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Yahya A, Adeleke AA, Nzerem P, Ikubanni PP, Ayuba S, Rasheed HA, Gimba A, Okafor I, Okolie JA, Paramasivam P. Comprehensive Characterization of Some Selected Biomass for Bioenergy Production. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43771-43791. [PMID: 38027312 PMCID: PMC10666240 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of information about the detailed characterization of biomass of Nigerian origin. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of six biomass, groundnut shells, corncob, cashew leaves, Ixora coccinea (flame of the woods), sawdust, and lemongrass, to aid appropriate selection for bio-oil production. The proximate, ultimate, calorific value and compositional analyses were carried out following the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence were employed in this study for functional group analyses, thermal stability, and structural analyses. The H/C and O/C atomic ratios, fuel ratio, ignitability index, and combustibility index of the biomass samples were evaluated. Groundnut shells, cashew leaves, and lemongrass were identified as promising feedstocks for bio-oil production based on their calorific values (>20 MJ/kg). Sawdust exhibited favorable characteristics for bio-oil production as indicated by its higher volatile matter (79.28%), low ash content (1.53%), low moisture content (6.18%), and high fixed carbon content (13.01%). Also, all samples showed favorable ignition and flammability properties. The low nitrogen (<0.12%) and sulfur (<0.04%) contents in the samples make them environmentally benign fuels as a lower percentage of NOx and SOx will be released during the production of the bio-oil. These results are contributions to the advancement of a sustainable and efficient carbon-neutral energy mix, promoting biomass resource utilization for the generation of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmau
M. Yahya
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle A. Adeleke
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Petrus Nzerem
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Peter P. Ikubanni
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu Aran 251103, Nigeria
| | - Salihu Ayuba
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Hauwa A. Rasheed
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Gimba
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Okafor
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Jude A. Okolie
- Gallogly
College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Prabhu Paramasivam
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Mattu University, Mettu 318, Ethiopia
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Eloffy MG, Elgarahy AM, Saber AN, Hammad A, El-Sherif DM, Shehata M, Mohsen A, Elwakeel KZ. Biomass-to-sustainable biohydrogen: insights into the production routes, and technical challenges. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Maciel STA, Reis JHC, da Silva GF, dos Santos Freitas L. Bio-oil production from Moringa oleifera Lam. residue through fixed-bed pyrolysis. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-020-00081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Masawat N, Atong D, Sricharoenchaikul V. Thermo-kinetics and product analysis of the catalytic pyrolysis of Pongamia residual cake. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 242:238-245. [PMID: 31048229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic fast pyrolysis of Pongamia residual cake (PRC) and the kinetics of this were evaluated using thermogravimetry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. The influence of the heating rate on the devolatilization process was studied to obtain corresponding kinetic information. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) model-free isoconversion methods were used to predict the kinetic parameters. The major thermal degradation of PRC occurred around 150-550 °C with an activation energy of 97.2-394.3 kJ/mol or 114.5-412.2 kJ/mol as determined by the KAS and FWO methods, respectively. Micro-scale pyrolysis trials were performed to determine the effects of the PRC particle size, reaction temperature and PRC: catalyst weight ratio on the pyrolytic product distribution and upgraded pyrolytic vapor properties for the 5 wt% Ni impregnated on activated carbon (AC), aluminium(III) oxide (Al2O3), kaolin and zeolite NaA supports. The results indicated that using a 1:5 PRC: Ni/AC catalyst weight ratio with medium-sized PRC particles (125-425 μm) was the most effective condition for the conversion of oxygenated (O)-compounds to hydrocarbons (HCs) through decarbonylation, decarboxylation and dehydration reactions, giving the highest decrease (99%) in O-compounds. Increased HC yields, to more than 58%, were also obtained with this catalyst. Similarly, using the other synthesized Ni catalysts resulted in a reduction in the O-compounds and production of favorable HC species, albeit to a lesser extent. Therefore, the catalytic pyrolysis process of this residue, especially with a Ni/AC catalyst, has the potential to be a viable option for producing upgraded pyrolysis oil, which may be applied as a quality alternative biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natchanok Masawat
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangduen Atong
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Viboon Sricharoenchaikul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Chen J, Fan X, Jiang B, Mu L, Yao P, Yin H, Song X. Pyrolysis of oil-plant wastes in a TGA and a fixed-bed reactor: Thermochemical behaviors, kinetics, and products characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 192:592-602. [PMID: 26093253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis characteristics of four distinct oil-plant wastes were investigated using TGA and fixed-bed reactor coupled with GC. TGA experiments showed that the pyrolysis behaviors were related to biomass species and heating rates. As the heating rate increased, TG and DTG curves shifted to the higher temperatures, and the comprehensive devolatilization index obviously increased. The remaining chars from TGA experiments were higher than those obtained from the fixed-bed experiments. The crack of tars at high temperatures enhanced the formation of non-condensable gases. During the pyrolysis, C-O and CO2 were the major gases. Chars FTIR showed that the functional groups of O-H, C-H(n), C=O, C-O, and C-C gradually disappeared from 400 °C on. The kinetic parameters were calculated by Coats-Redfern approach. The results manifested that the most appropriate pyrolysis mechanisms were the order reaction models. The existence of kinetic compensation effect was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaotian Fan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lin Mu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Pikai Yao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongchao Yin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xigeng Song
