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Cho EJ, Trinh LTP, Song Y, Lee YG, Bae HJ. Bioconversion of biomass waste into high value chemicals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122386. [PMID: 31740245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dwindling petroleum resources and increasing environmental concerns have stimulated the production of platform chemicals via biochemical processes through the use of renewable carbon sources. Various types of biomass wastes, which are biodegradable and vastly underutilized, are generated worldwide in huge quantities. They contain diverse chemical constituents, which may serve as starting points for the manufacture of a wide range of valuable bio-derived platform chemicals, intermediates, or end products via different conversion pathways. The valorization of inexpensive, abundantly available, and renewable biomass waste could provide significant benefits in response to increasing fossil fuel demands and manufacturing costs, as well as emerging environmental concerns. This review explores the potential for the use of available biomass waste to produce important chemicals, such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, biofuels, bioactive molecules, nanocellulose, and lignin, with a focus on commercially viable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Cho
- Bio-energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ly Thi Phi Trinh
- Bio-energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam University, Hochiminh City, Viet Nam
| | - Younho Song
- Bio-energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Gyo Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Jong Bae
- Bio-energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Concu R, D. S. Cordeiro MN, Munteanu CR, González-Díaz H. PTML Model of Enzyme Subclasses for Mining the Proteome of Biofuel Producing Microorganisms. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2735-2746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Concu
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Natália. D. S. Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristian R. Munteanu
- RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Science Faculty, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- INIBIC Biomedical Research Institute of Coruña, CHUAC University Hospital, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Humbert González-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
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Boboescu IZ, Gélinas M, Beigbeder JB, Lavoie JM. High-efficiency second generation ethanol from the hemicellulosic fraction of softwood chips mixed with construction and demolition residues. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:421-430. [PMID: 29990759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using lignocellulosic residues for bioethanol production could provide an alternative solution to current approaches at competitive costs once challenges related to substrate recalcitrance, process complexity and limited knowledge are overcome. Thus, the impact of different process variables on the ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the hemicellulosic fraction extracted through the steam-treatment of softwood chips mixed with construction and demolition residues was assessed. A statistical design of experiments approach was developed and implemented in order to identify the influencing factors (various nutrient addition sources as well as yeast inoculum growth conditions and inoculation strategies) relevant for enhancing the ethanol production potential and substrate uptake. Ethanol yields of 74.12% and monomeric sugar uptakes of 82.12 g/L were predicted and experimentally confirmed in bench and bioreactor systems. This innovative approach revealed the factors impacting the ethanol yields and carbohydrate consumption allowing powerful behavioral predictions spanning different process inputs and outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian-Zoltan Boboescu
- Departement of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Malorie Gélinas
- Departement of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Beigbeder
- Departement of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Lavoie
- Departement of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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A new source of resistance to 2-furaldehyde from Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis for sustainable lignocellulose-to-biofuel conversion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4981-4993. [PMID: 28357544 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde inhibitory compounds derived from lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment have been identified as a major class of toxic chemicals that interfere with microbial growth and subsequent fermentation for advanced biofuel production. Development of robust next-generation biocatalyst is a key for a low-cost biofuel production industry. Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis is a naturally occurring C-5 sugar utilization yeast; however, little is known about the genetic background underlying its potential tolerance to biomass conversion inhibitors. We investigated and identified five uncharacterized putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase genes (SsAADs) from this yeast as a new source of resistance against biomass fermentation inhibitor 2-furaldehyde (furfural) by gene expression, gene cloning, and direct enzyme assay analysis using partially purified proteins. All five proteins from S. stipitis showed furfural reduction using cofactor NADH. An optimum active temperature was observed at 40 °C for SsAad1p; 30 °C for SsAad3p, SsAad4p, and SsAad5p; and 20 °C for SsAad2p. SsAad2p, SsAad3p, and SsAad4p showed tolerance to a wide range of pH from 4.5 to 8, but SsAad1p and SsAad5p were sensitive to pH changes beyond 7. Genes SsAAD2, SsAAD3, and SsAAD4 displayed significantly enhanced higher levels of expression in response to the challenge of furfural. Their encoding proteins also showed higher levels of specific activity toward furfural and were suggested as core functional enzymes contributing aldehyde resistance in S. stipitis.
