1
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Saravanan P, Rajeswari S, Divyabaskaran, López-Maldonado EA, Rajeshkannan R, Viswanathan S. Recent developments on sustainable biobutanol production: a novel integrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:46858-46876. [PMID: 38981967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Renewable and sustainable biofuel production, such as biobutanol, is becoming increasingly popular as a substitute for non-renewable and depleted petrol fuel. Many researchers have studied how to produce butanol cheaply by considering appropriate feedstock materials and bioprocess technologies. The production of biobutanol through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) is highly sought after around the world because of its sustainable supply and lack of competition with food. The purpose of this study is to present the current biobutanol production research and to analyse the biobutanol research conducted during 2006 to 2023. The keyword used in this study is "Biobutanol," and the relevant data was extracted from the Web of Science database (WoS). According to the results, institutions and scholars from the People's Republic of China, the USA, and India have the highest number of cited papers across a broad spectrum of topics including acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation, biobutanol, various pretreatment techniques, and pervaporation. The success of biobutanol fermentation from biomass depends on the ability of the fermentation operation to match the microbial behaviour along with the appropriate bioprocessing strategies to improve the entire process to be suitable for industrial scale. Based on the review data, we will look at the biobutanol technologies and appropriate strategies that have been developed to improve biobutanol production from renewable biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchamoorthy Saravanan
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, Anna University, UCE-BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Rajeswari
- Department in the Library, Anna University, Tamil Nadu, UCE-BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Divyabaskaran
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, 22424, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Rajan Rajeshkannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, 608001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Viswanathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, 608001, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation Phenomenological Models for Process Studies: Parameter Estimation and Multi-Response Model Reduction with Statistical Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A phenomenological multi-response multi-parameter Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol fermentation dynamic model is developed and calibrated for fermentation process studies. The model was constructed based on other models reported in the literature and was calibrated with a maximum likelihood parameter estimation over Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol fermentation experimental data from the literature. After parameter estimation, a rigorous statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate standard deviations of estimated parameters and predicted responses as well as their respective 95% probability confidence intervals for correct parameters and responses. The significance of parameters was assessed via a Fisher’s F test. From the Base-Model with 17 parameters, a tight, more compact, Reduced-Model was developed with 9 highly significant parameters after deleting 8 nonsignificant parameters from the Base-Model and re-estimating the remaining 9 parameters. This Reduced-Model showed good adherence to the experimental data and had better performance comparatively relative to the Base-Model with 17 parameters using two different inhibition functions reported in the literature. The Reduced-Model is sufficiently good for preliminary engineering and economic assessments of ABE fermentation processes.
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3
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Vamsi Krishna K, Bharathi N, George Shiju S, Alagesan Paari K, Malaviya A. An updated review on advancement in fermentative production strategies for biobutanol using Clostridium spp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47988-48019. [PMID: 35562606 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A significant concern of our fuel-dependent era is the unceasing exhaustion of petroleum fuel supplies. In parallel to this, environmental issues such as the greenhouse effect, change in global climate, and increasing global temperature must be addressed on a priority basis. Biobutanol, which has fuel characteristics comparable to gasoline, has attracted global attention as a viable green fuel alternative among the many biofuel alternatives. Renewable biomass could be used for the sustainable production of biobutanol by the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) pathway. Non-extinguishable resources, such as algal and lignocellulosic biomass, and starch are some of the most commonly used feedstock for fermentative production of biobutanol, and each has its particular set of advantages. Clostridium, a gram-positive endospore-forming bacterium that can produce a range of compounds, along with n-butanol is traditionally known for its biobutanol production capabilities. Clostridium fermentation produces biobased n-butanol through ABE fermentation. However, low butanol titer, a lack of suitable feedstock, and product inhibition are the primary difficulties in biobutanol synthesis. Critical issues that are essential for sustainable production of biobutanol include (i) developing high butanol titer producing strains utilizing genetic and metabolic engineering approaches, (ii) renewable biomass that could be used for biobutanol production at a larger scale, and (iii) addressing the limits of traditional batch fermentation by integrated bioprocessing technologies with effective product recovery procedures that have increased the efficiency of biobutanol synthesis. Our paper reviews the current progress in all three aspects of butanol production and presents recent data on current practices in fermentative biobutanol production technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondapalli Vamsi Krishna
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, CHRIST (Deemed-to-Be University), Hosur road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Natarajan Bharathi
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Shon George Shiju
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, CHRIST (Deemed-to-Be University), Hosur road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Alok Malaviya
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, CHRIST (Deemed-to-Be University), Hosur road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bengaluru, India.
