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Torres de Oliveira C, Alexandrino de Assis M, Lourenço Franco Cairo JP, Damasio A, Guimarães Pereira GA, Mazutti MA, de Oliveira D. Functional characterization and structural insights of three cutinases from the ascomycete Fusarium verticillioides. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 216:106415. [PMID: 38104791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cutinases are serine esterases that belong to the α/β hydrolases superfamily. The natural substrates for these enzymes are cutin and suberin, components of the plant cuticle, the first barrier in the defense system against pathogen invasion. It is well-reported that plant pathogens produce cutinases to facilitate infection. Fusarium verticillioides, one important corn pathogens, is an ascomycete upon which its cutinases are poorly explored. Consequently, the objective of this study was to perform the biochemical characterization of three precursor cutinases (FvCut1, FvCut2, and FvCut3) from F. verticillioides and to obtain structural insights about them. The cutinases were produced in Escherichia coli and purified. FvCut1, FvCut2, and FvCut3 presented optimal temperatures of 20, 40, and 35 °C, and optimal pH of 9, 7, and 8, respectively. Some chemicals stimulated the enzymatic activity. The kinetic parameters revealed that FvCut1 has higher catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) in the p-nitrophenyl-butyrate (p-NPB) substrate. Nevertheless, the enzymes were not able to hydrolyze polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Furthermore, the three-dimensional models of these enzymes showed structural differences among them, mainly FvCut1, which presented a narrower opening cleft to access the catalytic site. Therefore, our study contributes to exploring the diversity of fungal cutinases and their potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Torres de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Michelle Alexandrino de Assis
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - André Damasio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Antonio Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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An Appraisal on Prominent Industrial and Biotechnological Applications of Bacterial Lipases. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:521-543. [PMID: 36319931 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipases expedite the hydrolysis and synthesis of long-chain acyl esters. They are highly significant commercial biocatalysts to biotechnologists and organic chemists. The market size of lipase is anticipated to reach $590 million by 2023. This is all owing to their versatility in properties, including stability in organic solvents, interfacial activation in micro-aqueous environments, high substrate specificity, and activity in even non-aqueous milieu. Lipases are omnipresent and synthesized by various living organisms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Microbial lipases are the preferred choice for industrial applications as they entail low production costs, higher yield independent of seasonal changes, easier purification practices, and are capable of being genetically modified. Microbial lipases are employed in several common industries, namely various food manufactories (dairy, bakery, flavor, and aroma enhancement, etc.), leather tanneries, paper and pulp, textiles, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel synthesis, bioremediation and waste treatment, and many more. In recent decades, circumspection toward eco-friendly and sustainable energy has led scientists to develop industrial mechanisms with lesser waste/effluent generation, minimal overall energy usage, and biocatalysts that can be synthesized using renewable, low-cost, and unconventional raw materials. However, there are still issues regarding the commercial use of lipases which make industrialists wary and sometimes even switch back to chemical catalysis. Industrially relevant lipase properties must be further optimized, analyzed, and explored to ensure their continuous successful utilization. This review comprehensively describes the general background, structural characteristics, classifications, thermostability, and various roles of bacterial lipases in important industries.
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Sajid S, de Dios VR, Zveushe OK, Nabi F, Shen S, Kang Q, Zhou L, Ma L, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Han Y, Dong F. Newly isolated halotolerant Aspergillus sp. showed high diesel degradation efficiency under high salinity environment aided with hematite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130324. [PMID: 36444053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of saline soil with hazardous petroleum hydrocarbons is a common problem across coastal areas globally. Bioaugmentation combined with chemical treatment is an emerging remediation technique, but it currently shows low efficiency under high saline environments. In this study, we screened and used a novel halotolerant lipolytic fungal consortium (HLFC) combined with hematite (Fe2O3) for the bioremediation of diesel contaminated saline soils. The changes in total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentrations, enzyme activity, and microbial diversity were compared among different treatments (HLFC, hematite, hematite-HLFC, and control). The results showed that TPH degradation was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced in hematite-HLFC (47.59-88.01%) and HLFC (24.26-72.04%) amended microcosms across all salinity levels, compared to the treatments of hematite (23.71-66.26%) and control (6.39-55.20%). TPH degradation was positively correlated with lipase and laccase enzyme activities, electrical conductivity, and the water holding capacity of the soil. Analyses of the microbial community structure showed that microbial richness decreased, while evenness increased in HLFC and hematite-HLFC treatments. The relative abundances of Alicyclobacillus, Sediminibacillus, Alcanivorax, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Candida genera were significantly high in hematite-HLFC and HLFC amended microcosms. Our findings provide a promising new microbial-based technique, which can degrade TPH efficiently in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Sajid
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lérida, Spain
| | - Obey Kudakwashe Zveushe
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Farhan Nabi
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Songrong Shen
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Qianlin Kang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environmental Safety Laboratory, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China; Center of Analysis and Testing, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Yulian Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Faqin Dong
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China.
