1
|
Zhang J, Lin H, Zheng C, Yang B, Liang M, Lin Y, Zhang L. Efficient 2,3-Butanediol Production from Ethanol by a Modified Four-Enzyme Synthetic Biosystem. Molecules 2024; 29:3934. [PMID: 39203012 PMCID: PMC11357561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) is a versatile bio-based platform chemical. An artificial four-enzyme synthetic biosystem composed of ethanol dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase, formolase and 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase was designed for upgrading ethanol to 2,3-BD in our previous study. However, a key challenge in developing in vitro enzymatic systems for 2,3-BD synthesis is the relatively sluggish catalytic efficiency of formolase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in such systems. Herein, this study reports how engineering the tunnel and substrate binding pocket of FLS improved its catalytic performance. A series of single-point and combinatorial variants were successfully obtained which displayed both higher catalytic efficiency and better substrate tolerance than wild-type FLS. Subsequently, a cell-free biosystem based on the FLS:I28V/L482E enzyme was implemented for upgrading ethanol to 2,3-BD. Ultimately, this system achieved efficient production of 2,3-BD from ethanol by the fed-batch method, reaching a concentration of 1.39 M (124.83 g/L) of the product and providing both excellent productivity and yield values of 5.94 g/L/h and 92.7%, respectively. Taken together, this modified enzymatic catalysis system provides a highly promising alternative approach for sustainable and cost-competitive production of 2,3-BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Hui Lin
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China;
| | - Chaosong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Miao Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China;
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (C.Z.); (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aspacio D, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Luu E, King E, Black WB, Perea S, Zhu Q, Wu Y, Luo R, Siegel JB, Li H. Shifting redox reaction equilibria on demand using an orthogonal redox cofactor. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01702-5. [PMID: 39138383 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Nature's two redox cofactors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), are held at different reduction potentials, driving catabolism and anabolism in opposite directions. In biomanufacturing, there is a need to flexibly control redox reaction direction decoupled from catabolism and anabolism. We established nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+) as a noncanonical cofactor orthogonal to NAD(P)+. Here we present the development of Nox Ortho, a reduced NMN+ (NMNH)-specific oxidase, that completes the toolkit to modulate NMNH:NMN+ ratio together with an NMN+-specific glucose dehydrogenase (GDH Ortho). The design principle discovered from Nox Ortho engineering and modeling is facilely translated onto six different enzymes to create NMN(H)-orthogonal biocatalysts with a consistent ~103-106-fold cofactor specificity switch from NAD(P)+ to NMN+. We assemble these enzymes to produce stereo-pure 2,3-butanediol in cell-free systems and in Escherichia coli, enabled by NMN(H)'s distinct redox ratio firmly set by its designated driving forces, decoupled from both NAD(H) and NADP(H).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Aspacio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yulai Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Youtian Cui
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emma Luu
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edward King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William B Black
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sean Perea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yongxian Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ray Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Justin B Siegel
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aspacio D, Zhang Y, Cui Y, King E, Black WB, Perea S, Luu E, Siegel JB, Li H. Shifting Redox Reaction Equilibria on Demand Using an Orthogonal Redox Cofactor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555398. [PMID: 37693387 PMCID: PMC10491207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural metabolism relies on chemical compartmentalization of two redox cofactors, NAD+ and NADP+, to orchestrate life-essential redox reaction directions. However, in whole cells the reliance on these canonical cofactors limits flexible control of redox reaction direction as these reactions are permanently tied to catabolism or anabolism. In cell-free systems, NADP+ is too expensive in large scale. We have previously reported the use of nicotinamide mononucleotide, (NMN+) as a low-cost, noncanonical redox cofactor capable of specific electron delivery to diverse chemistries. Here, we present Nox Ortho, an NMNH-specific water-forming oxidase, that completes the toolkit to modulate NMNH/NMN+ ratio. This work uncovers an enzyme design principle that succeeds in parallel engineering of six butanediol dehydrogenases as NMN(H)-orthogonal biocatalysts consistently with a 103 - 106 -fold cofactor specificity switch from NAD(P)+ to NMN+. We combine these to produce chiral-pure 2,3-butanediol (Bdo) isomers without interference from NAD(H) or NADP(H) in vitro and in E. coli cells. We establish that NMN(H) can be held at a distinct redox ratio on demand, decoupled from both NAD(H) and NADP(H) redox ratios in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Aspacio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Yulai Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Youtian Cui
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Edward King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - William B. Black
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Sean Perea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Emma Luu
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Zhao X, Yao M, Yang W, Han Y, Liu L, Zhang J, Liu J. Mechanism of microbial production of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol optical isomers and substrate specificity of butanediol dehydrogenase. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:165. [PMID: 37644496 PMCID: PMC10466699 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxybutanone (Acetoin, AC) and 2,3-butanediol (BD) are two essential four-carbon platform compounds with numerous pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis applications. AC and BD have two and three stereoisomers, respectively, while the application of the single isomer product in chemical synthesis is superior. AC and BD are glucose overflow metabolites produced by biological fermentation from a variety of microorganisms. However, the AC or BD produced by microorganisms using glucose is typically a mixture of various stereoisomers. This was discovered to be due to the simultaneous presence of multiple butanediol dehydrogenases (BDHs) in microorganisms, and AC and BD can be interconverted under BDH catalysis. In this paper, beginning with the synthesis pathways of microbial AC and BD, we review in detail the studies on the formation mechanisms of different stereoisomers of AC and BD, summarize the properties of different types of BDH that have been tabulated, and analyze the structural characteristics and affinities of different types of BDH by comparing them using literature and biological database data. Using microorganisms, recent research on the production of optically pure AC or BD was also reviewed. Limiting factors and possible solutions for chiral AC and BD production are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiangying Zhao
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China.
