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Avalos M, Garbeva P, Vader L, van Wezel GP, Dickschat JS, Ulanova D. Biosynthesis, evolution and ecology of microbial terpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:249-272. [PMID: 34612321 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: through June 2021Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products recognised to date. While mostly known to humans as bioactive plant metabolites and part of essential oils, structurally diverse terpenoids are increasingly reported to be produced by microorganisms. For many of the compounds biological functions are yet unknown, but during the past years significant insights have been obtained for the role of terpenoids in microbial chemical ecology. Their functions include stress alleviation, maintenance of cell membrane integrity, photoprotection, attraction or repulsion of organisms, host growth promotion and defense. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the biosynthesis and evolution of microbial terpenoids, and their ecological and biological roles in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Perspectives on their biotechnological applications, knowledge gaps and questions for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Avalos
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Vader
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,University of Bonn, Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dana Ulanova
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
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Liu TT, Xiao H, Xiao JH, Zhong JJ. Impact of oxygen supply on production of terpenoids by microorganisms: State of the art. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chang M, Zhang T, Guo X, Liu Y, Liu R, Jin Q, Wang X. Optimization of cultivation conditions for efficient production of carotenoid-rich DHA oil by Schizochytrium sp. S31. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lu Q, Liu JZ. Enhanced Astaxanthin Production in Escherichia coli via Morphology and Oxidative Stress Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11703-11709. [PMID: 31578056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid of high commercial value because of its excellent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Here, we developed a novel strategy for improving the production of astaxanthin via morphology and oxidative stress engineering. First, we identified the morphology-/membrane- and oxidative stress-related genes, which should be knocked down, using the CRISPRi system. Deleting the morphology-/membrane-related genes (lpp and bamB) and the oxidative stress-related genes (uspE and yggE) generated longer and larger cells with higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thus enhancing the production of astaxanthin and decreasing cell growth. To not only improve cell growth but also obtain longer and larger cells with higher ROS levels, a complementary expression system using a temperature-sensitive plasmid was established. Complementarily expressing the morphology-/membrane-related genes (lpp and bamB) and the oxidative stress-related genes (uspE and yggE) further improved the production of astaxanthin to 11.92 mg/g dry cell weight in shake flask cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
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Shariati S, Zare D, Mirdamadi S. Screening of carbon and nitrogen sources using mixture analysis designs for carotenoid production by Blakeslea trispora. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:469-479. [PMID: 30956859 PMCID: PMC6431355 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of many secondary metabolites such as carotenoids is influenced by the type of carbon and nitrogen sources and C:N ratio applied in culture medium. The present study discusses the role of C:N ratio and screening of carbon and nitrogen sources using mixture analysis design in carotenoids production by Blakeslea trispora. The C:N ratios of 20, 40, and 60 with six nitrogen sources were evaluated. Results indicated that limitation of nitrogen source (C:N of 60) could improve carotenoids production. Six nitrogen and carbon sources were then screened using mixture analysis design. The most effective nitrogen and carbon sources were soybean powder and glucose, respectively. The productivity of carotenoids (983.8 ± 31.5 mg/L) based on consumed nitrogen and carbon source was 189.10 mg/g soybean powder and 19.66 mg/g glucose. Mixture analysis design indicated single carbon and nitrogen source were more effective than a mixture of sources for carotenoids production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Shariati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, 1941933111 Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Davood Zare
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P. O. Box 33535111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Saeed Mirdamadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P. O. Box 33535111, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Induction of pigment production through media composition, abiotic and biotic factors in two filamentous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 21:e00308. [PMID: 30788221 PMCID: PMC6369258 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigment production and accumulation is dependent of high C:N ratios in F. oxysporum and A. chevaleri. Red pigment content of F. oxysporum in terms of Absorbance units per gram of biomass increased in 191% through use of blue light. Different light wavelengths stimulate synthesis of additional pigments in A. chevalieri with highest accumulation in red and UV-light. Stimulation of pigment production in co-culture is species – specific, being only accomplished in A. chevalieri. With a rise higher that 500% of a pigment obtained in green light.
In addition to plant-derived, fungal pigments have become an alternative in respect to synthetic ones. Besides Monascus sp., several pigment-producing fungi do not have culture conditions well-established yet. In this research, media composition, light wavelength and co-culture were evaluated, results were reported in Absorbance Units per gram of biomass (AU/Bgr). For Fusarium oxysporum a C:N ratio above 7 was advantageous, using both complex and defined media; blue LED light increased the AU/Bgr value from 18013 to 344; co-culture did not enhance pigment production. In Aspergillus chevalieri a high C:N ratio with glucose as carbon source was ideal. When exposing cultures to light, UV and red light gave the highest pigmentation; moreover, differential UV-VIS spectra in all wavelengths suggested production of additional pigments. Particularly a pigment observed when cultured in green light was also found in co-culture with yeast and there was an improvement of AU/Bgr value of 52549%. This is the first report regarding light effect and co-culture for these fungi, as well as C:N ratio for A. chevalieri.