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Richter F, Bindschedler S, Calonne-Salmon M, Declerck S, Junier P, Stanley CE. Fungi-on-a-Chip: microfluidic platforms for single-cell studies on fungi. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6674677. [PMID: 36001464 PMCID: PMC9779915 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights new advances in the emerging field of 'Fungi-on-a-Chip' microfluidics for single-cell studies on fungi and discusses several future frontiers, where we envisage microfluidic technology development to be instrumental in aiding our understanding of fungal biology. Fungi, with their enormous diversity, bear essential roles both in nature and our everyday lives. They inhabit a range of ecosystems, such as soil, where they are involved in organic matter degradation and bioremediation processes. More recently, fungi have been recognized as key components of the microbiome in other eukaryotes, such as humans, where they play a fundamental role not only in human pathogenesis, but also likely as commensals. In the food sector, fungi are used either directly or as fermenting agents and are often key players in the biotechnological industry, where they are responsible for the production of both bulk chemicals and antibiotics. Although the macroscopic fruiting bodies are immediately recognizable by most observers, the structure, function, and interactions of fungi with other microbes at the microscopic scale still remain largely hidden. Herein, we shed light on new advances in the emerging field of Fungi-on-a-Chip microfluidic technologies for single-cell studies on fungi. We discuss the development and application of microfluidic tools in the fields of medicine and biotechnology, as well as in-depth biological studies having significance for ecology and general natural processes. Finally, a future perspective is provided, highlighting new frontiers in which microfluidic technology can benefit this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Richter
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maryline Calonne-Salmon
- Laboratory of Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Laboratory of Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Corresponding author: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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Potential spoilage of extended shelf-life (ESL) milk by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Banoth L, Devarapalli K, Paul I, Thete KN, Pawar SV, Chand Banerjee U. Screening, isolation and selection of a potent lipase producing microorganism and its use in the kinetic resolution of drug intermediates. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Zhou G, Gao S, Chang D, Shimizu KY, Cao W. Succession of fungal community and enzyme activity during the co-decomposition process of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw and milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:1-10. [PMID: 34390974 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The co-incorporation of rice straw (RS) and milk vetch (MV) into paddy fields has been increasingly applied as a sustainable farming practice in southern China. Our previous study revealed the contribution of bacteria to the co-decomposition of the RS and MV mixture, although additional underlying factors driving the co-decomposition process need to be clarified. The present study further determined the succession of fungal communities and enzyme activity in the co-decomposition process of the RS and MV mixture. The results showed that non-additive synergistic effects on biomass loss were observed in 55.6% of the sampled RS and MV mixture during the co-decomposition process, stimulating mixture decomposition. Overall fungal abundance was 19.6-30.6% higher in the RS and MV mixture throughout the study than in the single residue. Fungal diversity and community structure were mainly affected by the sampling date rather than the type of residue. Specifically, mixing RS and MV significantly increased the abundance of Peziza sp. and Reticulascus tulasneorum (lignocellulose- and lignin-decomposing fungi) and exhibited higher activities of C- and N-related hydrolases than monospecific residues. Random forest (RF) models showed that bacteria contributed more to the residue decomposition and activities of C-related hydrolases, N-related hydrolases, and oxidases than fungi. However, both RF and partial least squares path models revealed that fungal abundance and community structure directly or indirectly affected the residue decomposition rate. These findings showed that mixing RS and MV could stimulate their decomposition by enhancing C-related hydrolase activity and Peziza sp. and Reticulascus tulasneorum abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Songjuan Gao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Danna Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | | | - Weidong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Lesage J, Timoumi A, Cenard S, Lombard E, Lee HLT, Guillouet SE, Gorret N. Accelerostat study in conventional and microfluidic bioreactors to assess the key role of residual glucose in the dimorphic transition of Yarrowia lipolytica in response to environmental stimuli. N Biotechnol 2021; 64:37-45. [PMID: 34058397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica, with a diverse array of biotechnological applications, is able to grow as ovoid yeasts or filamentous hyphae depending on environmental conditions. This study has explored the relationship between residual glucose levels and dimorphism in Y. lipolytica. Under pH stress conditions, the morphological and physiological characteristics of the yeast were examined during well-controlled accelerostat cultures using both a 1 L-laboratory scale and a 1 mL-microfluidic bioreactor. The accelerostat mode, via a smooth increase of dilution rate (D), enabled the cell growth rate to increase gradually up to the cell wash-out (D ≥μmax of the strain), which was accompanied by a progressive increase in residual glucose concentration. The results showed that Y. lipolytica maintained an ovoid morphology when residual glucose concentration was below a threshold value of around 0.35-0.37 mg L-1. Transitions towards more elongated forms were triggered at this threshold and progressively intensified with the increase in residual glucose levels. The effect of cAMP on the dimorphic transition was assessed by the exogenous addition of cAMP and the quantification of its intracellular levels during the accelerostat. cAMP has been reported to be an important mediator of environmental stimuli that inhibit filamentous growth in Y. lipolytica by activating the cAMP-PKA regulatory pathway. It was confirmed that the exogenous addition of cAMP inhibited the mycelial morphology of Y. lipolytica, even with glucose concentrations exceeding the threshold level. The results suggest that dimorphic responses in Y. lipolytica are regulated by sugar signaling pathways, most likely via the cAMP-PKA dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lesage
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil. 35077, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Asma Timoumi
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil. 35077, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Stéphanie Cenard
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil. 35077, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Eric Lombard
