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Jin X, Ackah M, Acheampong A, Zhang Q, Wang L, Lin Q, Qiu C, Zhao W. Genome-Wide Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Heat Stress in Mulberry ( Morus alba L.). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4151-4167. [PMID: 37232733 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an economically important plant for the silk industry and has the possibility of contributing immensely to Chinese pharmacopeia because of its health benefits. Domesticated silkworms feed only on mulberry leaves, meaning that the worms' survival depends on the mulberry tree. Mulberry production is threatened by climate change and global warming. However, the regulatory mechanisms of mulberry responses to heat are poorly understood. We performed transcriptome analysis of high-temperature-stressed (42 °C) M. alba seedlings using RNA-Seq technologies. A total of 703 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered from 18,989 unigenes. Among these, 356 were up-regulated, and 347 were down-regulated. KEGG analysis revealed that most DEGs were enriched in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and in starch and sucrose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis and galactose metabolism, among others. In addition, TFs such as the NAC, HSF, IAA1, MYB, AP2, GATA, WRKY, HLH and TCP families were actively involved in response to high temperatures. Moreover, we used RT-qPCR to confirm the expression changes of eight genes under heat stress observed in the RNA-Seq analysis. This study provides M. alba transcriptome profiles under heat stress and provides theoretical bases to researchers for better understanding mulberry heat response mechanisms and breeding heat-tolerant mulberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Michael Ackah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Adolf Acheampong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Guangxi Sericultural Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regin, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Changyu Qiu
- Guangxi Sericultural Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regin, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Media Optimization by Response Surface Methodology for the Enhanced Production of Acidic Extracellular Pectinase by the Indigenously Isolated Novel Strain Aspergillus cervinus ARS2 Using Solid-State Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pectinolytic enzymes are related enzymes that hydrolyze pectic substances. Pectinolytic enzymes are of great interest in industrial applications for softening fruits, extracting and clarifying juices, extracting olive oil, retting textile fibers, preparing gel, and isolating protoplasts. The current work presents acidic extracellular pectinase production using low-cost agro-industrial waste with the indigenously isolated novel strain Aspergillus cervinus. Two fungal isolates, ARS2 and ARS8, with maximum pectinase activity, 41.88 ± 1.57 IU/mL and 39.27 ± 1.14 IU/mL, respectively, were screened out of 27 isolates from decayed fruit peels (orange, banana, and lemon) and soil containing decomposed vegetables. The isolate ARS2, identified as Aspergillus cervinus by molecular characterization, showed the highest pectinase activity of 43.05 ± 1.38IU/mL during screening and was further used for media component screening and optimization studies. To understand their effect on pectinase activity, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) studies were conducted on carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and mineral salts. The OFAT results showed the highest pectinase activity for orange peel (carbon source) at 44.51 ± 1.33 IU/mL, peptone (nitrogen source) at 45.05 ± 1.04 IU/mL, and NaH2PO4 (mineral salts) at 43.21 ± 1.12 IU/mL. The most significant media components screened by the Plackett–Burman (PB) design based on the p-value, Pareto chart, and main effect plot, were orange peel (p < 0.001), peptone (p < 0.001), NaH2PO4 (p < 0.001), and KH2PO4 (p < 0.001), which were further optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimization results for the media components showed a maximum pectinase activity of 105.65 ± 0.31 IU/mL for 10.63 g orange peel, 3.96 g/L peptone, 2.07 g/L KH2PO4, and 2.10 g/L NaH2PO4. Thus, it was discovered that the indigenously isolated novel strain Aspergillus cervinus ARS2 was able to successfully produce a significant amount of pectinase using agro-industrial waste. Therefore, it can be considered for the large-scale optimized production of pectinase to meet industrial demands.