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Guo W, Li D, He R, Wu M, Chen W, Gao F, Zhang Z, Yao Y, Yu L, Chen S. Synthesizing value-added products from methane by a new Methylomonas. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 123:1214-1227. [PMID: 28888065 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Methane and methanol are potential carbon sources of industrial micro-organisms in addition to crop-derived bio-carbon sources. Methanotrophs that can utilize these simple, stable and large amounts chemicals are expected to be developed into 'cell factories' for the production of specific chemicals. In this study, a methanotroph that can synthesize lycopene, C30 carotenoid and exopolysaccharides (EPS) with relative better performances from C1 substrates was isolated, and its performances were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS The isolated strain was identified as Methylomonas sp. ZR1 based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Its maximum specific growth rate achieved 0·200 h-1 under flask culture conditions, and 0·386 h-1 in bubble column reactors. ZR1 was able to utilize 35 g l-1 of methanol and even exhibited slight growth in the presence of 40 g l-1 of methanol. Furthermore, ZR1 was proved to synthesize lycopene (C40 carotenoids) besides the C30 carotenoids through HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS/MS analysis methods. Its carotenoid extracts exhibited excellent antioxidative activities measured by the ABTS+ method. Plenty of polysaccharides were also synthesized by ZR1, the components of the polysaccharides were identified as glucose, mannose and galactose with a proportion of 1 : 2 : 1 by GC-MS, and its yield achieved 0·13 g g-1 cell dry weight. CONCLUSIONS The isolated strain has great potential for the production of value-added bioproducts from C1 compounds because of its excellent C1 substrate utilizing abilities and its abilities to naturally synthesize lycopene, C30 carotenoids and EPS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In this study, we isolated a fast-growing methanotroph, its C1 carbon substrate utilizing ability is excellent in comparison with reported methanotrophs. Furthermore, besides polysaccharides and C30 carotenoids which were commonly synthesized by methanotrophs, our findings suggested that C40 lycopene could also be naturally synthesized from methane by methanotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
| | - D Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
| | - R He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
| | - M Wu
- Food and Environmental Department, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - W Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
| | - F Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Technology Support Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Y Yao
- Technology Support Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
| | - L Yu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Tianjin, China
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Scale translation from shaken to diffused bubble aerated systems for lycopene production by Blakeslea trispora under stimulated conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1845-1856. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Cyclase inhibitor tripropylamine significantly enhanced lycopene accumulation in Blakeslea trispora. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:570-576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Feng J, Jiang J, Liu Y, Li W, Azat R, Zheng X, Zhou WW. Significance of oxygen carriers and role of liquid paraffin in improving validamycin A production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:1365-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Validamycin A (Val-A) synthesized by Streptomyces hygroscopicus 5008 is widely used as a high-efficient antibiotic to protect plants from sheath blight disease. A novel fermentation strategy was introduced to stimulate Val-A production by adding oxygen carriers. About 58 % increase in Val-A production was achieved using liquid paraffin. Further, biomass, carbon source, metabolic genes, and metabolic enzymes were studied. It was also found that the supplementation of liquid paraffin increased the medium dissolved oxygen and intracellular oxidative stress level. The expression of the global regulators afsR and soxR sensitive to ROS, ugp catalyzing synthesis of Val-A precursor, and Val-A structural genes was enhanced. The change of the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was observed, which reflected the redirection of carbon metabolic flux. Based on these results, liquid paraffin addition as an oxygen carrier could be a useful technique in industrial production of Val-A and our study revealed a redox-based secondary metabolic regulation in S. hygroscopicus 5008, which provided a new insight into the regulation of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Feng
- grid.13402.34 000000041759700X College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Jing Jiang
- grid.13402.34 000000041759700X College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yan Liu
- grid.13402.34 000000041759700X College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.13402.34 000000041759700X College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Ramila Azat
- grid.13402.34 000000041759700X College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- grid.13402.34 000000041759700X College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhou