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Kundu C, Lee HJ, Lee JW. Enhanced bioethanol production from yellow poplar by deacetylation and oxalic acid pretreatment without detoxification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 178:28-35. [PMID: 25205056 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to produce ethanol from yellow poplar, deacetylation was performed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Optimal deacetylation conditions were determined by a response surface methodology. The highest acetic acid concentration obtained was 7.06 g/L when deacetylation was performed at 60 °C for 80 min with 0.8% NaOH. Acetic acid was recovered by electrodialysis from the deacetylated hydrolysate. The oxalic acid pretreatment of deacetylated biomass was carried out and the hydrolysate directly used for ethanol production without detoxification. Ethanol yields ranged from 0.34 to 0.47 g/g and the highest ethanol yield was obtained when pretreatment was carried out at 150 °C with 50 mM oxalic acid. The highest ethanol concentration obtained from pretreated biomass was 27.21 g/L at 170 °C, using a 50 mM of oxalic acid for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Overall, 20.31 g of ethanol was obtained by hydrolysate and SSF from 100 g of deacetylated yellow poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kundu
- Department of Forest Products and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Joo Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Forest Products and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwang-ju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Arumugam A, Ponnusami V. Ethanol Production from Cashew Apple Juice Using ImmobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCells on Silica Gel Matrix Synthesized from Sugarcane Leaf Ash. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2013.867256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Assessing the potential of wild yeasts for bioethanol production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:39-48. [PMID: 25413210 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioethanol fermentations expose yeasts to a new, complex and challenging fermentation medium with specific inhibitors and sugar mixtures depending on the type of carbon source. It is, therefore, suggested that the natural diversity of yeasts should be further exploited in order to find yeasts with good ethanol yield in stressed fermentation media. In this study, we screened more than 50 yeast isolates of which we selected five isolates with promising features. The species Candida bombi, Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Torulaspora delbrueckii showed better osmo- and hydroxymethylfurfural tolerance than Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, S. cerevisiae isolates had the highest ethanol yield in fermentation experiments mimicking high gravity fermentations (25 % glucose) and artificial lignocellulose hydrolysates (with a myriad of inhibitors). Interestingly, among two tested S. cerevisiae strains, a wild strain isolated from an oak tree performed better than Ethanol Red, a S. cerevisiae strain which is currently commonly used in industrial bioethanol fermentations. Additionally, a W. anomalus strain isolated from sugar beet thick juice was found to have a comparable ethanol yield, but needed longer fermentation time. Other non-Saccharomyces yeasts yielded lower ethanol amounts.
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ABE production from yellow poplar through alkaline pre-hydrolysis, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zha Y, Hossain AH, Tobola F, Sedee N, Havekes M, Punt PJ. Pichia anomala 29X: a resistant strain for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:609-17. [PMID: 23826802 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To efficiently use lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates as fermentation media for bioethanol production, besides being capable of producing significant amount of ethanol, the fermenting host should also meet the following two requirements: (1) resistant to the inhibitory compounds formed during biomass pretreatment process, (2) capable of utilizing C5 sugars, such as xylose, as carbon source. In our laboratory, a screening was conducted on microorganisms collected from environmental sources for their tolerance to hydrolysate inhibitors. A unique resistant strain was selected and identified as Pichia anomala (Wickerhamomyces anomalus), deposited as CBS 132101. The strain is able to produce ethanol in various biomass hydrolysates, both with and without oxygen. Besides, the strain could assimilate xylose and use nitrate as N source. These physiological characteristics make P. anomala an interesting strain for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zha
- TNO Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre (NMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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Evaluation of hardboard manufacturing process wastewater as a feedstream for ethanol production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:671-7. [PMID: 23604526 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Waste streams from the wood processing industry can serve as feedstream for ethanol production from biomass residues. Hardboard manufacturing process wastewater (HPW) was evaluated on the basis of monomeric sugar recovery and fermentability as a novel feedstream for ethanol production. Dilute acid hydrolysis, coupled with concentration of the wastewater resulted in a hydrolysate with 66 g/l total fermentable sugars. As xylose accounted for 53 % of the total sugars, native xylose-fermenting yeasts were evaluated for their ability to produce ethanol from the hydrolysate. The strains selected were, in decreasing order by ethanol yields from xylose (Y p/s, based on consumed sugars), Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 (CBS 6054), Pachysolen tannophilus ATCC 60393, and Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 46537. The yeasts were compared on the basis of substrate utilization and ethanol yield during fermentations of the hydrolysate, measured using an HPLC. S. stipitis, P. tannophilus, and K. marxianus produced 0.34, 0.31, and 0.36 g/g, respectively. The yeasts were able to utilize between 58 and 75 % of the available substrate. S. stipitis outperformed the other yeast during the fermentation of the hydrolysate; consuming the highest concentration of available substrate and producing the highest ethanol concentration in 72 h. Due to its high sugar content and low inhibitor levels after hydrolysis, it was concluded that HPW is a suitable feedstream for ethanol production by S. stipitis.