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Huang WQ, Hu X, Zeng JR, Tian XF, Wu ZQ. Changing the nutrient composition and enhancing the hydrolytic enzyme activity of citrus pulp residue by cofermentation with Candida utilis and Bacillus subtilis. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tan H, Yang G, Chen W, Liu Q, Li K, Yin H. Identification and characterization of thermostable endo-polygalacturonase II B from Aspergillus luchuensis. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13133. [PMID: 31903633 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endo-polygalacturonase II B (PgaB) from Aspergillus luchuensis was orthologous to endo-polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger with mutant sites Thr42Ser and Glu52Ala. Mature pgaB gene was cloned from the genomic DNA of A. luchuensis and secreted expressed with over 90% purity in Pichia Pastoris and reached 1.0 g/L after 144 hr culture. The recombinant PgaB was further purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. Using polygalacturonic acid (PGA) as substrate, the optimal condition for PgaB activity was 40°C and pH 4.5, respectively. Km and Vmax of PgaB were 0.19 mmol/l and 103.58 μmol min-1 mg-1 , respectively. The relative activity of PgaB remained more than 60% and 40% of maximum activity at 50 and 60°C for 7 hr. PgaB increased the light transmittance by 85% and showed high efficiency in juice clarification. The main product was galacturonic acid oligosaccharides with degrees of polymers (DP) 1-3. The PgaB is a potential pectinolytic enzyme in food industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Endo-polygalacturonase II B (PgaB) was identified from Aspergillus luchuensis, a filamentous fungus widely used in food and beverage fermentation in East Asia. PgaB still kept its most activity at 60°C for 7 hr. Polygalacturonic acid (PGA) can be digested effectively by the PgaB and the main products are galacturonic acid oligosaccharides with degrees of polymers (DP) 1-3. PgaB shows high efficiency in juice clarification. The PgaB is a potential pectinolytic enzyme for the applications in food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tan
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Guojun Yang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qishun Liu
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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Recent advances in the production strategies of microbial pectinases—A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:1017-1026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Patidar MK, Nighojkar S, Kumar A, Nighojkar A. Pectinolytic enzymes-solid state fermentation, assay methods and applications in fruit juice industries: a review. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:199. [PMID: 29581931 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of solid substrates, cultivation conditions and enzyme assay methods have been used for efficient production and estimation of polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase enzymes. Recent developments in industrial biotechnology offer several opportunities for the utilization of low cost agro-industrial waste in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) for the pectinolytic enzyme production using fungi. Fruit waste mainly citrus fruit waste alone and along with other agro-industrial waste has been explored in SSF for enzyme production. Agro-industrial waste, due to the economic advantage of low procuring cost has been employed in SSF bioreactors for pectinolytic enzyme production. Acidic pectinases produced by fungi are utilized especially in food industries for clarification of fruit juices. This review focuses on the recent developments in SSF processes utilizing agro-industrial residues for polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase production, their various assay methods and applications in fruit juice industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Patidar
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Hemkunt Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001 India
| | - Sadhana Nighojkar
- Mata Gujri College of Professional Studies, A.B. Road, Indore, 452001 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- 3School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001 India
| | - Anand Nighojkar
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Hemkunt Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001 India
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Zheng YX, Wang YL, Pan J, Zhang JR, Dai Y, Chen KY. Semi-continuous production of high-activity pectinases by immobilized Rhizopus oryzae using tobacco wastewater as substrate and their utilization in the hydrolysis of pectin-containing lignocellulosic biomass at high solid content. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:1138-1144. [PMID: 28673517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, highly reactive endo- and exo-polygalacturonases (PGs) were produced from the tobacco industry wastewater using immobilized Rhizopus oryzae. Compared with free cells, immobilized cells increased enzyme activity 2.8-fold and reduced production time to 24h by shake-flask production. Moreover, the immobilized cells enabled the semi-continuous production of enzymes through repeated-batch mode for seven consecutive cycles in a scale-up bioreactor. During the first five cycles, the average endo-PG and exo-PG activities reached 307.5 and 242.6U/ml, respectively. The addition of crude enzyme for the hydrolysis of pectin-containing lignocellulosic biomass under high-gravity conditions increased glucose release 4.2-fold (115.4 vs. 29.0g/L), compared with hydrolysis using cellulase alone. This process achieves the efficient production of pectin-degrading enzymes, provides a cost-effective method for tobacco wastewater treatment, and offers the possibility to obtain fermentable sugars with high-titer from pectin-containing lignocellulosic biomass, which has important potential for the commercial production of bio-fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Zheng
- Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Research Center for Tobacco Bioengineering and Technology of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, Chongqing 401147, China; China Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Research Center for Tobacco Bioengineering and Technology of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, Chongqing 401147, China.