- grid.13402.34 000000041759700X College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing Zhejiang University 310058 Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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Jing K, He S, Chen T, Lu Y, Ng IS. Enhancing beta-carotene biosynthesis and gene transcriptional regulation in Blakeslea trispora with sodium acetate. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Thanapimmetha A, Suwaleerat T, Saisriyoot M, Chisti Y, Srinophakun P. Production of carotenoids and lipids by Rhodococcus opacus PD630 in batch and fed-batch culture. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:133-143. [PMID: 27646907 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Production of carotenoids by Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is reported. A modified mineral salt medium formulated with glycerol as an inexpensive carbon source was used for the fermentation. Ammonium acetate was the nitrogen source. A dry cell mass concentration of nearly 5.4 g/L could be produced in shake flasks with a carotenoid concentration of 0.54 mg/L. In batch culture in a 5 L bioreactor, without pH control, the maximum dry biomass concentration was ~30 % lower than in shake flasks and the carotenoids concentration was 0.09 mg/L. Both the biomass concentration and the carotenoids concentration could be raised using a fed-batch operation with a feed mixture of ammonium acetate and acetic acid. With this strategy, the final biomass concentration was 8.2 g/L and the carotenoids concentration was 0.20 mg/L in a 10-day fermentation. A control of pH proved to be unnecessary for maximizing the production of carotenoids in this fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusith Thanapimmetha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Tharatron Suwaleerat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Maythee Saisriyoot
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Penjit Srinophakun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Xu X, Jin W, Jiang L, Xu Q, Li S, Zhang Z, Huang H. A high-throughput screening method for identifying lycopene-overproducing E. coli strain based on an antioxidant capacity assay. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nanou K, Roukas T. Waste cooking oil: A new substrate for carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 203:198-203. [PMID: 26724551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate a waste, waste cooking oil (WCO) as substrate for carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in shake flask culture. WCO was found to be a useful substrate for carotene production. B. trispora formed only pellets during fermentation. The oxidative stress in B. trispora induced by hydroperoxides and BHT as evidenced by increase of the specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased significantly the production of carotenes. The highest concentration of carotenes (2021 ± 75 mg/l or 49.3 ± 0.2 mg/g dry biomass) was obtained in culture grown in WCO (50.0 g/l) supplemented with CSL (80.0 g/l) and BHT (4.0 g/l). In this case the carotenes produced consisted of β-carotene (74.2%), γ-carotene (23.2%), and lycopene (2.6%). The external addition in the above medium glucose, Span 80, yeast extract, casein acid hydrolysate, l-asparagine, thiamine. HCl, KH2PO4, and MgSO4·7H2O did not improve the production of carotenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Nanou
- Laboratory of Food Engineering and Processing, Department of Food Science and Technology, Aristotle University, Box 250, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Roukas
- Laboratory of Food Engineering and Processing, Department of Food Science and Technology, Aristotle University, Box 250, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Roukas T. The role of oxidative stress on carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in submerged fermentation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:424-33. [PMID: 25600464 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.989424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed during the fermentation that can cause oxidative stress in microorganisms. Microbial cells possess both enzymatic and non-enzymatic defensive systems that may protect cells from oxidative damage. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase are the two key defensive enzymes to oxidative stress. The factors that induce oxidative stress in microorganisms include butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), hydrogen peroxide, metal ions, dissolved oxygen tension, elevated temperature, menadione, junglone, paraquat, liquid paraffin, introduction to bioreactors of shake flask inocula and synthetic medium sterilized at initial pH 11.0. Carotenes are highly unsaturated isoprene derivatives. They are used as antioxidants and as coloring agents for food products. In fungi, carotenes are derived via the mevalonate biosynthesis pathway. The key genes in carotene biosynthesis are hmgR, ipi, isoA, carG, carRA and carB. Among microorganisms, Βlakeslea trispora is the main microorganism used for the production of carotenes on the industrial scale. Currently, the synthetic medium is considered the superior substrate for the production of carotenes in a pilot plant scale. The fermentation systems used for the production of carotenes include shake flasks, stirred tank fermentor, bubble column reactor and flat panel photobioreactor. This review summarizes the oxidative stresses in microorganisms and it is focused on the current status of carotene production by B. trispora including oxidative stress induced by BHT, enhanced dissolved oxygen levels, iron ions, liquid paraffin and synthetic medium sterilized at an initial pH 11.0. The oxidative stress induced by the above factors increases significantly the production of carotenes. However, to further reduce the cost of carotene production, new biotechnological methods with higher productivity still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Roukas
- a Laboratory of Food Engineering and Processing, Department of Food Science and Technology , Aristotle University , Thessaloniki , Greece