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Optimized Fed-Batch Fermentation of Scheffersomyces stipitis for Efficient Production of Ethanol from Hexoses and Pentoses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1895-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sun ZY, Tang YQ, Morimura S, Kida K. Reduction in environmental impact of sulfuric acid hydrolysis of bamboo for production of fuel ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23196226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fuel ethanol can be produced from bamboo by concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by continuous ethanol fermentation. To reduce the environmental impact of this process, treatment of the stillage, reuse of the sulfuric acid and reduction of the process water used were studied. The total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of stillage decreased from 29,688 to 269 mg/l by thermophilic methane fermentation followed by aerobic treatment. Washing the solid residue from acid hydrolysis with effluent from the biological treatment increased the sugar recovery from 69.3% to 79.3%. Sulfuric acid recovered during the acid-sugar separation process was condensed and reused for hydrolysis, resulting in a sugar recovery efficiency of 76.8%, compared to 80.1% when fresh sulfuric acid was used. After acetate removal, the condensate could be reused as elution water in the acid-sugar separation process. As much as 86.3% of the process water and 77.6% of the sulfuric acid could be recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yong Sun
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Liu ZS, Wu XL, Kida K, Tang YQ. Corn stover saccharification with concentrated sulfuric acid: effects of saccharification conditions on sugar recovery and by-product generation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 119:224-233. [PMID: 22728786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although concentrated sulfuric acid saccharification is not a novel method for breaking down lignocellulosic biomass, the process by which saccharification affects biomass decomposition, sugar recovery, and by-product generation is not well studied. The present study employed Taguchi experimental design to study the effects of seven parameters on corn stover concentrated sulfuric acid saccharification. The concentration of sulfuric acid and the temperature of solubilization significantly affect corn stover decomposition. They also have significant effects on glucose and xylose recoveries. Low generation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5HMF) was noted and organic acids were the main by-products detected in the hydrolysate. Temperature also significantly affected the generation of levulinic acid and formic acid; however, acetic acid generation was not significantly influenced by all seven parameters. The ratio of acid to feedstock significantly affected glucose recovery, but not total sugar recovery. The corn stover hydrolysate was well fermented by both glucose- and xylose-fermenting yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Shen Liu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Cho DH, Shin SJ, Kim YH. Effects of acetic and formic acid on ABE production by Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sun ZY, Tang YQ, Iwanaga T, Sho T, Kida K. Production of fuel ethanol from bamboo by concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by continuous ethanol fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10929-10935. [PMID: 21974887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An efficient process for the production of fuel ethanol from bamboo that consisted of hydrolysis with concentrated sulfuric acid, removal of color compounds, separation of acid and sugar, hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and subsequent continuous ethanol fermentation was developed. The highest sugar recovery efficiency was 81.6% when concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis was carried out under the optimum conditions. Continuous separation of acid from the saccharified liquid after removal of color compounds with activated carbon was conducted using an improved simulated moving bed (ISMB) system, and 98.4% of sugar and 90.5% of acid were recovered. After oligosaccharide hydrolysis and pH adjustment, the unsterilized saccharified liquid was subjected to continuous ethanol fermentation using Saccharomycescerevisiae strain KF-7. The ethanol concentration, the fermentation yield based on glucose and the ethanol productivity were approximately 27.2 g/l, 92.0% and 8.2 g/l/h, respectively. These results suggest that the process is effective for production of fuel ethanol from bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yong Sun
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Bellido C, Bolado S, Coca M, Lucas S, González-Benito G, García-Cubero MT. Effect of inhibitors formed during wheat straw pretreatment on ethanol fermentation by Pichia stipitis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10868-74. [PMID: 21983414 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of the main inhibitors (acetic acid, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) formed during steam explosion of wheat straw was studied through ethanol fermentations of model substrates and hydrolysates from wheat straw by Pichia stipitis. Experimental results showed that an increase in acetic acid concentration led to a reduction in ethanol productivity and complete inhibition was observed at 3.5 g/L. Furfural produced a delay on sugar consumption rates with increasing concentration and HMF did not exert a significant effect. Fermentations of the whole slurry from steam exploded wheat straw were completely inhibited by a synergistic effect due to the presence of 1.5 g/L acetic acid, 0.15 g/L furfural and 0.05 g/L HMF together with solid fraction. When using only the solid fraction from steam explosion, hydrolysates presented 0.5 g/L of acetic acid, whose fermentations have submitted promising results, providing an ethanol yield of 0.45 g ethanol/g sugars and the final ethanol concentration reached was 12.2 g/L (10.9 g ethanol/100 g DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bellido
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Orozco AM, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Albadarin AB, Rooney D, Walker GM, Ahmad MNM. Dilute phosphoric acid-catalysed hydrolysis of municipal bio-waste wood shavings using autoclave parr reactor system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9076-9082. [PMID: 21816611 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The visibility of using municipal bio-waste, wood shavings, as a potential feedstock for ethanol production was investigated. Dilute acid hydrolysis of wood shavings with H₃PO₄ was undertaken in autoclave parr reactor. A combined severity factor (CSF) was used to integrate the effects of hydrolysis times, temperature and acid concentration into a single variable. Xylose concentration reached a maximum value of 17 g/100 g dry mass corresponding to a yield of 100% at the best identified conditions of 2.5 wt.% H₃PO₄, 175 °C and 10 min reaction time corresponding to a CSF of 1.9. However, for glucose, an average yield of 30% was obtained at 5 wt.% H₃PO₄, 200 °C and 10 min. Xylose production increased with increasing temperature and acid concentration, but its transformation to the degradation product furfural was also catalysed by those factors. The maximum furfural formed was 3 g/100 g dry mass, corresponding to the 24% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Orozco
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT95AG, Northern Ireland, UK.
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