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Mingjing Yao
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Wenli Yang
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yanlei Han
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang X, Deng H, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Highly efficient biosynthesis of spermidine from L-homoserine and putrescine using an engineered Escherichia coli with NADPH self-sufficient system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5479-5493. [PMID: 35931895 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine is an important polyamine that can be used for the synthesis of various bioactive compounds in the food and pharmaceutical fields. In this study, a novel efficient whole-cell biocatalytic method with an NADPH self-sufficient cycle for spermidine biosynthesis was designed and constructed by co-expressing homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD), carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase (CASDH), and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase (CASDC). First, the enzyme-substrate coupled cofactor regeneration system from co-expression of NADP+-dependent ScHSD and NADPH-dependent AfCASDH exactly provides an efficient method for cofactor cycling. Second, we identified and characterized a putative CASDC with high decarboxylase activity from Butyrivibrio crossotus DSM 2876; it showed an optimum temperature of 35 °C and an optimum pH of 7.0, which make it better suited for the designed synthetic route. Subsequently, the protein expression level of each enzyme was optimized through the variation of the gene copy number, and a whole-cell catalyst with high catalytic efficiency was constructed successfully. Finally, a yield of 28.6 mM of spermidine was produced in a 1-L scale of E. coli whole-cell catalytic system with a 95.3% molar conversion rate after optimization of temperature, the ratio of catalyst-to-substrate, and the amount of NADP+, and a productivity of 0.17 g·L-1·h-1 was achieved. In summary, this novel pathway of constructing a whole-cell catalytic system from L-homoserine and putrescine could provide a green alternative method for the efficient synthesis of spermidine. KEY POINTS: • A novel pathway for spermidine biosynthesis was developed in Escherichia coli. • The enzyme-substrate coupled system provides an NADPH self-sufficient cycle. • Spermidine with 28.6 mM was obtained using an optimized whole-cell system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1T, UK
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liang X, Deng H, Xiong T, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Overexpression and biochemical characterization of a carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase from Agrobacterium fabrum str. C58 and its application to carboxyspermidine production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3858-3868. [PMID: 34932223 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxyspermidine (C-Spd) is a potentially valuable polyamine carboxylate compound and an excellent building block for spermidine synthesis, which is a critical polyamine with significant implications for human health and longevity. C-Spd can also be used to prepare multivalent cationic lipids and modify nucleoside probes. Because of these positive effects on human health, C-Spd is of considerable interest as a food additive and pharmaceutical target. RESULTS A putative gene afcasdh from Agrobacterium fabrum str. C58, encoding carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase with C-Spd biosynthesis activity, was synthesized and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for overexpression. The recombinant AfCASDH was purified and fully characterized. The optimum temperature and pH for the recombinant enzyme were 30 °C and 7.5, respectively. The coupled catalytic strategy of AfCASDH and various NADPH regeneration systems were developed to enhance the efficient production of C-Spd compound. Finally, the maximum titer of C-Spd production successfully achieved 1.82 mmol L-1 with a yield of 91% by optimizing the catalytic conditions. CONCLUSION A novel AfCASDH from A. fabrum str. C58 was characterized that could catalyze the formation of C-Spd from putrescine and l-aspartate-β-semialdehyde (L-Asa). A whole-cell catalytic strategy coupled with NADPH regeneration was established successfully for C-Spd biosynthesis for the first time. The coupled system indicated that AfCASDH might provide a feasible method for the industrial production of C-Spd. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tianzhen Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cui Z, Wang Z, Zheng M, Chen T. Advances in biological production of acetoin: a comprehensive overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1135-1156. [PMID: 34806505 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1995319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetoin, a high-value-added bio-based platform chemical, is widely used in foods, cosmetics, agriculture, and the chemical industry. It is an important precursor for the synthesis of: 2,3-butanediol, liquid hydrocarbon fuels and heterocyclic compounds. Since the fossil resources are becoming increasingly scarce, biological production of acetoin has received increasing attention as an alternative to chemical synthesis. Although there are excellent reviews on the: application, catabolism and fermentative production of acetoin, little attention has been paid to acetoin production via: electrode-assisted fermentation, whole-cell biocatalysis, and in vitro/cell-free biocatalysis. In this review, acetoin biosynthesis pathways and relevant key enzymes are firstly reviewed. In addition, various strategies for biological acetoin production are summarized including: cell-free biocatalysis, whole-cell biocatalysis, microbial fermentation, and electrode-assisted fermentation. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are discussed and weighed, illustrating the increasing progress toward economical, green and efficient production of acetoin. Additionally, recent advances in acetoin extraction and recovery in downstream processing are also briefly reviewed. Moreover, the current issues and future prospects of diverse strategies for biological acetoin production are discussed, with the hope of realizing the promises of industrial acetoin biomanufacturing in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Subramanian V, Lunin VV, Farmer SJ, Alahuhta M, Moore KT, Ho A, Chaudhari YB, Zhang M, Himmel ME, Decker SR. Phylogenetics-based identification and characterization of a superior 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase for Zymomonas mobilis expression. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:186. [PMID: 33292448 PMCID: PMC7656694 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zymomonas mobilis has recently been shown to be capable of producing the valuable platform biochemical, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO). Despite this capability, the production of high titers of 2,3-BDO is restricted by several physiological parameters. One such bottleneck involves the conversion of acetoin to 2,3-BDO, a step catalyzed by 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh). Several Bdh enzymes have been successfully expressed in Z. mobilis, although a highly active enzyme is yet to be identified for expression in this host. Here, we report the application of a phylogenetic approach to identify and characterize a superior Bdh, followed by validation of its structural attributes using a mutagenesis approach. RESULTS Of the 11 distinct bdh genes that were expressed in Z. mobilis, crude extracts expressing Serratia marcescens Bdh (SmBdh) were found to have the highest activity (8.89 µmol/min/mg), when compared to other Bdh enzymes (0.34-2.87 µmol/min/mg). The SmBdh crystal structure was determined through crystallization with cofactor (NAD+) and substrate (acetoin) molecules bound in the active site. Active SmBdh was shown to be a tetramer with the active site populated by a Gln247 residue contributed by the diagonally opposite subunit. SmBdh showed a more extensive supporting hydrogen-bond network in comparison to the other well-studied Bdh enzymes, which enables improved substrate positioning and substrate specificity. This protein also contains a short α6 helix, which provides more efficient entry and exit of molecules from the active site, thereby contributing to enhanced substrate turnover. Extending the α6 helix to mimic the lower activity Enterobacter cloacae (EcBdh) enzyme resulted in reduction of SmBdh function to nearly 3% of the total activity. In great contrast, reduction of the corresponding α6 helix of the EcBdh to mimic the SmBdh structure resulted in ~ 70% increase in its activity. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that SmBdh is superior to other Bdhs for expression in Z. mobilis for 2,3-BDO production. SmBdh possesses unique structural features that confer biochemical advantage to this protein. While coordinated active site formation is a unique structural characteristic of this tetrameric complex, the smaller α6 helix and extended hydrogen network contribute towards improved activity and substrate promiscuity of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataramanan Subramanian
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Vladimir V Lunin
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Samuel J Farmer
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Markus Alahuhta
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kyle T Moore
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Angela Ho
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Yogesh B Chaudhari
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Min Zhang