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil. 35077, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Harry L T Lee
- Erbi Bio, Inc, 325 New Boston Stress, Unit 6, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - Stéphane E Guillouet
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil. 35077, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Gorret
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil. 35077, Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Do H, Kim SH, Cho G, Kim DR, Kwak YS. Investigation of Fungal Strains Composition in Fruit Pollens for Artificial Pollination. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:249-257. [PMID: 34290548 PMCID: PMC8259818 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1893137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants pollination are conducted through various pollinators such as wind, animals, and insects. Recently, the necessity for artificial pollination is drawing attention as the proportion of natural pollinators involved is decreasing over the years. Likewise, the trade in pollen for artificial pollination is also increasing worldwide. Through these imported pollens, many unknown microorganisms can flow from foreign countries. Among them, spores of various fungi present in the particles of pollen can be dispersed throughout the orchard. Therefore, in this study, the composition of fungal communities in imported pollen was revealed, and potential ecological characteristics of the fungi were investigated in four types of imported pollen. Top 10 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of fungi were ranked among the following groups: Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., and Didymella glomerata which belong to many pathogenic species. Through FUNGuild analysis, the proportion of OTUs, which is assumed to be potentially plant pathogens, was higher than 50%, except for apple pollen in 2018. Based on this study of fungal structure, this information can suggest the direction of the pollen quarantine process and contribute to fungal biology in pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeil Do
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Gyeongjun Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Da-Ran Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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10
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Sustainable Lipase Production by Diutina rugosa NRRL Y-95 Through a Combined Use of Agro-Industrial Residues as Feedstock. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:589-605. [PMID: 33043398 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of alternative culture media towards the development of a sustainable bioprocess to produce lipases by Diutina rugosa is clearly demonstrated. First, a synthetic medium containing glucose, peptone, yeast extract, oleic acid, and ammonium sulfate was proposed, with lipase activity of 143 U/L. Then, alternative culture media formulated with agro-industrial residues, such as molasses, corn steep liquor (CSL), and olive mill waste (OMW), were investigated. An experimental design was conducted, and only CSL concentration was found to have a positive effect in lipase production. The highest lipase activity (561 U/L) was produced on a mixture of molasses (5 g/L), CSL (6 g/L), OMW (0.5% v/v), 0.5 g/L of ammonium sulfate, and 3 g/L of peptone at 24 h of cultivation. Lipase production was also carried out in a 1-L bioreactor leading to a slightly higher lipase activity at 24 h of cultivation. The semi-purified enzyme exhibits an optimum temperature and pH of 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. Finally, the media cost per unit of lipase produced (UPC) was influenced by the medium components, specially by the inducer used. The lowest UPC was obtained when the agro-industrial residues were combined and used at the improved concentrations.
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11
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Changes in biochemical composition of cassava and beet residues during solid state bioprocess with Pleurotus ostreatus. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Louhasakul Y, Cheirsilp B, Treu L, Kougias PG, Angelidaki I. Metagenomic insights into bioaugmentation and biovalorization of oily industrial wastes by lipolytic oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica during successive batch fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:1020-1029. [PMID: 31880341 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The lipolytic oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was used in the bioaugmentation and biovalorization of oily industrial wastes during successive-batch fermentation. Five cycles of nonsterile successive batch fermentation with 70% medium replacement achieved the highest oil removal of 68.1 ± 5.60% and produced biomass and lipid yields of 0.213 ± 0.07 g/g-COD and 146.2 ± 46.5 mg/g-COD, respectively. The cell-bound lipase activity observed in the system was 170.74 ± 32 U/L. The auto-flocculation efficiency of the biomass was >90% within 60 Min. The microbial community changes between Y. lipolytica and indigenous microorganisms were monitored by metagenomic next-generation sequencing of internal transcribed spacer rDNA regions for yeasts and 16S rRNA gene for bacteria. Ylipolytica lipolytica was retained in the consortium together with other indigenous strains until the fifth cycle. Other minor oleaginous yeasts such as Kodamaea ohmeri and Candida tropicalis as well as polyhydroxyalkanoate-accumulating bacteria were found and are likely to have participated in lipid production. This study has shown the robustness of Y. lipolytica in nonsterile successive batch fermentation and its use could contribute greatly to the practical valorization of industrial wastes for lipids and lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmi Louhasakul
- Biotechnology for Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Biotechnology for Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Panagiotis G Kougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Soil and Water Resources Institute, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Soil and Water Resources Institute, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Isolation of yeast strains from Chinese liquor Daqu and its use in the wheat sourdough bread making. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Botto E, Gioia L, Menéndez MDP, Rodríguez P. Pseudozyma sp. isolation from Eucalyptus leaves and its hydrolytic activity over xylan. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Chamekh R, Deniel F, Donot C, Jany JL, Nodet P, Belabid L. Isolation, Identification and Enzymatic Activity of Halotolerant and Halophilic Fungi from the Great Sebkha of Oran in Northwestern of Algeria. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:230-241. [PMID: 31448143 PMCID: PMC6691801 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1623979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Great Sebkha of Oran is a closed depression located in northwestern of Algeria. Despite the ranking of this sebkha among the wetlands of global importance by Ramsar Convention in 2002, no studies on the fungal community in this area have been carried out. In our study, samples were collected from two different regions. The first region is characterized by halophilic vegetation and cereal crops and the second by a total absence of vegetation. The isolated strains were identified morphologically then by molecular analysis. The biotechnological interest of the strains was evaluated by testing their ability to grow at different concentration of NaCl and to produce extracellular enzymes (i.e., lipase, amylase, protease, and cellulase) on solid medium. The results showed that the soil of sebkha is alkaline, with the exception of the soil of cereal crops that is neutral, and extremely saline. In this work, the species Gymnoascus halophilus, Trichoderma gamsii, the two phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium brachygibbosum and Penicillium allii, and the teleomorphic form of P. longicatenatum observed for the first time in this species, were isolated for the first time in Algeria. The halotolerance test revealed that the majority of the isolated are halotolerant. Wallemia sp. and two strains of G. halophilus are the only obligate halophilic strains. All strains are capable to secrete at least one of the four tested enzymes. The most interesting species presenting the highest enzymatic index were Aspergillus sp. strain A4, Chaetomium sp. strain H1, P. vinaceum, G. halophilus, Wallemia sp. and Ustilago cynodontis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Chamekh
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Mascara University, Mascara, Algeria
| | - Franck Deniel
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Christelle Donot
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jany
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Patrice Nodet
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, EA3882, Université de Brest, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Lakhder Belabid
- Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Laboratory Research on Biological Systems and Geomatics, Mascara University, Mascara, Algeria
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Alves DR, de Morais SM, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Vasconcelos FR, Freire FDCO, da Silva ING, Cataneo AHD, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pinto GAS, Conchon-Costa I, Noronha ADAA, Pavanelli WR. Leishmanicidal and fungicidal activity of lipases obtained from endophytic fungi extracts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196796. [PMID: 29912872 PMCID: PMC6005525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the production of lipases from endophytic fungi: Vermisporium-like, Emericella nidulans, Dichotomophtora portulacae and D. boerhaaviae and the biological activity against the dermatophyte fungi Malassezia sp and Microsporum canis and the parasite Leishmania amazonensis. All fungal enzymes extract showed lipolysis action in the media that contains long carbon chain lipids. The proteomic analysis of lipases exhibits several molecules mostly ranging in size from 220 to 20 kDa, with clear differences in protein profile's yield. All fungal enzymes were competent to eliminate promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis at 5 mg.mL-1. The antileishmanial activity of lipases from Vermisporium-like, E. nidulans, D. portulacae and D. boerhaaviae in amastigote forms, promoted the reduction in viability of 78.88, 39.65, 63.17 and 98.13%, with selectivity index of 19.56, 30.68, 18.09 and 20.99. In relation to antifungal activity, Dichothomophtora enzymes demonstrate best action with MFC of 14.65 μg.mL-1 against Malassezia sp and Microsporum canis, respectively. These results allow us to infer that lipases from entophytic fungi displays activity against dermatophyte fungi (Malassezia sp. and Microsporum canis) as well as Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ribeiro Alves
- Veterinarian Sciences Post Graduation Program, State University of Ceará, Campus Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)–Agroindústria Tropical, Planalto do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Veterinarian Sciences Post Graduation Program, State University of Ceará, Campus Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Fábio Roger Vasconcelos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)–Agroindústria Tropical, Planalto do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceará, Campus Pici, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Isaac Neto Goes da Silva
- Veterinarian Sciences Post Graduation Program, State University of Ceará, Campus Itaperi, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Adolfo Saavedra Pinto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)–Agroindústria Tropical, Planalto do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Lipase production by Aspergillus niger using sheanut cake: An optimization study. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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K D, M SP, Gautam P. Purification, immobilization and kinetic characterization of G-x-S-x-G esterase with short chain fatty acid specificity from Lysinibacillus fusiformis AU01. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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Biotechnological production of value-added compounds by ustilaginomycetous yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7789-7809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Influence of oxygen availability on the metabolism and morphology of Yarrowia lipolytica: insights into the impact of glucose levels on dimorphism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7317-7333. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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A Pichia anomala Strain (P. anomala M1) Isolated from Traditional Greek Sausage is an Effective Producer of Extracellular Lipolytic Enzyme in Submerged Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation3030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Divakar K, Suryia Prabha M, Nandhinidevi G, Gautam P. Kinetic characterization and fed-batch fermentation for maximal simultaneous production of esterase and protease from Lysinibacillus fusiformis AU01. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:323-332. [PMID: 27737615 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1244685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous production of intracellular esterase and extracellular protease from the strain Lysinibacillus fusiformis AU01 was studied in detail. The production was performed both under batch and fed-batch modes. The maximum yield of intracellular esterase and protease was obtained under full oxygen saturation at the beginning of the fermentation. The data were fitted to the Luedeking-Piret model and it was shown that the enzyme (both esterase and protease) production was growth associated. A decrease in intracellular esterase and increase in the extracellular esterase were observed during late stationary phase. The appearance of intracellular proteins in extracellular media and decrease in viable cell count and biomass during late stationary phase confirmed that the presence of extracellular esterase is due to cell lysis. Even though the fed-batch fermentation with different feeding strategies showed improved productivity, feeding yeast extract under DO-stat fermentation conditions showed highest intracellular esterase and protease production. Under DO-stat fed-batch cultivation, maximum intracellular esterase activity of 820 × 103 U/L and extracellular protease activity of 172 × 103 U/L were obtained at the 16th hr. Intracellular esterase and extracellular protease production were increased fivefold and fourfold, respectively, when compared to batch fermentation performed under shake flask conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Divakar
