which were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The air cleaner machines were determined by weight measurement. Pulmonary function tests and irritation effects were also investigated. The mean of FA concentrations ranged from 0.117 to 0.415 ppm in the indoor air and from 0.126 to 1.176 ppm in the breathing zone of students and instructors. All the personal exposure data obtained exceeded the threshold limit of NIOSH and WHO agencies. The air cleaner machines were not significant difference. The pulmonary function of instructors showed a decrease during attention of classes and statistically significant decreasing in the instructors more than those of the students. Clinical symptoms that were observed in nose and eyes were irritations with general fatigue. We suggested that the modified exhaust ventilation and a locally ventilated dissection work table were considered for reducing FA levels in the gross anatomy dissection room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruwan Saowakon
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Piyada Ngernsoungnern
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Watcharavitoon
- School of Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Apichart Ngernsoungnern
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Rachain Kosanlavit
- School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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25
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Zhang J, Kang H, Gao Q, Li J, Pizzi A, Delmotte L. Performances of larch (larix gmelini) tannin modified urea-formaldehyde (TUF) resin and plywood bonded by TUF resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Forestry University; 100083 Beijing People's Republic of China
- ENSTIB-LERMAB; University of Lorraine; 88051 Epinal France
| | - Haijiao Kang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Forestry University; 100083 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Forestry University; 100083 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application; Beijing Forestry University; 100083 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- ENSTIB-LERMAB; University of Lorraine; 88051 Epinal France
| | - Luc Delmotte
- IS2M; University of Haut Alsace; CNRS LRC 7228 68057 Mulhouse France
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Kalihari V, Timpe SJ, McCarty L, Ninke M, Whitehead J. An automated high throughput tribometer for adhesion, wear, and friction measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:035104. [PMID: 23556849 DOI: 10.1063/1.4794908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origin and correlation of different surface properties under a multitude of operating conditions is critical in tribology. Diverse tribological properties and a lack of a single instrument to measure all make it difficult to compare and correlate properties, particularly in light of the wide range of interfaces commonly investigated. In the current work, a novel automated tribometer has been designed and validated, providing a unique experimental platform capable of high throughput adhesion, wear, kinetic friction, and static friction measurements. The innovative design aspects are discussed that allow for a variety of probes, sample surfaces, and testing conditions. Critical components of the instrument and their design criteria are described along with examples of data collection schemes. A case study is presented with multiple surface measurements performed on a set of characteristic substrates. Adhesion, wear, kinetic friction, and static friction are analyzed and compared across surfaces, highlighting the comprehensive nature of the surface data that can be generated using the automated high throughput tribometer.
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27
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Badve M, Gogate P, Pandit A, Csoka L. Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for wastewater treatment in wood finishing industry. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rahman MM, Kim KH. Exposure to hazardous volatile pollutants back diffusing from automobile exhaust systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 241-242:267-278. [PMID: 23072984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As back diffusion gases from automobiles are significant sources of in-vehicular pollution, we investigated eight automobiles, five for back diffusion (driving) measurements and three for reference conditions (non-driving). To characterize the back diffusion emission conditions, seven volatile organic compounds (VOC) and four carbonyl compounds (CCs) were measured along with dilution-to-threshold (D/T) ratio. The data obtained from back diffusion measurements were examined after having been divided into three subcategories: (i) driving and non-driving, (ii) with and without automobile upgrading (sealing the inner line), and (iii) differences in CO emission levels. Among the VOCs, the concentrations of toluene (T) was found to be the highest (range: 13.6-155 ppb), while benzene (0.19-1.47 ppb) was hardly distinguishable from its ambient levels. Other VOCs (xylene, trimethylbenzene, and styrene) were generally below <1 ppb. Unlike VOCs, the concentrations (ppb) of CCs were seen at fairly enhanced levels: 30.1-95 (formaldehyde), 34.6-87.2 (acetaldehyde), 4.56-34.7 (propionaldehyde), and 3.45-68.8 (butyraldehyde). The results of our study suggest that the back diffusion phenomenon, if occurring, can deteriorate in-vehicle air, especially with the most imminent health hazards from a compound such as formaldehyde in view of its exceedance pattern over common guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahmudur Rahman
- Dept. of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gun-Ja Dong, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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30
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Marć M, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Testing and sampling devices for monitoring volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor air. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An JY, Kim S, Kim HJ. Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 187:44-51. [PMID: 20870352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20 L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32 °C using the desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20 L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20 L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yoon An
- Lab of Adhesion and Bio-Composites, Program in Environmental Materials Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Kim S. The reduction of formaldehyde and VOCs emission from wood-based flooring by green adhesive using cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 182:919-922. [PMID: 20362392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To discuss the reduction of formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from engineered flooring, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)-formaldehyde (CF) resin and CF/PVAc resin were applied for the maple face of the veneer bonding on plywood. The CF resin was used to replace urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system in order to reduce formaldehyde and VOC emissions from the adhesives used between the plywoods and fancy veneers. For the CF/PVAc resins, 5, 10, 20 or 30% of PVAc was added to the CF resin. The CF/PVAc resins showed better bonding than the commercial natural tannin adhesive with a higher level of wood penetration. The standard formaldehyde emission test and a VOC analyzer were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions, respectively, from the engineered floorings. The CF resin and CF/PVAc resin systems with UV coating satisfied the E(1) and E(0) grades of the Korean Standard. TVOC emission was slightly increased by the PVAc addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kim
- Green Building Materials Lab, School of Architecture, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea.
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Yamashita S, Kume K, Horiike T, Honma N, Fusaya M, Ohura T, Amagai T. A simple method for screening emission sources of carbonyl compounds in indoor air. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:370-376. [PMID: 20149530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from building and furnishing materials are frequently observed in high concentrations in indoor air. Nondestructive analytical methods that determine the main parameters influencing concentration of the chemical substances are necessary to screen for sources of VOC emissions. Toward this goal, we have developed a new flux sampler, referred to herein as an emission cell for simultaneous multi-sampling (ECSMS), that is used for screening indoor emission sources of VOCs and for determining the emission rates of these sources. Because the ECSMS is based on passive sampling, it can be easily used on-site at a low cost. Among VOCs, low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds including formaldehyde are frequently detected at high concentrations in indoor environments. In this study, we determined the reliability of the ECSMS for the collection of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds emitted from wood-based composites of medium density fiberboards and particleboards. We then used emission rates determined by the ECSMS to predict airborne concentrations of formaldehyde emitted from a bookshelf in a large chamber, and these data were compared to formaldehyde concentrations that were acquired simultaneously by means of an active sampling method. The values obtained from the two methods were quite similar, suggesting that ECSMS measurement is an effective method for screening primary sources influencing indoor concentrations of formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yamashita
- Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, 4-27-2 Kitaando, Aoi, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 420-8637, Japan.
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Salthammer T, Mentese S, Marutzky R. Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2536-72. [PMID: 20067232 PMCID: PMC2855181 DOI: 10.1021/cr800399g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI), Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Moubarik A, Pizzi A, Allal A, Charrier F, Khoukh A, Charrier B. Cornstarch-mimosa tannin-urea formaldehyde resins as adhesives in the particleboard production. STARCH-STARKE 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bunkoed O, Davis F, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Higson SP. Sol–gel based sensor for selective formaldehyde determination. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 659:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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