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Stephen R Decker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan M, Kummer MJ, Milton RD, Quah T, Minteer SD. Efficient NADH Regeneration by a Redox Polymer-Immobilized Enzymatic System. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew J. Kummer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ross D. Milton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Timothy Quah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Erian AM, Gibisch M, Pflügl S. Engineered E. coli W enables efficient 2,3-butanediol production from glucose and sugar beet molasses using defined minimal medium as economic basis. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:190. [PMID: 30501633 PMCID: PMC6267845 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient microbial production of chemicals is often hindered by the cytotoxicity of the products or by the pathogenicity of the host strains. Hence 2,3-butanediol, an important drop-in chemical, is an interesting alternative target molecule for microbial synthesis since it is non-cytotoxic. Metabolic engineering of non-pathogenic and industrially relevant microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, have already yielded in promising 2,3-butanediol titers showing the potential of microbial synthesis of 2,3-butanediol. However, current microbial 2,3-butanediol production processes often rely on yeast extract as expensive additive, rendering these processes infeasible for industrial production. Results The aim of this study was to develop an efficient 2,3-butanediol production process with E. coli operating on the premise of using cost-effective medium without complex supplements, considering second generation feedstocks. Different gene donors and promoter fine-tuning allowed for construction of a potent E. coli strain for the production of 2,3-butanediol as important drop-in chemical. Pulsed fed-batch cultivations of E. coli W using microaerobic conditions showed high diol productivity of 4.5 g l−1 h−1. Optimizing oxygen supply and elimination of acetoin and by-product formation improved the 2,3-butanediol titer to 68 g l−1, 76% of the theoretical maximum yield, however, at the expense of productivity. Sugar beet molasses was tested as a potential substrate for industrial production of chemicals. Pulsed fed-batch cultivations produced 56 g l−1 2,3-butanediol, underlining the great potential of E. coli W as production organism for high value-added chemicals. Conclusion A potent 2,3-butanediol producing E. coli strain was generated by considering promoter fine-tuning to balance cell fitness and production capacity. For the first time, 2,3-butanediol production was achieved with promising titer, rate and yield and no acetoin formation from glucose in pulsed fed-batch cultivations using chemically defined medium without complex hydrolysates. Furthermore, versatility of E. coli W as production host was demonstrated by efficiently converting sucrose from sugar beet molasses into 2,3-butanediol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1038-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Erian
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gibisch
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Pflügl
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li JX, Huang YY, Chen XR, Du QS, Meng JZ, Xie NZ, Huang RB. Enhanced production of optical ( S)-acetoin by a recombinant Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst with NADH regeneration. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30512-30519. [PMID: 35546830 PMCID: PMC9085422 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetoin is an important platform chemical with a variety of applications in foods, cosmetics, chemical synthesis, and especially in the asymmetric synthesis of optically active pharmaceuticals. It is also a useful breath biomarker for early lung cancer diagnosis. In order to enhance production of optical (S)-acetoin and facilitate this building block for a series of chiral pharmaceuticals derivatives, we have developed a systematic approach using in situ-NADH regeneration systems and promising diacetyl reductase. Under optimal conditions, we have obtained 52.9 g L-1 of (S)-acetoin with an enantiomeric purity of 99.5% and a productivity of 6.2 g (L h)-1. The results reported in this study demonstrated that the production of (S)-acetoin could be effectively improved through the engineering of cofactor regeneration with promising diacetyl reductase. The systematic approach developed in this study could also be applied to synthesize other optically active α-hydroxy ketones, which may provide valuable benefits for the study of drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Life Science and Biotechnology College, Guangxi University 100 Daxue Road Nanning 530004 China
- State Key Laboratory of No-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for No-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of No-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for No-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China
| | - Xian-Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of No-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for No-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China
| | - Qi-Shi Du
- State Key Laboratory of No-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for No-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China
| | - Jian-Zong Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Life Science and Biotechnology College, Guangxi University 100 Daxue Road Nanning 530004 China
| | - Neng-Zhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of No-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for No-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China
| | - Ri-Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Life Science and Biotechnology College, Guangxi University 100 Daxue Road Nanning 530004 China
- State Key Laboratory of No-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for No-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Production of optically pure 2,3-butanediol from Miscanthus floridulus hydrolysate using engineered Bacillus licheniformis strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:66. [PMID: 29687256 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) can be produced by fermentation of natural resources like Miscanthus. Bacillus licheniformis mutants, WX-02ΔbudC and WX-02ΔgldA, were elucidated for the potential to use Miscanthus as a cost-effective biomass to produce optically pure 2,3-BD. Both WX-02ΔbudC and WX-02ΔgldA could efficiently use xylose as well as mixed sugars of glucose and xylose to produce optically pure 2,3-BD. Batch fermentation of M. floridulus hydrolysate could produce 21.6 g/L D-2,3-BD and 23.9 g/L meso-2,3-BD in flask, and 13.8 g/L D-2,3-BD and 13.2 g/L meso-2,3-BD in bioreactor for WX-02ΔbudC and WX-02ΔgldA, respectively. Further fed-batch fermentation of hydrolysate in bioreactor showed both of two strains could produce optically pure 2,3-BD, with 32.2 g/L D-2,3-BD for WX-02ΔbudC and 48.5 g/L meso-2,3-BD for WX-02ΔgldA, respectively. Collectively, WX-02ΔbudC and WX-02ΔgldA can efficiently produce optically pure 2,3-BD with M. floridulus hydrolysate, and these two strains are candidates for industrial production of optical purity of 2,3-BD with M. floridulus hydrolysate.
Collapse
|
13
|
Efficient (3S)-Acetoin and (2S,3S)-2,3-Butanediol Production from meso-2,3-Butanediol Using Whole-Cell Biocatalysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030691. [PMID: 29562693 PMCID: PMC6017632 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(3S)-Acetoin and (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol are important platform chemicals widely applied in the asymmetric synthesis of valuable chiral chemicals. However, their production by fermentative methods is difficult to perform. This study aimed to develop a whole-cell biocatalysis strategy for the production of (3S)-acetoin and (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol from meso-2,3-butanediol. First, E. coli co-expressing (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin was developed for (3S)-acetoin production from meso-2,3-butanediol. Maximum (3S)-acetoin concentration of 72.38 g/L with the stereoisomeric purity of 94.65% was achieved at 24 h under optimal conditions. Subsequently, we developed another biocatalyst co-expressing (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase for (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol production from (3S)-acetoin. Synchronous catalysis together with two biocatalysts afforded 38.41 g/L of (2S,3S)-butanediol with stereoisomeric purity of 98.03% from 40 g/L meso-2,3-butanediol. These results exhibited the potential for (3S)-acetoin and (2S,3S)-butanediol production from meso-2,3-butanediol as a substrate via whole-cell biocatalysis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rahman MS, Xu CC, Qin W. Exotic glycerol dehydrogenase expressing Escherichia coli increases yield of 2,3-butanediol. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
15
|
Xu Y, Xu C, Li X, Sun B, Eldin AA, Jia Y. A combinational optimization method for efficient synthesis of tetramethylpyrazine by the recombinant Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Shao M, Sha Z, Zhang X, Rao Z, Xu M, Yang T, Xu Z, Yang S. Efficient androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione production by co-expressing 3-ketosteroid-Δ 1 -dehydrogenase and catalase in Bacillus subtilis. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:119-128. [PMID: 27797429 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS 3-ketosteroid-Δ1 -dehydrogenase (KSDD), a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent enzyme involved in sterol metabolism, specifically catalyses the conversion of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD). However, the low KSDD activity and the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) generated during the biotransformation of AD to ADD with FAD regeneration hinder its application on AD conversion. The aim of this work was to improve KSDD activity and eliminate the toxic effects of the generated H2 O2 to enhance ADD production. METHODS AND RESULTS The ksdd gene obtained from Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12 was codon-optimized to increase its expression level in Bacillus subtilis, and the KSDD activity reached 12·3 U mg-1 , which was sevenfold of that of codon-unoptimized gene. To improve AD conversion, catalase was co-expressed with KSDD in B. subtilis 168/pMA5-ksddopt -katA to eliminate the toxic effects of H2 O2 generated during AD conversion. Finally, under optimized bioconversion conditions, fed-batch strategy was carried out and the ADD yield improved to 8·76 g l-1 . CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the potential to improve enzyme activity by codon-optimization and eliminate the toxic effects of H2 O2 by co-expressing catalase. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed the highest ADD productivity ever reported and provides a promising strain for efficient ADD production in the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shao
- Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Z Sha
- Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - X Zhang
- Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Z Rao
- Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - M Xu
- Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - T Yang
- Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Z Xu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - S Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Switch of metabolic status: redirecting metabolic flux for acetoin production from glycerol by activating a silent glycerol catabolism pathway. Metab Eng 2017; 39:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
18
|
Liu J, Solem C, Jensen PR. Integrating biocompatible chemistry and manipulating cofactor partitioning in metabolically engineered Lactococcus lactis for fermentative production of (3S)-acetoin. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2744-2748. [PMID: 27344975 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible chemistry (BC), that is, non-enzymatic chemical reactions compatible with living organisms, is increasingly used in conjunction with metabolically engineered microorganisms for producing compounds that do not usually occur naturally. Here we report production of one such compound, (3S)-acetoin, a valuable precursor for chiral synthesis, using a metabolically engineered Lactococcus lactis strain growing under respiratory conditions with ferric iron serving as a BC component. The strain used has all competing product pathways inactivated, and an appropriate cofactor balance is achieved by fine-tuning the respiratory capacity indirectly via the hemin concentration. We achieve high-level (3S)-acetoin production with a final titer of 66 mM (5.8 g/L) and a high yield (71% of the theoretical maximum). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing production of (3S)-acetoin from sugar by microbial fermentation, and the results obtained confirm the potential that lies with BC for producing useful chemicals. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2744-2748. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Peter Ruhdal Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu J, Chan SHJ, Brock-Nannestad T, Chen J, Lee SY, Solem C, Jensen PR. Combining metabolic engineering and biocompatible chemistry for high-yield production of homo-diacetyl and homo-(S,S)-2,3-butanediol. Metab Eng 2016; 36:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Sun X, Shen X, Jain R, Lin Y, Wang J, Sun J, Wang J, Yan Y, Yuan Q. Synthesis of chemicals by metabolic engineering of microbes. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:3760-85. [PMID: 25940754 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is a powerful tool for the sustainable production of chemicals. Over the years, the exploration of microbial, animal and plant metabolism has generated a wealth of valuable genetic information. The prudent application of this knowledge on cellular metabolism and biochemistry has enabled the construction of novel metabolic pathways that do not exist in nature or enhance existing ones. The hand in hand development of computational technology, protein science and genetic manipulation tools has formed the basis of powerful emerging technologies that make the production of green chemicals and fuels a reality. Microbial production of chemicals is more feasible compared to plant and animal systems, due to simpler genetic make-up and amenable growth rates. Here, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of biofuels, value added chemicals, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals via metabolic engineering of microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15#, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang L, Guo Z, Chen J, Xu Q, Lin H, Hu K, Guan X, Shen Y. Mechanism of 2,3-butanediol stereoisomers formation in a newly isolated Serratia sp. T241. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19257. [PMID: 26753612 PMCID: PMC4709696 DOI: 10.1038/srep19257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia sp. T241, a newly isolated xylose-utilizing strain, produced three 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) stereoisomers. In this study, three 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenases (BDH1-3) and one glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) involved in 2,3-BD isomers formation by Serratia sp. T241 were identified. In vitro conversion showed BDH1 and BDH2 could catalyzed (3S)-acetoin and (3R)-acetoin into (2S,3S)-2,3-BD and meso-2,3-BD, while BDH3 and GDH exhibited the activities from (3S)-acetoin and (3R)-acetoin to meso-2,3-BD and (2R,3R)-2,3-BD. Four encoding genes were assembled into E. coli with budA (acetolactate decarboxylase) and budB (acetolactate synthase), responsible for converting pyruvate into acetoin. E. coli expressing budAB-bdh1/2 produced meso-2,3-BD and (2S,3S)-2,3-BD. Correspondingly, (2R,3R)-2,3-BD and meso-2,3-BD were obtained by E. coli expressing budAB-bdh3/gdh. These results suggested four enzymes might contribute to 2,3-BD isomers formation. Mutants of four genes were developed in Serratia sp. T241. Δbdh1 led to reduced concentration of meso-2,3-BD and (2S,3S)-2,3-BD by 97.7% and 87.9%. (2R,3R)-2,3-BD with a loss of 73.3% was produced by Δbdh3. Enzyme activity assays showed the decrease of 98.4% and 22.4% by Δbdh1 and Δbdh3 compared with the wild strain. It suggested BDH1 and BDH3 played important roles in 2,3-BD formation, BDH2 and GDH have small effects on 2,3-BD production by Serratia sp. T241.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liaoyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuZhou, Fujian province, 350002, PR China
| | - Zewang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuZhou, Fujian province, 350002, PR China
| | - Jiebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuZhou, Fujian province, 350002, PR China
| | - Quanming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuZhou, Fujian province, 350002, PR China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuZhou, Fujian province, 350002, PR China
| | - Kaihui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuZhou, Fujian province, 350002, PR China
| | - Xiong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuZhou, Fujian province, 350002, PR China
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qiu Y, Zhang J, Li L, Wen Z, Nomura CT, Wu S, Chen S. Engineering Bacillus licheniformis for the production of meso-2,3-butanediol. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:117. [PMID: 27257436 PMCID: PMC4890260 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD) can be used as a liquid fuel additive to replace petroleum oil, and as an important platform chemical in the pharmaceutical and plastic industries. Microbial production of 2,3-BD by Bacillus licheniformis presents potential advantages due to its GRAS status, but previous attempts to use this microorganism as a chassis strain resulted in the production of a mix of D-2,3-BD and meso-2,3-BD isomers. RESULTS The aim of this work was to develop an engineered strain of B. licheniformis suited to produce the high titers of the pure meso-2,3-BD isomer. Glycerol dehydrogenase (Gdh) was identified as the catalyst for D-2,3-BD biosynthesis from its precursor acetoin in B. licheniformis. The gdh gene was, therefore, deleted from the wild-type strain WX-02 to inhibit the flux of acetoin to D-2,3-BD biosynthesis. The acoR gene involved in acetoin degradation through AoDH ES was also deleted to provide adequate flux from acetoin towards meso-2,3-BD. By re-directing the carbon flux distribution, the double-deletion mutant WX-02ΔgdhΔacoR produced 28.2 g/L of meso-2,3-BD isomer with >99 % purity. The titer was 50 % higher than that of the wide type. A bench-scale fermentation by the double-deletion mutant was developed to further improve meso-2,3-BD production. In a fed-batch fermentation, meso-2,3-BD titer reached 98.0 g/L with a purity of >99.0 % and a productivity of 0.94 g/L-h. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the potential of producing meso-2,3-BD with high titer and purity through metabolic engineering of B. licheniformis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Qiu
- />Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
- />Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Lu Li
- />State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- />College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- />Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Christopher T. Nomura
- />Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
- />Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY ESF), Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Shuilin Wu