- a Department of Biotechnology , National Institute of Technology , Warangal , India.,b Centre for Biotechnology , Anna University , Chennai , India
| | - M Suryia Prabha
- b Centre for Biotechnology , Anna University , Chennai , India
| | - G Nandhinidevi
- b Centre for Biotechnology , Anna University , Chennai , India
| | - P Gautam
- b Centre for Biotechnology , Anna University , Chennai , India
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Kannoju B, Ganapathiwar S, Nunavath H, Sunkar B, Bhukya B. Plausible exploitation of Jatropha de-oiled seed cake for lipase and phytase production and simultaneous detoxification by Candida parapsilosis isolated from poultry garbage. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 225:215-224. [PMID: 27894040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha de-oiled seed cake was explored to utilize as a basic nutrient source for Candida parapsilosis, isolated from poultry garbage and selected based on the production of lipase and phytase enzymes under submerged fermentation. At optimized parameters under solid-state fermentation, lipase and phytase activities were recorded as 1056.66±2.92 and 833±2.5U/g of substrate (U/g), respectively. Besides enzyme production, complete elimination of phorbol esters and significant phytate reduction from 6.51±0.01 to 0.43±0.01g/100g of seed cake were noted after 3days incubation. Curcin and trypsin inhibition activity were reduced significantly from 26.33±0.43 to 0.56±0.02mg/100g and 229.33±2.02 to 11.66±0.28U/g, respectively after 5days incubation. Saponins were reduced from 5.56±0.19 to 1.95±0.01g/100g of seed cake after 7days incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishna Kannoju
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Swaruparani Ganapathiwar
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Hanumalal Nunavath
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Bindu Sunkar
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Bhima Bhukya
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.
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Mingmongkolchai S, Panbangred W. In vitro evaluation of candidate Bacillus spp. for animal feed. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 63:147-156. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirima Mingmongkolchai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
- Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MUOU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
| | - Watanalai Panbangred
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
- Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MUOU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
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PRATAMA LISA, HELIANTI IS, SURYANI ANI, WAHYUNTARI BUDIASIH. Isolation, Characterization, and Production of Lipase from Indigenous Fungal for Enzymatic Interesterification Process. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2017. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.11.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Tanimura A, Takashima M, Sugita T, Endoh R, Ohkuma M, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Shima J. Lipid production through simultaneous utilization of glucose, xylose, and L-arabinose by Pseudozyma hubeiensis: a comparative screening study. AMB Express 2016; 6:58. [PMID: 27566647 PMCID: PMC5001958 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-fermentation of glucose, xylose and l-arabinose from lignocellulosic biomass by an oleaginous yeast is anticipated as a method for biodiesel production. However, most yeasts ferment glucose first before consuming pentoses, due to glucose repression. This preferential utilization results in delayed fermentation time and lower productivity. Therefore, co-fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars could achieve cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to microbial lipid. Comprehensive screening of oleaginous yeasts capable of simultaneously utilizing glucose, xylose, and l-arabinose was performed by measuring the concentration of sugars remaining in the medium and of lipids accumulated in the cells. We found that of 1189 strains tested, 12 had the ability to co-ferment the sugars. The basidiomycete yeast Pseudozyma hubeiensis IPM1-10, which had the highest sugars consumption rate of 94.1 %, was selected by culturing in a batch culture with the mixed-sugar medium. The strain showed (1) simultaneous utilization of all three sugars, and (2) high lipid-accumulating ability. This study suggests that P. hubeiensis IPM1-10 is a promising candidate for second-generation biodiesel production from hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Dynamic behavior of Yarrowia lipolytica in response to pH perturbations: dependence of the stress response on the culture mode. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:351-366. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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de Morais WG, Kamimura ES, Ribeiro EJ, Pessela BC, Cardoso VL, de Resende MM. Optimization of the production and characterization of lipase from Candida rugosa and Geotrichum candidum in soybean molasses by submerged fermentation. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 123:26-34. [PMID: 27057641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This present work describes the production and biochemical characterization of lipase by Candida rugosa and Geotrichum candidum in a culture supplemented with soybean molasses. After optimizing the fermentation times for both microorganisms, the effects of changing the soybean molasses concentration, the fermentative medium pH and the fermentation temperature were evaluated using the Central Composite Planning. When soybean molasses was used at a concentration of 200 g/L at 27 ± 1 °C and pH 3.5, the lipolytic activity measured in the broth was 12.3 U/mL after 12 h for C. rugosa and 11.48 U/mL after 24 h for G. candidum. The molecular masses were 38.3 kDa to G. candidum lipase and 59.7 kDa to C. rugosa lipase, determined by SDS-PAGE. The lipase from both microorganisms exhibited maximal hydrolytic activity at a temperature of 40 °C and were inhibited at pH 10.0. Using different concentration of p-nitrophenylbutyrate (p-NPB), the kinetic parameters were calculated, as follows: the Km of lipase from G. candidum was 465.44 μM and the Vmax 0.384 μmol/min; the Km and Vmax of lipase from C. rugosa were 129.21 μM and 0.034 μmol/min, respectively. Lipases activity were increased by metallic ions Mg(2+) and Na(+) and inhibited by metallic ion Cu(3+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Galvão de Morais
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Campus Santa Mônica, Bloco 1K, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 28049, Cantoblanco, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eliana Setsuko Kamimura
- University of São Paulo, Rua Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Sala 6 da ZEA, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Eloízio Júlio Ribeiro