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
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Preparation of biopolyol by liquefaction of palm kernel cake using PEG#400 blended glycerol. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Toptas A, Yildirim Y, Duman G, Yanik J. Combustion behavior of different kinds of torrefied biomass and their blends with lignite. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 177:328-336. [PMID: 25496955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combustion behavior of different kinds of torrefied biomass (lignocellulosic and animal wastes) and their blends with lignite was investigated via non-isothermal thermogravimetric method under air atmosphere. For comparison, combustion characteristics of raw biomasses were also determined. Torrefaction process improved the reactivity of char combustion step of biomasses. Characteristic combustion parameters for blends showed non-additivity behavior. It was found that the mixture of torrefied biomasses and lignite at a ratio of 1:1 had a lower ignition and burnout temperature than the coal-only sample. Although no interactions were observed between the lignite and torrefied biomass at initial step of combustion, a certain degree of interaction between the components occurred at char combustion step. Kinetic parameters of combustion were calculated by using the Coats Redfern model. Overall, this study showed that poultry litters can be used as a substitute fuel in coal/biomass co-firing systems by blending with lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Toptas
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yildirim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gozde Duman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jale Yanik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Chen G, Liu C, Ma W, Zhang X, Li Y, Yan B, Zhou W. Co-pyrolysis of corn cob and waste cooking oil in a fixed bed. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 166:500-507. [PMID: 24951937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Corn cob (CC) and waste cooking oil (WCO) were co-pyrolyzed in a fixed bed. The effects of various temperatures of 500 °C, 550 °C, 600 °C and CC/WCO mass ratios of 1:0, 1:0.1, 1:0.5, 1:1 and 0:1 were investigated, respectively. Results show that co-pyrolysis of CC/WCO produce more liquid and less bio-char than pyrolysis of CC individually. Bio-oil and bio-char yields were found to be largely dependent on temperature and CC/WCO ratios. GC/MS of bio-oil show it consists of different classes and amounts of organic compounds other than that from CC pyrolysis. Temperature of 550 °C and CC/WCO ratio of 1:1 seem to be the optimum considering high bio-oil yields (68.6 wt.%) and good bio-oil properties (HHV of 32.78 MJ/kg). In this case, bio-char of 24.96 MJ/kg appears attractive as a renewable source, while gas with LHV of 16.06 MJ/Nm(3) can be directly used in boilers as fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenchao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xiaoxiong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning University of Science and Technology, Anshan, China
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Farma R, Deraman M, Awitdrus A, Talib IA, Taer E, Basri NH, Manjunatha JG, Ishak MM, Dollah BNM, Hashmi SA. Preparation of highly porous binderless activated carbon electrodes from fibres of oil palm empty fruit bunches for application in supercapacitors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 132:254-61. [PMID: 23411456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibres from oil palm empty fruit bunches, generated in large quantities by palm oil mills, were processed into self-adhesive carbon grains (SACG). Untreated and KOH-treated SACG were converted without binder into green monolith prior to N2-carbonisation and CO2-activation to produce highly porous binderless carbon monolith electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Characterisation of the pore structure of the electrodes revealed a significant advantage from combining the chemical and physical activation processes. The electrochemical measurements of the supercapacitor cells fabricated using these electrodes, using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques consistently found that approximately 3h of activation time, achieved via a multi-step heating profile, produced electrodes with a high surface area of 1704m(2)g(-1) and a total pore volume of 0.889cm(3)g(-1), corresponding to high values for the specific capacitance, specific energy and specific power of 150Fg(-1), 4.297Whkg(-1) and 173Wkg(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farma
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Salema AA, Ani FN. Pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch biomass pellets using multimode microwave irradiation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 125:102-107. [PMID: 23026320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm empty fruit bunch pellets were subjected to pyrolysis in a multimode microwave (MW) system (1 kW and 2.45 GHz frequency) with and without the MW absorber, activated carbon. The ratio of biomass to MW absorber not only affected the temperature profiles of the EFB but also pyrolysis products such as bio-oil, char, and gas. The highest bio-oil yield of about 21 wt.% was obtained with 25% MW absorber. The bio-oil consisted of phenolic compounds of about 60-70 area% as detected by GC-MS and confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Ball lightning (plasma arc) occurred due to residual palm oil in the EFB biomass without using an MW absorber. The bio-char can be utilized as potential alternative fuel because of its heating value (25 MJ/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Adam Salema
- Department of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM 81310 Skudai, Johor D.T., Malaysia
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Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus wood in a fluidized-bed reactor. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Giuntoli J, Gout J, Verkooijen AHM, de Jong W. Characterization of Fast Pyrolysis of Dry Distiller’s Grains (DDGS) and Palm Kernel Cake Using a Heated Foil Reactor: Nitrogen Chemistry and Basic Reactor Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie101618c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Giuntoli
- Process and Energy Department, Energy Technology Section, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Gout
- Process and Energy Department, Energy Technology Section, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian H. M. Verkooijen
- Process and Energy Department, Energy Technology Section, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebren de Jong
- Process and Energy Department, Energy Technology Section, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA, Delft, The Netherlands
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