- />Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- />Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang S, Mohagheghi A, Franden MA, Chou YC, Chen X, Dowe N, Himmel ME, Zhang M. Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:189. [PMID: 27594916 PMCID: PMC5010730 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop pathways for advanced biofuel production, and to understand the impact of host metabolism and environmental conditions on heterologous pathway engineering for economic advanced biofuels production from biomass, we seek to redirect the carbon flow of the model ethanologen Zymomonas mobilis to produce desirable hydrocarbon intermediate 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO). 2,3-BDO is a bulk chemical building block, and can be upgraded in high yields to gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. RESULTS 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathways from various bacterial species were examined, which include three genes encoding acetolactate synthase, acetolactate decarboxylase, and butanediol dehydrogenase. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to pinpoint potential bottlenecks for high 2,3-BDO production. Different combinations of 2,3-BDO biosynthesis metabolic pathways using genes from different bacterial species have been constructed. Our results demonstrated that carbon flux can be deviated from ethanol production into 2,3-BDO biosynthesis, and all three heterologous genes are essential to efficiently redirect pyruvate from ethanol production for high 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. The down-selection of best gene combinations up to now enabled Z. mobilis to reach the 2,3-BDO production of more than 10 g/L from glucose and xylose, as well as mixed C6/C5 sugar streams derived from the deacetylation and mechanical refining process. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the value of integrating bioinformatics analysis and systems biology data during metabolic engineering endeavors, provides guidance for value-added chemical production in Z. mobilis, and reveals the interactions between host metabolism, oxygen levels, and a heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway. Taken together, this work provides guidance for future metabolic engineering efforts aimed at boosting 2,3-BDO titer anaerobically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Yang
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 80401 USA
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Ali Mohagheghi
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 80401 USA
| | - Mary Ann Franden
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 80401 USA
| | - Yat-Chen Chou
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 80401 USA
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 80401 USA
| | - Nancy Dowe
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 80401 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Min Zhang
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, 80401 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stankevičiūtė J, Kutanovas S, Rutkienė R, Tauraitė D, Striela R, Meškys R. Ketoreductase TpdE from Rhodococcus jostii TMP1: characterization and application in the synthesis of chiral alcohols. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1387. [PMID: 26587349 PMCID: PMC4647570 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Production of highly pure enantiomers of vicinal diols is desirable, but difficult to achieve. Enantiomerically pure diols and acyloins are valuable bulk chemicals, promising synthones and potential building blocks for chiral polymers. Enzymatic reduction of ketones is a useful technique for the synthesis of the desired enantiomeric alcohols. Here, we report on the characterization of a ketoreductase TpdE from Rhodococcus jostii TMP1 that is a prospective tool for the synthesis of such compounds. Results. In this study, NADPH-dependent short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase TpdE from Rhodococcus jostii TMP1 was characterized. The enzyme exhibited broad substrate specificity towards aliphatic 2,3-diketones, butan-3-one-2-yl alkanoates, as well as acetoin and its acylated derivatives. TpdE stereospecifically reduced α-diketones to the corresponding diols. The GC-MS analysis of the reduction products of 2,3- and 3,4-diketones indicated that TpdE is capable of reducing both keto groups in its substrate leading to the formation of two new chiral atoms in the product molecule. Bioconversions of diketones to corresponding diols occurred using either purified enzyme or a whole-cell Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) biocatalyst harbouring recombinant TpdE. The optimum temperature and pH were determined to be 30–35 °C and 7.5, respectively. Conclusions. The broad substrate specificity and stereoselectivity of TpdE from Rhodococcus jostii TMP1 make it a promising biocatalyst for the production of enantiomerically pure diols that are difficult to obtain by chemical routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonita Stankevičiūtė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Simonas Kutanovas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Rasa Rutkienė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Daiva Tauraitė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Striela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao X, Zhang X, Rao Z, Bao T, Li X, Xu M, Yang T, Yang S. Identification and characterization of a novel 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase/acetoin reductase from Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA5-5. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:573-9. [PMID: 26393961 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acetoin and 2,3-butanediol are widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The enzyme, 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase/acetoin reductase (2,3-BDH/AR), plays a significant role in the microbial production of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol by catalysing a reversible reaction between acetoin and 2,3-butanediol. To date, a 2,3-BDH has not been characterized from Corynebacterium crenatum. 2,3-BDH was cloned from Coryne. crenatum SYPA5-5 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Sequence analysis suggested that the 2,3-BDH from Coryne. crenatum SYPA5-5 belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Its maximum specific activity was obtained at 35°C, however, it became very unstable when the temperature was above 35°C. Its optimal pH was 4·0 for reduction reaction and 10·0 for oxidation reaction. The 2,3-BDH activity was increased to some extent by Ca(2+) , Mg(2+) , Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) ions. In particular, Ca(2+) induced about 1·5-fold increase. The value of kcat /Km for diacetyl and acetoin are higher than for 2,3-butanediol indicating that 2,3-BDH can easily reduce diacetyl or acetoin to 2,3-butanediol under lower pH conditions. The characteristics of 2,3-BDH from Coryne. crenatum SYPA5-5 will give guide to further studies for the production of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol with engineered Coryne. crenatum SYPA5-5. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Acetoin and 2,3-butanediol are commonly used as platform chemicals and widely used in pharmaceutical industries. 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase/acetoin reductase (2,3-BDH/AR) plays a significant role in the microbial production of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol. In this study, 2,3-BDH was cloned from Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA5-5, was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and characterized with respect to the optimal temperature, pH, substrate specificity and kinetics. The results will guide further studies in Coryne. crenatum SYPA5-5 for the production of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Bao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - M Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tan Y, Liu ZY, Liu Z, Li FL. Characterization of an acetoin reductase/2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Clostridium ljungdahlii DSM 13528. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 79-80:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
27
|
Xu GC, Bian YQ, Han RZ, Dong JJ, Ni Y. Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of budC Gene Encoding meso-2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase from Bacillus licheniformis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:604-17. [PMID: 26494135 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The budC gene encoding a meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (BlBDH) from Bacillus licheniformis was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Sequence analysis reveals that this BlBDH belongs to short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. In the presence of NADH, BlBDH catalyzes the reduction of diacetyl to (3S)-acetoin (97.3% ee), and further to (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol (97.3% ee and 96.5% de). Similar to other meso-2,3-BDHs, it shows oxidative activity to racemic 2,3-butanediol whereas no activity toward racemic acetoin in the presence of NAD(+). For diacetyl reduction and 2,3-butanediol oxidation, the pH optimum of BlBDH is 5.0 and 10.0, respectively. Unusually, it shows relatively high activity over a wide pH range from 5.0 to 8.0 for racemic acetoin reduction. BlBDH shows lower K m and higher catalytic efficiency toward racemic acetoin (K m = 0.47 mM, k cat /K m = 432 s(-1)·mM(-1)) when compared with 2,3-butanediol (K m = 7.25 mM, k cat /K m = 81.5 s(-1)·mM(-1)), indicating its physiological role in favor of reducing racemic acetoin into 2,3-butanediol. The enzymatic characterization of BlBDH provides evidence for the directed engineering of B. licheniformis for producing enantiopure 2,3-butanediol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Qian Bian
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui-Zhi Han
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Jun Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zheng Z, Zhao M, Zang Y, Zhou Y, Ouyang J. Production of optically pure L-phenyllactic acid by using engineered Escherichia coli coexpressing L-lactate dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. J Biotechnol 2015; 207:47-51. [PMID: 26008622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