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Campus Santa Mônica, Bloco 1K, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Benevides Costa Pessela
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación CIAL (CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 28049, Cantoblanco, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologias, Instituto Superior Politecnico de Tecnologías e Ciencias, ISPTEC, Av. Luanda Sul, Rua Lateral Via S10, Talatona, Luanda Sul, Angola
| | - Vicelma Luiz Cardoso
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Campus Santa Mônica, Bloco 1K, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Miriam Maria de Resende
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Uberlândia Federal University, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, Campus Santa Mônica, Bloco 1K, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Gowthami P, Muthukumar K, Velan M. Utilization of coconut oil cake for the production of lipase using Bacillus coagulans VKL1. Biocontrol Sci 2016; 20:125-33. [PMID: 26133510 DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of enzymes was performed by manipulating the medium components. In our study, solvent-tolerant thermophilic lipase-producing Bacillus coagulans was isolated from soil samples and a stepwise optimization strategy was employed to increase the lipase production using coconut oil cake basal medium. In the first step, the influence of pH, temperature, carbon source, nitrogen source and inducers on lipase activity was investigated by the One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) method. In the second step, the three significant factors resulted from OFAT were optimized by the statistical approach (CCD).The optimum values of olive oil (0.5%), Tween 80 (0.6%) and FeSO4 (0.05%) was found to be responsible for a 3.2-fold increase in the lipase production identified by Central Composite Design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Gowthami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC College of technology, Anna University
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Kaupert Neto AA, Borin GP, Goldman GH, Damásio ARDL, Oliveira JVDC. Insights into the plant polysaccharide degradation potential of the xylanolytic yeast Pseudozyma brasiliensis. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov117. [PMID: 26712719 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In second-generation (2G) bioethanol production, plant cell-wall polysaccharides are broken down to release fermentable sugars. The enzymes of this process are classified as carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and contribute substantially to the cost of biofuel production. A novel basidiomycete yeast species, Pseudozyma brasiliensis, was recently discovered. It produces an endo-β-1,4-xylanase with a higher specific activity than other xylanases. This enzyme is essential for the hydrolysis of biomass-derived xylan and has an important role in 2G bioethanol production. In spite of the P. brasiliensis biotechnological potential, there is no information about how it breaks down polysaccharides. For the first time, we characterized the secretome of P. brasiliensis grown on different carbon sources (xylose, xylan, cellobiose and glucose) and also under starvation conditions. The growth and consumption of each carbohydrate and the activity of the CAZymes of culture supernatants were analyzed. The CAZymes found in its secretomes, validated by enzymatic assays, have the potential to hydrolyze xylan, mannan, cellobiose and other polysaccharides. The data show that this yeast is a potential source of hydrolases, which can be used for biomass saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Adalberto Kaupert Neto
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Pagotto Borin
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av do Café S/N, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - André Ricardo de Lima Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Caixa Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Av Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
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Comparative Secretome Analysis of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger during Growth on Sugarcane Biomass. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129275. [PMID: 26053961 PMCID: PMC4460134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our dependence on fossil fuel sources and concern about the environment has generated a worldwide interest in establishing new sources of fuel and energy. Thus, the use of ethanol as a fuel is advantageous because it is an inexhaustible energy source and has minimal environmental impact. Currently, Brazil is the world's second largest producer of ethanol, which is produced from sugarcane juice fermentation. However, several studies suggest that Brazil could double its production per hectare by using sugarcane bagasse and straw, known as second-generation (2G) bioethanol. Nevertheless, the use of this biomass presents a challenge because the plant cell wall structure, which is composed of complex sugars (cellulose and hemicelluloses), must be broken down into fermentable sugar, such as glucose and xylose. To achieve this goal, several types of hydrolytic enzymes are necessary, and these enzymes represent the majority of the cost associated with 2G bioethanol processing. Reducing the cost of the saccharification process can be achieved via a comprehensive understanding of the hydrolytic mechanisms and enzyme secretion of polysaccharide-hydrolyzing microorganisms. In many natural habitats, several microorganisms degrade lignocellulosic biomass through a set of enzymes that act synergistically. In this study, two fungal species, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei, were grown on sugarcane biomass with two levels of cell wall complexity, culm in natura and pretreated bagasse. The production of enzymes related to biomass degradation was monitored using secretome analyses after 6, 12 and 24 hours. Concurrently, we analyzed the sugars in the supernatant. RESULTS Analyzing the concentration of monosaccharides in the supernatant, we observed that both species are able to disassemble the polysaccharides of sugarcane cell walls since 6 hours post-inoculation. The sugars from the polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan and β-glucan (that compose the most external part of the cell wall in sugarcane) are likely the first to be released and assimilated by both species of fungi. At all time points tested, A. niger produced more enzymes (quantitatively and qualitatively) than T. reesei. However, the most important enzymes related to biomass degradation, including cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, β-glucosidases, β-xylosidases, endoxylanases, xyloglucanases, and α-arabinofuranosidases, were identified in both secretomes. We also noticed that the both fungi produce more enzymes when grown in culm as a single carbon source. CONCLUSION Our work provides a detailed qualitative and semi-quantitative secretome analysis of A. niger and T. reesei grown on sugarcane biomass. Our data indicate that a combination of enzymes from both fungi is an interesting option to increase saccharification efficiency. In other words, these two fungal species might be combined for their usage in industrial processes.