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Effect of Inoculation Process on Lycopene Production by Blakeslea trispora in a Stirred-Tank Reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:770-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Avalos J, Carmen Limón M. Biological roles of fungal carotenoids. Curr Genet 2014; 61:309-24. [PMID: 25284291 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are terpenoid pigments widespread in nature, produced by bacteria, fungi, algae and plants. They are also found in animals, which usually obtain them through the diet. Carotenoids in plants provide striking yellow, orange or red colors to fruits and flowers, and play important metabolic and physiological functions, especially relevant in photosynthesis. Their functions are less clear in non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Different fungi produce diverse carotenoids, but the mutants unable to produce them do not exhibit phenotypic alterations in the laboratory, apart of lack of pigmentation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the functional basis for carotenoid production in fungi. Different lines of evidence support a protective role of carotenoids against oxidative stress and exposure to visible light or UV irradiation. In addition, the carotenoids are intermediary products in the biosynthesis of physiologically active apocarotenoids or derived compounds. This is the case of retinal, obtained from the symmetrical oxidative cleavage of β-carotene. Retinal is the light-absorbing prosthetic group of the rhodopsins, membrane-bound photoreceptors present also in many fungal species. In Mucorales, β-carotene is an intermediary in the synthesis of trisporoids, apocarotenoid derivatives that include the sexual hormones the trisporic acids, and they are also presumably used in the synthesis of sporopollenin polymers. In conclusion, fungi have adapted their ability to produce carotenoids for different non-essential functions, related with stress tolerance or with the synthesis of physiologically active by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain,
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Light-mediated participation of the VIVID-like protein of Fusarium fujikuroi VvdA in pigmentation and development. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 71:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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From Cheese Whey to Carotenes by Blakeslea trispora in a Bubble Column Reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:182-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Qiang W, Ling-ran F, Luo W, Han-guang L, Lin W, Ya Z, Xiao-bin Y. Mutation Breeding of Lycopene-Producing Strain Blakeslea Trispora by a Novel Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:452-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang HB, Luo J, Huang XY, Lu MB, Yu LJ. Oxidative stress response of Blakeslea trispora induced by H2O2 during β-carotene biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:555-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The cellular response of Blakeslea trispora to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in shake flask culture was investigated in this study. A mild oxidative stress was created by adding 40 μm of H2O2 into the medium after 3 days of the fermentation. The production of β-carotene increased nearly 38 % after a 6-day culture. Under the oxidative stress induced by H2O2, the expressions of hmgr, ipi, carG, carRA, and carB involving the β-carotene biosynthetic pathway all increased in 3 h. The aerobic metabolism of glucose remarkably accelerated within 24 h. In addition, the specific activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly increased. These changes of B. trispora were responses for reducing cell injury, and the reasons for increasing β-carotene production caused by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Wang
- grid.33199.31 0000000403687223 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Huazhong University of Science and Technology 430074 Wuhan China
- grid.419897.a 000000040369313X Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education 430074 Wuhan China
| | - Jun Luo
- grid.33199.31 0000000403687223 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Huazhong University of Science and Technology 430074 Wuhan China
- grid.419897.a 000000040369313X Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education 430074 Wuhan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- grid.33199.31 0000000403687223 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Huazhong University of Science and Technology 430074 Wuhan China
- grid.419897.a 000000040369313X Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education 430074 Wuhan China
| | - Ming-Bo Lu
- grid.33199.31 0000000403687223 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Huazhong University of Science and Technology 430074 Wuhan China
- grid.419897.a 000000040369313X Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education 430074 Wuhan China
| | - Long-Jiang Yu
- grid.33199.31 0000000403687223 Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology Huazhong University of Science and Technology 430074 Wuhan China
- grid.419897.a 000000040369313X Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education 430074 Wuhan China
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Xie H, Zhou Y, Hu J, Chen Y, Liang J. Production of astaxanthin by a mutant strain of Phaffia rhodozyma and optimization of culture conditions using response surface methodology. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yan Z, Wang C, Lin J, Cai J. Medium optimization using mathematical statistics for production of β-Carotene by Blakeslea trispora and fermenting process regulation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Nanou K, Roukas T. Oxidative Stress Response of Blakeslea trispora Induced by Iron Ions During Carotene Production in Shake Flask Culture. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:2281-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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A pH control strategy for increased β-carotene production during batch fermentation by recombinant industrial wine yeast. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu X, Ma X, Tang P, Yuan Q. Improved β-carotene production by oxidative stress in Blakeslea trispora induced by liquid paraffin. Biotechnol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23187755 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When 3 % (v/v) liquid paraffin was added to the medium, β-carotene production increased from 397 to 715 mg l(-1) in mated cultures of Blakeslea trispora. Liquid paraffin also enhanced the oxygen concentration and induce high oxidative stress, as observed by the increase in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). After 84 h of cultivation in the presence of liquid paraffin, the activities of SOD, CAT and POD in B. trispora increased 77, 52.5 and 76.6 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 75, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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