L-Phenyllactic acid (L-PLA) is a novel antiseptic agent with broad and effective antimicrobial activity. In addition, L-PLA has been used for synthesis of poly(phenyllactic acid)s, which exhibits better mechanical properties than poly(lactic acid)s. However, the concentration and optical purity of L-PLA produced by native microbes was rather low. An NAD-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-nLDH) from Bacillus coagulans NL01 was confirmed to have a good ability to produce L-PLA from phenylpyruvic acid (PPA). In the present study, l-nLDH gene and formate dehydrogenase gene were heterologously coexpressed in Escherichia coli. Through two coupled reactions, 79.6mM l-PLA was produced from 82.8mM PPA in 40min and the enantiomeric excess value of L-PLA was high (>99%). Therefore, this process suggested a promising alternative for the production of chiral l-PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojuan Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Engineered Serratia marcescens for efficient (3R)-acetoin and (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:779-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
(3R)-Acetoin and (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol are important pharmaceutical intermediates. However, until now, the quantity of natural microorganisms with the ability to produce single configuration of optically pure (3R)-acetoin and (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol is rare. In this study, a meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase encoded by the slaC gene from Serratia marcescens MG1 was identified for meso-2,3-butanediol and (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis. Inactivation of the slaC gene could significantly decrease meso-2,3-butanediol and (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol and result in a large quantity of (3R)-acetoin accumulation. Furthermore, a (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase encoded by the bdhA gene from Bacillus subtilis 168 was introduced into the slaC mutant strain of Serratia marcescens MG1. Excess (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase could accelerate the reaction from (3R)-acetoin to (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol and lead to (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol accumulation. In fed-batch fermentation, the excess (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase expression strain could produce 89.81 g/l (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol with a productivity of 1.91 g/l/h at 48 h. These results provided potential applications for (3R)-acetoin and (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol production.
Collapse
|
30
|
Characterization of a (2R,3R)-2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010. Molecules 2015; 20:7156-73. [PMID: 25903366 PMCID: PMC6272300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20047156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding a (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010 (ReBDH) was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant ReBDH was successfully purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. The purified ReBDH in the native form was found to exist as a monomer with a calculated subunit size of 37180, belonging to the family of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases. The enzyme was NAD(H)-specific and its optimal activity for acetoin reduction was observed at pH 6.5 and 55 °C. The optimal pH and temperature for 2,3-butanediol oxidation were pH 10 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or metal ions Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ and Ag+, while the addition of 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the reaction mixture increased the activity by 161.2%. Kinetic parameters of the enzyme showed lower Km values and higher catalytic efficiency for diacetyl and NADH in comparison to those for (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol and NAD+. The activity of acetoin reduction was 7.7 times higher than that of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol oxidation when ReBDH was assayed at pH 7.0, suggesting that ReBDH-catalyzed reaction in vivo might favor (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol formation rather than (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol oxidation. The enzyme displayed absolute stereospecificity in the reduction of diacetyl to (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol via (R)-acetoin, demonstrating its potential application on the synthesis of (R)-chiral alcohols.
Collapse
|
31
|
Metabolic engineering of Enterobacter cloacae for high-yield production of enantiopure (2 R ,3 R )-2,3-butanediol from lignocellulose-derived sugars. Metab Eng 2015; 28:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
32
|
Microbial Cell Factories for Diol Production. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 155:165-97. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
33
|
Chu H, Xin B, Liu P, Wang Y, Li L, Liu X, Zhang X, Ma C, Xu P, Gao C. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of (2S,3S)-butane-2,3-diol from glucose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:143. [PMID: 26379775 PMCID: PMC4570510 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD) is a fuel and platform biochemical with various industrial applications. 2,3-BD exists in three stereoisomeric forms: (2R,3R)-2,3-BD, meso-2,3-BD and (2S,3S)-2,3-BD. Microbial fermentative processes have been reported for (2R,3R)-2,3-BD and meso-2,3-BD production. RESULTS The production of (2S,3S)-2,3-BD from glucose was acquired by whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli coexpressing the α-acetolactate synthase and meso-butane-2,3-diol dehydrogenase of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens strain SDM. An optimal biocatalyst for (2S,3S)-2,3-BD production, E. coli BL21 (pETDuet-PT7-budB-PT7-budC), was constructed and the bioconversion conditions were optimized. With the addition of 10 mM FeCl3 in the bioconversion system, (2S,3S)-2,3-BD at a concentration of 2.2 g/L was obtained with a stereoisomeric purity of 95.0 % using the metabolically engineered strain from glucose. CONCLUSIONS The engineered E. coli strain is the first one that can be used in the direct production of (2S,3S)-2,3-BD from glucose. The results demonstrated that the method developed here would be a promising process for efficient (2S,3S)-2,3-BD production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Chu
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Xin
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peihai Liu
- />Rizhao Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Rizhao, 276800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Li
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rauter M, Prokoph A, Kasprzak J, Becker K, Baronian K, Bode R, Kunze G, Vorbrodt HM. Coexpression of Lactobacillus brevis ADH with GDH or G6PDH in Arxula adeninivorans for the synthesis of 1-(R)-phenylethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:4723-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
35
|
Park JM, Hong WK, Lee SM, Heo SY, Jung YR, Kang IY, Oh BR, Seo JW, Kim CH. Identification and characterization of a short-chain acyl dehydrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae and its application for high-level production of L-2,3-butanediol. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1425-33. [PMID: 25037723 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae synthesize large amounts of L-2,3-butanediol (L-2,3-BD), but the underlying mechanism has been unknown. In this study, we provide the first identification and characterization of an L-2,3-BD dehydrogenase from K. pneumoniae, demonstrating its reductive activities toward diacetyl and acetoin, and oxidative activity toward L-2,3-BD. Optimum pH, temperature, and kinetics determined for reductive and oxidative reactions support the preferential production of 2,3-BD during cell growth. Synthesis of L-2,3-BD was remarkably enhanced by increasing gene dosage, reaching levels that, to the best of our knowledge, are the highest achieved to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang Min Park
- Biorefinery Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, KRIBB, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Efficient whole-cell biocatalyst for acetoin production with NAD+ regeneration system through homologous co-expression of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase in engineered Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102951. [PMID: 25036158 PMCID: PMC4103878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone), an extensively-used food spice and bio-based platform chemical, is usually produced by chemical synthesis methods. With increasingly requirement of food security and environmental protection, bio-fermentation of acetoin by microorganisms has a great promising market. However, through metabolic engineering strategies, the mixed acid-butanediol fermentation metabolizes a certain portion of substrate to the by-products of organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid, which causes energy cost and increases the difficulty of product purification in downstream processes. In this work, due to the high efficiency of enzymatic reaction and excellent selectivity, a strategy for efficiently converting 2,3-butandiol to acetoin using whole-cell biocatalyst by engineered Bacillus subtilis is proposed. In this process, NAD+ plays a significant role on 2,3-butanediol and acetoin distribution, so the NADH oxidase and 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase both from B. subtilis are co-expressed in B. subtilis 168 to construct an NAD+ regeneration system, which forces dramatic decrease of the intracellular NADH concentration (1.6 fold) and NADH/NAD+ ratio (2.2 fold). By optimization of the enzymatic reaction and applying repeated batch conversion, the whole-cell biocatalyst efficiently produced 91.8 g/L acetoin with a productivity of 2.30 g/(L·h), which was the highest record ever reported by biocatalysis. This work indicated that manipulation of the intracellular cofactor levels was more effective than the strategy of enhancing enzyme activity, and the bioprocess for NAD+ regeneration may also be a useful way for improving the productivity of NAD+-dependent chemistry-based products.