| | - Jun Pan
- Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Research Center for Tobacco Bioengineering and Technology of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- Research Center for Tobacco Bioengineering and Technology of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Ya Dai
- China Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Kun-Yan Chen
- China Tobacco Chongqing Industrial Co. Ltd., Chongqing 400000, China
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Benoit-Gelber I, Gruntjes T, Vinck A, van Veluw JG, Wösten HAB, Boeren S, Vervoort JJM, de Vries RP. Mixed colonies of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae cooperatively degrading wheat bran. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 102:31-37. [PMID: 28232095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In both natural and man-made environments, microorganisms live in mixed populations, while in laboratory conditions monocultures are mainly used. Microbial interactions are often described as antagonistic, but can also be neutral or cooperative, and are generally associated with a metabolic change of each partner and cause a change in the pattern of produced bioactive molecules. A. niger and A. oryzae are two filamentous fungi widely used in industry to produce various enzymes (e.g. pectinases, amylases) and metabolites (e.g. citric acid). The co-cultivation of these two fungi in wheat bran showed an equal distribution of the two strains forming mixed colonies with a broad range of carbohydrate active enzymes produced. This stable mixed microbial system seems suitable for subsequent commercial processes such as enzyme production. XlnR knock-out strains for both aspergilli were used to study the influence of plant cell wall degrading enzyme production on the fitness of the mixed culture. Microscopic observation correlated with quantitative PCR and proteomic data suggest that the XlnR Knock-out strain benefit from the release of sugars by the wild type strain to support its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Benoit-Gelber
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - T Gruntjes
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Vinck
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J G van Veluw
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J J M Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Amin F, Bhatti HN, Bilal M, Asgher M. Multiple Parameter Optimizations for Enhanced Biosynthesis of Exo-polygalacturonase Enzyme and its Application in Fruit Juice Clarification. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2016-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of several indigenous fungal strains to produce industrially important exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG) utilizing locally available agro-industrial wastes in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Amongst various substrates employed, wheat bran supported the highest biosynthesis of exo-PG. Different process variables such as, fermentation duration, moisture level, pH and temperature were optimized using one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) statistical approach. Results revealed that an initial medium pH of 3.0 at 35 °C together with MnSO4, glycine and pectin have progressive influence on exo-PG synthesis by P. notatum, while C. versicolor displayed utmost enzyme activity at pH 5.0, temperature 30 °C, moisture 50 % using CaCO3, (NH4)2SO4, and lactose as nutritional sources. The enzymatic cocktail treatment achieved a significantly improved clarity by reducing the turbidities, viscosities and absorbance’s of three fruit juices. Scaling up of various fermentation parameters might have potential to produce enhanced activities of exo-PG for different industrial sectors, particularly in food industry.
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Patidar MK, Nighojkar S, Kumar A, Nighojkar A. Papaya peel valorization for production of acidic pectin methylesterase by Aspergillus tubingensis and its application for fruit juice clarification. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jangra M, Belur PD, Oriabinska LB, Dugan OM. Multistrain probiotic production by co-culture fermentation in a lab-scale bioreactor. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Jangra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology Karnataka; Surathkal Mangalore Karnataka India
| | - Prasanna D. Belur
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Institute of Technology Karnataka; Surathkal Mangalore Karnataka India
| | - Larysa B. Oriabinska
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute,” Kiev; Ukraine
| | - Olexii M. Dugan
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute,” Kiev; Ukraine
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Leng YW, Xu Y. Improvement of flavour compound synthesis in a mixed culture system at high temperature by solid-state fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. W. Leng
- Department of Biological Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou Jiangsu China 221008
- Synergetic Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Nutrition
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Y. Xu
- Synergetic Innovation Centre of Food Safety and Nutrition
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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El-Shishtawy RM, Mohamed SA, Asiri AM, Gomaa ABM, Ibrahim IH, Al-Talhi HA. Saccharification and hydrolytic enzyme production of alkali pre-treated wheat bran by Trichoderma virens under solid state fermentation. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:37. [PMID: 26018951 PMCID: PMC4445277 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In continuation of our previously interest in the saccharification of agriculture wastes by Bacillus megatherium in solid state fermentation (SSF), we wish to report an investigation and comparative evaluation among Trichoderma sp. for the saccharification of four alkali-pretreated agricultural residues and production of hydrolytic enzymes, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), filter paperase (FPase), pectinase (PGase) and xylanase (Xylase) in SSF. The optimization of the physiological conditions of production of hydrolytic enzymes and saccharification content from Trichoderma virens using alkali-pretreated wheat bran was the last goal. Methods The physico-chemical parameters of SSF include incubation time, incubation temperature, moisture content of the substrate, incubation pH, supplementation with carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized. Results Saccharification of different solid state fermentation sources wheat bran, date's seeds, grass and palm leaves, were tested for the production of fermentable sugar by Trichoderma sp. The maximum production of hydrolytic enzymes CMCase, FPase, PGase and Xylase and saccharification content were obtained on wheat bran. Time course, moisture content, optimum temperature, optimum pH, supplementation with carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized to achieve the maximum production of the hydrolytic enzymes, protein and total carbohydrate of T. virens using alkali pre-treated wheat bran. The maximum production of CMCase, FPase, PGase, Xylase, protein and carbohydrate content was recorded at 72 h of incubation, 50-70 % moisture, temperature 25-35 °C and pH 5. The influence of supplementary carbon and nitrogen sources was studied. While lactose and sucrose enhanced the activity of PGase from 79.2 to 582.9 and 632.6 U/g, starch inhibited all other enzymes. This was confirmed by maximum saccharification content. Among the nitrogen sources, yeast extract and urea enhanced the saccharification content and CMCase, PGase and Xylase. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that alkali pre-treated wheat bran was a better substrate for saccharification and production of hydrolytic enzymes CMCase, FPase, PGase and xylase by T. virens compared to other alkali-pretreated agricultural residues tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda M El-Shishtawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh A Mohamed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. .,The Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abu-Bakr M Gomaa