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Oliveira ACD, Fernandes ML, Mariano AB. Production and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Candida guilliermondii. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1503-11. [PMID: 25763060 PMCID: PMC4323329 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lipases from the endophytic yeast Candida guilliermondii isolated from castor leaves (Ricinus communis L.) were produced using low-cost raw materials such as agro-industrial residues and applying them in the esterification of oleic acid for evaluating their potential use in biodiesel production. After partial purification using ammonium sulfate, the enzyme was characterized and presented higher activity (26.8 ± 1.5 U mL(-1)) in the presence of 5 mmol L(-1) NaCl at 30 °C and pH 6.5. The production through submerged fermentation was formerly performed in 150 mL erlenmeyer flasks and, once the enzyme production was verified, assays in a 14 L bioreactor were conducted, obtaining 18 ± 1.4 U mL(-1). The produced enzyme was applied in the oleic acid esterification under different solvents: hexane, cyclohexane or cyclohexanone) and different acid:alcohol molar ratios. Higher ester conversion rate (81%) was obtained using hexane and the molar ratio of 1:9 was the best conditions using methanol. The results suggest the potential for development of endophytic yeast in the production of biocatalyst through submerged fermentation using agroindustrial residues as culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caroline Defranceschi Oliveira
- Setor de TecnologiaNúcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Energia AutossustentávelUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaPRBrazilSetor de Tecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Energia Autossustentável, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Fernandes
- Curso de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Tuiuti do ParanáCuritibaPRBrazilCurso de Biotecnologia, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - André Bellin Mariano
- Setor de TecnologiaNúcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Energia AutossustentávelUniversidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaPRBrazilSetor de Tecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Energia Autossustentável, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Cardoso VM, Borelli BM, Lara CA, Soares MA, Pataro C, Bodevan EC, Rosa CA. The influence of seasons and ripening time on yeast communities of a traditional Brazilian cheese. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Siqueira NM, Garcia KC, Bussamara R, Both FS, Vainstein MH, Soares RM. Poly (lactic acid)/chitosan fiber mats: Investigation of effects of the support on lipase immobilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:998-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sharma D, Kumbhar B, Verma A, Tewari L. Optimization of critical growth parameters for enhancing extracellular lipase production by alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ferrarezi AL, Hideyuki Kobe Ohe T, Borges JP, Brito RR, Siqueira MR, Vendramini PH, Quilles JC, da Costa Carreira Nunes C, Bonilla-Rodriguez GO, Boscolo M, Da-Silva R, Gomes E. Production and characterization of lipases and immobilization of whole cell of the thermophilic Thermomucor indicae seudaticae N31 for transesterification reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abd El-Gawad HS. Oil and Grease Removal from Industrial Wastewater Using New Utility Approach. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:1-6. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/916878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to investigate oil and grease pollution that may pollute fresh water and influence aquatic environment. Then removal of oil and grease from manufacturing wastewater befall essential but common techniques not enough. Enzyme and adsorption units representing major developed new laboratory were selected to assess the water quality and humiliation prospective of oil and grease from wastewater. Several components and environmental variables that were dissolved oxygen, bacteriology measure, flow rate and adsorption material amount studied to assess the removal performance of oil and grease. The results elucidated significant variations among different tests which influenced microbial necessary role of oxidation declining develop biological treatment process reached to 72%. The study stressed out natural material (zeolite) that enhanced organic reduction under optimal conditions. These conditions were closer spacing and high length of adsorbing unit that led to increase oil and grease contact period with adsorbent and added to increase performance removal reached to 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Abd El-Gawad
- Head of Organic Chemistry Department, Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring (CLEQM), National Water Research Center (NWRC), P.O. Box 13621/6, El-Kanater, Qalubiya, Cairo, Egypt
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Oliveira JVDC, Borges TA, Corrêa Dos Santos RA, Freitas LFD, Rosa CA, Goldman GH, Riaño-Pachón DM. Pseudozyma brasiliensis sp. nov., a xylanolytic, ustilaginomycetous yeast species isolated from an insect pest of sugarcane roots. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:2159-2168. [PMID: 24682702 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.060103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel ustilaginomycetous yeast isolated from the intestinal tract of an insect pest of sugarcane roots in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, represents a novel species of the genus Pseudozyma based on molecular analyses of the D1/D2 rDNA large subunit and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1+ITS2) regions. The name Pseudozyma brasiliensis sp. nov. is proposed for this species, with GHG001(T) ( = CBS 13268(T) = UFMG-CM-Y307(T)) as the type strain. P. brasiliensis sp. nov. is a sister species of Pseudozyma vetiver, originally isolated from leaves of vetiver grass and sugarcane in Thailand. P. brasiliensis sp. nov. is able to grow well with xylan as the sole carbon source and produces high levels of an endo-1,4-xylanase that has a higher specific activity in comparison with other eukaryotic xylanases. This enzyme has a variety of industrial applications, indicating the great biotechnological potential of P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thuanny A Borges