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang Y, Li L, Ma C, Gao C, Tao F, Xu P. Engineering of cofactor regeneration enhances (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol production from diacetyl. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2643. [PMID: 24025762 PMCID: PMC3770961 DOI: 10.1038/srep02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
(2S,3S)-2,3-Butanediol ((2S,3S)-2,3-BD) is a potentially valuable liquid fuel and an excellent building block in asymmetric synthesis. In this study, cofactor engineering was applied to improve the efficiency of (2S,3S)-2,3-BD production and simplify the product purification. Two NADH regeneration enzymes, glucose dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase (FDH), were introduced into Escherichia coli with 2,3-BD dehydrogenase, respectively. Introduction of FDH resulted in higher (2S,3S)-2,3-BD concentration, productivity and yield from diacetyl, and large increase in the intracellular NADH concentration. In fed-batch bioconversion, the final titer, productivity and yield of (2S,3S)-2,3-BD on diacetyl reached 31.7 g/L, 2.3 g/(L·h) and 89.8%, the highest level of (2S,3S)-2,3-BD production thus far. Moreover, cosubstrate formate was almost totally converted to carbon dioxide and no organic acids were produced. The biocatalytic process presented should be a promising route for biotechnological production of NADH-dependent microbial metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China [2] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu Y, Chu H, Gao C, Tao F, Zhou Z, Li K, Li L, Ma C, Xu P. Systematic metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-yield production of fuel bio-chemical 2,3-butanediol. Metab Eng 2014; 23:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
39
|
Pai O, Banoth L, Ghosh S, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Biotransformation of 3-cyanopyridine to nicotinic acid by free and immobilized cells of recombinant Escherichia coli. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Duan H, Sun D, Yamada Y, Sato S. Dehydration of 2,3-butanediol into 3-buten-2-ol catalyzed by ZrO2. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
41
|
Chen C, Wei D, Shi J, Wang M, Hao J. Mechanism of 2,3-butanediol stereoisomer formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4603-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
Qi G, Kang Y, Li L, Xiao A, Zhang S, Wen Z, Xu D, Chen S. Deletion of meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene budC for enhanced D-2,3-butanediol production in Bacillus licheniformis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:16. [PMID: 24475980 PMCID: PMC3909405 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-2,3-butanediol has many industrial applications such as chiral reagents, solvents, anti-freeze agents, and low freezing point fuels. Traditional D-2,3-butanediol producing microorganisms, such as Klebsiella pneumonia and K. xoytoca, are pathogenic and not capable of producing D-2,3-butanediol at high optical purity. Bacillus licheniformis is a potential 2,3-butanediol producer but the wild type strain (WX-02) produces a mix of D- and meso-type isomers. BudC in B. licheniformis is annotated as 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase or acetoin reductase, but no pervious experiment was performed to verify this hypothesis. RESULTS We developed a genetically modified strain of B. licheniformis (WX-02 ΔbudC) as a D-2,3-butanediol producer with high optimal purity. A marker-less gene deletion protocol based on a temperature sensitive knock-out plasmid T2-Ori was used to knock out the budC gene in B. licheniformis WX-02. The budC knock-out strain successfully abolished meso-2,3-butanediol production with enhanced D-2,3-butanediol production. No meso-BDH activity was detectable in cells of this strain. On the other hand, the complementary strain restored the characteristics of wild strain, and produced meso-2,3-butanediol and possessed meso-BDH activity. All of these data suggested that budC encoded the major meso-BDH catalyzing the reversible reaction from acetoin to meso-2,3-butanediol in B. licheniformis. The budC knock-out strain produced D-2,3-butanediol isomer only with a high yield of 30.76 g/L and a productivity of 1.28 g/L-h. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the hypothesis that budC gene is responsible to reversibly transfer acetoin to meso-2,3-butanediol in B. licheniformis. A mutant strain of B. licheniformis with depleted budC gene was successfully developed and produced high level of the D-2,3-butanediol with high optimal purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaofu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanfang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aifang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dihong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang Y, Tao F, Xu P. Glycerol dehydrogenase plays a dual role in glycerol metabolism and 2,3-butanediol formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6080-90. [PMID: 24429283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) is an important polyol dehydrogenase for glycerol metabolism in diverse microorganisms and for value-added utilization of glycerol in the industry. Two GDHs from Klebsiella pneumoniae, DhaD and GldA, were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized for substrate specificity and kinetic parameters. Both DhaD and GldA could catalyze the interconversion of (3R)-acetoin/(2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol or (3S)-acetoin/meso-2,3-butanediol, in addition to glycerol oxidation. Although purified GldA appeared more active than DhaD, in vivo inactivation and quantitation of their respective mRNAs indicate that dhaD is highly induced by glycerol and plays a dual role in glycerol metabolism and 2,3-butanediol formation. Complementation in K. pneumoniae further confirmed the dual role of DhaD. Promiscuity of DhaD may have vital physiological consequences for K. pneumoniae growing on glycerol, which include balancing the intracellular NADH/NAD(+) ratio, preventing acidification, and storing carbon and energy. According to the kinetic response of DhaD to modified NADH concentrations, DhaD appears to show positive homotropic interaction with NADH, suggesting that the physiological role could be regulated by intracellular NADH levels. The co-existence of two functional GDH enzymes might be due to a gene duplication event. We propose that whereas DhaD is specialized for glycerol utilization, GldA plays a role in backup compensation and can turn into a more proficient catalyst to promote a survival advantage to the organism. Revelation of the dual role of DhaD could further the understanding of mechanisms responsible for enzyme evolution through promiscuity, and guide metabolic engineering methods of glycerol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li L, Zhang L, Li K, Wang Y, Gao C, Han B, Ma C, Xu P. A newly isolated Bacillus licheniformis strain thermophilically produces 2,3-butanediol, a platform and fuel bio-chemical. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:123. [PMID: 23981315 PMCID: PMC3766113 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BD), a platform and fuel bio-chemical, can be efficiently produced by Klebsiella pneumonia, K. oxytoca, and Serratia marcescens. However, these strains are opportunistic pathogens and not favorable for industrial application. Although some generally regarded as safe (GRAS) microorganisms have been isolated in recent years, there is still a demand for safe 2,3-BD producing strains with high productivity and yield under thermophilic fermentation. RESULTS Bacillus licheniformis strain 10-1-A was newly isolated for 2,3-BD production. The optimum temperature and medium pH were 50°C and pH 7.0 for 2,3-BD production by strain 10-1-A. The medium composition was optimized through Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology techniques. With a two-stage agitation speed control strategy, 115.7 g/L of 2,3-BD was obtained from glucose by fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor with a high productivity (2.4 g/L·h) and yield (94% of its theoretical value). The 2,3-BD produced by strain 10-1-A comprises (2R,3R)-2,3-BD and meso-2,3-BD with a ratio of nearly 1:1. The bdh and gdh genes encoding meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (meso-BDH) and glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) of strain 10-1-A were expressed in Escherichia coli and the proteins were purified. meso-2,3-BD and (2R,3R)-2,3-BD were transformed from racemic acetoin by meso-BDH and GDH with NADH, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the reported GRAS 2,3-BD producers, B. licheniformis 10-1-A could thermophilically produce 2,3-BD with a high concentration, productivity and yield. Thus, the newly isolated GRAS strain 10-1-A might be a promising strain for industrial production of 2,3-BD. Two key enzymes for meso-2,3-BD and (2R,3R)-2,3-BD production were purified and further studied, and this might be helpful to understand the mechanism for 2,3-BD stereoisomers forming in B. licheniformis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gao J, Xu YY, Li FW, Ding G. Production of S-acetoin from diacetyl by Escherichia coli transformant cells that express the diacetyl reductase gene of Paenibacillus polymyxa ZJ-9. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:274-81. [PMID: 23701367 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED S-acetoin (S-AC) is an important four-carbon chiral compound that has unique industrial applications in the asymmetric synthesis of valuable chiral specialty chemicals. However, previous studies showed that the usually low yield and optical purity of S-AC as well as the very high substrate cost have hindered the application of this compound. In the current work, a gene encoding diacetyl reductase (DAR) from a Paenibacillus polymyxa strain ZJ-9 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Whole cells of the recombinant E. coli were used to produce S-AC from diacetyl (DA). Under optimal conditions, S-AC with high optical purity (purity >99·9%) was obtained with a yield of 13·5 ± 0·24 and 39·4 ± 0·38 g l(-1) under batch and fed-batch culture conditions, respectively. This process featured the biotransformation of DA into S-AC using whole cells of engineered E. coli. The result is a considerable increase in the yield and optical purity of S-AC, which in turn facilitated the practical application of the compound. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrated a highly efficient new method to produce S-acetoin with higher than 99·9% optical purity from diacetyl using whole cells of engineered Escherichia coli. It will therefore decrease the production cost of S-acetoin and highlight its application in asymmetric synthesis of highly valuable chiral compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gao
- Schol of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gao C, Zhang L, Xie Y, Hu C, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang Y, Ma C, Xu P. Production of (3S)-acetoin from diacetyl by using stereoselective NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:111-5. [PMID: 23587814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Production of (3S)-acetoin ((3S)-AC), an important platform chemical, is desirable but difficult to perform. An NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase (Gox0644) from Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2003 was confirmed to have a good ability to reduce diacetyl (DA) to produce (3S)-AC. In this work, the NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase was expressed and purified. Glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis 168 was coupled with the NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase to produce (3S)-AC from DA. Under the optimal conditions, 12.2 g l(-1) (3S)-AC was produced from 14.3 g l(-1) DA in 75 min. Because DA can be biotechnological produced, the two-enzymes coupling system might be a promising alternative for the (3S)-AC production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang Z, Song Q, Yu M, Wang Y, Xiong B, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Ying X. Characterization of a stereospecific acetoin(diacetyl) reductase from Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010 and its application for the synthesis of (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:641-50. [PMID: 23568047 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010 was capable of producing optically pure (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol in alcoholic fermentation. The gene encoding an acetoin(diacetyl) reductase from R. erythropolis WZ010 (ReADR) was cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and subsequently purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. ReADR in the native form appeared to be a homodimer with a calculated subunit size of 26,864, belonging to the family of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases. The enzyme accepted a broad range of substrates including aliphatic and aryl alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. It exhibited remarkable tolerance to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retained 53.6 % of the initial activity after 4 h incubation with 30 % (v/v) DMSO. The enzyme displayed absolute stereospecificity in the reduction of diacetyl to (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol via (S)-acetoin. The optimal pH and temperature for diacetyl reduction were pH 7.0 and 30 °C, whereas those for (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol oxidation were pH 9.5 and 25 °C. Under the optimized conditions, the activity of diacetyl reduction was 11.9-fold higher than that of (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol oxidation. Kinetic parameters of the enzyme showed lower K(m) values and higher catalytic efficiency for diacetyl and NADH in comparison to those for (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol and NAD⁺, suggesting its physiological role in favor of (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol formation. Interestingly, the enzyme showed higher catalytic efficiency for (S)-1-phenylethanol oxidation than that for acetophenone reduction. ReADR-catalyzed asymmetric reduction of diacetyl was coupled with stereoselective oxidation of 1-phenylethanol, which simultaneously formed both (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol and (R)-1-phenylethanol in great conversions and enantiomeric excess values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Genome sequences of two thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis strains, efficient producers of platform chemical 2,3-butanediol. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:4133-4. [PMID: 22815449 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00768-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Bacillus licheniformis strains 10-1-A and 5-2-D are efficient producers of 2,3-butanediol. Here we present 4.3-Mb and 4.2-Mb assemblies of their genomes. The key genes for the regulation and metabolism of 2,3-butanediol production were annotated, which may provide further insights into the molecular mechanism for the production of 2,3-butanediol with high yield and productivity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Synthesis of Pure meso-2,3-Butanediol from Crude Glycerol Using an Engineered Metabolic Pathway in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1801-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
50
|
Genome sequence of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens SDM, an efficient biomass-utilizing producer of platform chemical 2,3-butanediol. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:897-8. [PMID: 22275097 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06495-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens SDM has an extraordinary characteristic of biomass utilization for 2,3-butanediol production. Here we present a 4.9-Mb assembly of its genome. The key genes for regulation and metabolism of 2,3-butanediol production were annotated, which could provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of high-yield production of 2,3-butanediol.
Collapse
|