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim H Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hasan A Al-Talhi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Wu Q, Chen B, Xu Y. Regulating yeast flavor metabolism by controlling saccharification reaction rate in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Chinese Maotai-flavor liquor. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 200:39-46. [PMID: 25676241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Maotai-flavor liquor is produced by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), in which filamentous fungi produce hydrolases to degrade the starch into fermentable sugar. Saccharomyces cerevisiae simultaneously transforms the sugars to ethanol and flavor compounds. The saccharification rate plays an important role in regulating the liquor yield and flavor profile. This work investigated the effect of saccharification rate on fermentation by regulating the inoculation ratio (1:0.1, 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:5, 1:10) of S. cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae, the main saccharification agent. We found no significant difference in reducing sugar content among the mixed cultures with different ratios. This indicated a balance of the saccharification rate and the sugar consumption rate, in which the former was controlled by the interaction between A. oryzae and S. cerevisiae, and the latter controlled the metabolism of the two species. The ethanol yield was the highest in ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:5, while the total production of flavor compounds was the highest for the ratio of 1:0.5, which was mainly attributed to the vigorous metabolism of S. cerevisiae. The inoculum ratio of 1:10 produced the second highest content of flavor compounds in which a large number of alcohols and esters were derived from the vigorous metabolism of A. oryzae. This indicated that the saccharification rate significantly influenced the flavor metabolism. This study improves understanding of the interaction and cooperation between A. oryzae and S. cerevisiae in co-culture fermentation for Chinese liquor making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Solid state production of polygalacturonase and xylanase by Trichoderma species using cantaloupe and watermelon rinds. J Microbiol 2013; 51:605-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Maciel M, Ottoni C, Santos C, Lima N, Moreira K, Souza-Motta C. Production of polygalacturonases by Aspergillus section Nigri strains in a fixed bed reactor. Molecules 2013; 18:1660-71. [PMID: 23358324 PMCID: PMC6269776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18021660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (PG) are pectinolytic enzymes that have technological, functional and biological applications in food processing, fruit ripening and plant-fungus interactions, respectively. In the present, a microtitre plate methodology was used for rapid screening of 61 isolates of fungi from Aspergillus section Nigri to assess production of endo- and exo-PG. Studies of scale-up were carried out in a fixed bed reactor operated under different parameters using the best producer strain immobilised in orange peels. Four experiments were conducted under the following conditions: the immobilised cells without aeration; immobilised cells with aeration; immobilised cells with aeration and added pectin; and free cells with aeration. The fermentation was performed for 168 h with removal of sample every 24 h. Aspergillus niger strain URM 5162 showed the highest PG production. The results obtained indicated that the maximum endo- and exo-PG activities (1.18 U·mL−1 and 4.11 U·mL−1, respectively) were obtained when the reactor was operating without aeration. The microtitre plate method is a simple way to screen fungal isolates for PG activity detection. The fixed bed reactor with orange peel support and using A. niger URM 5162 is a promising process for PG production at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Maciel
- Mycology Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil; E-Mail:
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.O.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Cristiane Ottoni
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.O.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Cledir Santos
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.O.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Nelson Lima
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.O.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Keila Moreira
- Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Garanhuns 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Cristina Souza-Motta
- Mycology Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-81-2126-8948; Fax: +55-81-2126-8480
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Yuan P, Meng K, Wang Y, Luo H, Shi P, Huang H, Bai Y, Yang P, Yao B. A protease-resistant exo-polygalacturonase from Klebsiella sp. Y1 with good activity and stability over a wide pH range in the digestive tract. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 123:171-176. [PMID: 22940315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonases are important feed and food additives. In the present study an exo-polygalacturonase gene (pgu B) was cloned from Klebsiella sp. Y1 CGMCC 4433 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). pgu B encodes a 658-amino acid polypeptide belonging to Glycoside Hydrolase Family 28. The optimal pH and temperature of exo-PGU B activity were 6.0 and 40-50°C, respectively. The enzyme exhibited >35% of maximum activity within the pH range of 2.0-12.0. Exo-PGU B or an exo-PGU B/ endo-polygalacturonase mixture reduced the viscosity of polygalacturonic acid (1.0%, w/v) by 15.6 and 39.4%, respectively. Under simulated alimentary tract conditions, exo-PGU B was very stable (>25% activity from pH 1.5 to 6.8) and active, releasing 53.7 and 109.6μg of galacturonic acid from 400 to 800μg of polygalacturonic acid, respectively. These properties make exo-PGU B a potentially valuable additive for applications in feed and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
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