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto Corrêa Dos Santos
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa F D Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6170, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yarrowia lipolytica and its multiple applications in the biotechnological industry. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:476207. [PMID: 24715814 PMCID: PMC3970049 DOI: 10.1155/2014/476207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is a nonpathogenic dimorphic aerobic yeast that stands out due to its ability to grow in hydrophobic environments. This property allowed this yeast to develop an ability to metabolize triglycerides and fatty acids as carbon sources. This feature enables using this species in the bioremediation of environments contaminated with oil spill. In addition, Y. lipolytica has been calling the interest of researchers due to its huge biotechnological potential, associated with the production of several types of metabolites, such as bio-surfactants, γ-decalactone, citric acid, and intracellular lipids and lipase. The production of a metabolite rather than another is influenced by the growing conditions to which Y. lipolytica is subjected. The choice of carbon and nitrogen sources to be used, as well as their concentrations in the growth medium, and the careful determination of fermentation parameters, pH, temperature, and agitation (oxygenation), are essential for efficient metabolites production. This review discusses the biotechnological potential of Y. lipolytica and the best growing conditions for production of some metabolites of biotechnological interest.
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Statistical analysis of production of protease and esterase by a newly isolated Lysinibacillus fusiformis AU01: purification and application of protease in sub-culturing cell lines. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Matte CR, Bussamara R, Dupont J, Rodrigues RC, Hertz PF, Ayub MAZ. Immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase by Different Techniques on Immobead 150 Support: Characterization and Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:2507-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Physiology of Lichtheimia ramosa obtained by solid-state bioprocess using fruit wastes as substrate. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:727-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Lipolysis within single culture and co-culture biofilms of dairy origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salihu A, Bala M, Bala SM. Application of Plackett-Burman Experimental Design for Lipase Production by Aspergillus niger Using Shea Butter Cake. ISRN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 2013:718352. [PMID: 25937979 PMCID: PMC4393049 DOI: 10.5402/2013/718352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plackett-Burman design was used to efficiently select important medium components affecting the lipase production by Aspergillus niger using shea butter cake as the main substrate. Out of the eleven medium components screened, six comprising of sucrose, (NH4)2SO4, Na2HPO4, MgSO4, Tween-80, and olive oil were found to contribute positively to the overall lipase production with a maximum production of 3.35 U/g. Influence of tween-80 on lipase production was investigated, and 1.0% (v/w) of tween-80 resulted in maximum lipase production of 6.10 U/g. Thus, the statistical approach employed in this study allows for rapid identification of important medium parameters affecting the lipase production, and further statistical optimization of medium and process parameters can be explored using response surface methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Salihu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Muntari Bala
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Shuaibu M Bala
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Facchin S, Alves PDD, Siqueira FDF, Barroca TM, Victória JMN, Kalapothakis E. Biodiversity and secretion of enzymes with potential utility in wastewater treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/oje.2013.31005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Characterization of an extracellular thermophilic alkaline esterase produced by Bacillus subtilis DR8806. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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de Almeida AF, Taulk-Tornisielo SM, Carmona EC. Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on lipase production by a newly isolated Candida viswanathii strain. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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50
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New tools for exploring "old friends-microbial lipases". Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1163-96. [PMID: 22956276 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fat-splitting enzymes (lipases), due to their natural, industrial, and medical relevance, attract enough attention as fats do in our lives. Starting from the paper that we write, cheese and oil that we consume, detergent that we use to remove oil stains, biodiesel that we use as transportation fuel, to the enantiopure drugs that we use in therapeutics, all these applications are facilitated directly or indirectly by lipases. Due to their uniqueness, versatility, and dexterity, decades of research work have been carried out on microbial lipases. The hunt for novel lipases and strategies to improve them continues unabated as evidenced by new families of microbial lipases that are still being discovered mostly by metagenomic approaches. A separate database for true lipases termed LIPABASE has been created recently which provides taxonomic, structural, biochemical information about true lipases from various species. The present review attempts to summarize new approaches that are employed in various aspects of microbial lipase research, viz., screening, isolation, production, purification, improvement by protein engineering, and surface display. Finally, novel applications facilitated by microbial lipases are also presented.
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