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4
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Kumar B, Sinha S, Kumar S, Kumar S. Energy and exergy optimization of oxidative steam reforming of acetone–butanol–ethanol–water mixture as a renewable source for H 2 production via thermodynamic modeling. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acetone–butanol–ethanol–water mixture is obtained by fermentation of biomass namely, corncob, wheat straw, sugarbeets, sugarcane, etc. For using the individual components, one alternative is to separate the mixture by distillation, which is costly and energy intensive operation. This paper proposes its other use in available conditions to produce hydrogen fuel by oxidative steam reforming process. For the proposed process, thermodynamic equilibrium modeling has been performed by using non-stoichiometric approach of Gibbs free energy minimization. The compositions of acetone, butanol and ethanol in mixture are 0.33:0.52:0.15 on molar basis. The influence of pressure (1–10 atm), temperature (573–1473 K), steam to ABE mixture molar feed ratio (F
ABE = 5.5–8.5), and oxygen to ABE mixture molar feed ratio (F
OABE = 0.25–1) have been tested by simulations on the yield of products (at equilibrium) namely, H2, CH4, CO2, CO, and carbon as solid. The optimum conditions for maximum production of desired H2, minimization of undesired CH4, and elimination of carbon (solid) formation are T = 973 K, P = 1 atm, F
ABE = 8.5, and F
OABE = 0.25. Under same operating conditions, the maximum generation of H2 is 7.51 on molar basis with negligible carbon formation. The total energy requirement for the process (295.73 kJ/mol), the energy required/mol of hydrogen (39.37 kJ), and thermal efficiency (68.09%) of the reformer have been obtained at same operating conditions. The exergy analysis has also been investigated to measure the work potential of the energy implied in the reforming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar , Hazratbal , Srinagar , Jammu and Kashmir , 190006, India
| | - Shishir Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , 247667, India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , 247667, India
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , 247667, India
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5
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Alias NH, Ibrahim MF, Salleh MSM, Jenol MA, Abd-Aziz S, Phang LY. Biobutanol Production from Agricultural Biomass. SUSTAINABLE BIOECONOMY 2021:67-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7321-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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6
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Raut AN, Dhobe AR, Gedam PS, Dhamole PB. Determination of solubilization isotherm in micelles of non-ionic surfactant L62 for butanol extraction. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Ferone M, Raganati F, Olivieri G, Marzocchella A. Bioreactors for succinic acid production processes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:571-586. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1592105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Ferone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesca Raganati
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Marzocchella
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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8
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Ahlawat S, Kaushal M, Palabhanvi B, Muthuraj M, Goswami G, Das D. Nutrient modulation based process engineering strategy for improved butanol production from Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2771. [PMID: 30592566 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates a process engineering strategy to achieve high butanol titer and productivity from wild type Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 11274. In the first step, two different media were optimized with the objectives of maximizing the biomass and butanol productivity, respectively. In the next step, attributes of these two media compositions were integrated to design a two-stage fed-batch process which resulted in maximal butanol productivity of 0.55 g L-1 h-1 with titer of 13.1 g L-1 . Further, two-stage fed-batch process along with combinatorial use of magnesium limitation and calcium supplementation resulted in the highest butanol titer and productivity of 16.5 g L-1 and 0.59 g L-1 h-1 , respectively. Finally, integration of the process with gas stripping and modulation of feeding duration resulted in a cumulative butanol titer of 54.3 g L-1 and productivity of 0.58 g L-1 h-1 . The strategy opens up possibility of developing a viable butanol bioprocess. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2771, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Ahlawat
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.,DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Mehak Kaushal
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.,DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Basavaraj Palabhanvi
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.,DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.,DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Gargi Goswami
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.,DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Debasish Das
- Dept. of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.,DBT-PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Inst. of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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9
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10
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Kumar B, Kumar S, Sinha S, Kumar S. Utilization of acetone-butanol-ethanol-water mixture obtained from biomass fermentation as renewable feedstock for hydrogen production via steam reforming: Thermodynamic and energy analyses. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:385-393. [PMID: 29684868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A thermodynamic equilibrium analysis on steam reforming process to utilize acetone-butanol-ethanol-water mixture obtained from biomass fermentation as biorenewable fuel has been performed to produce clean energy carrier H2 via non-stoichiometric approach namely Gibbs free energy minimization method. The effect of process variables such as temperature (573-1473 K), pressure (1-10 atm), and steam/fuel molar feed ratio (FABE = 5.5-12) have been investigated on equilibrium compositions of products, H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and solid carbon. The best suitable conditions for maximization of desired product H2, suppression of CH4, and inhibition of solid carbon are 973 K, 1 atm, steam/fuel molar feed ratio = 12. Under these conditions, the maximum molar production of hydrogen is 8.35 with negligible formation of carbon and methane. Furthermore, the energy requirement per mol of H2 (48.96 kJ), thermal efficiency (69.13%), exergy efficiency (55.09%), exergy destruction (85.36 kJ/mol), and generated entropy (0.29 kJ/mol.K) have been achieved at same operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shishir Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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11
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12
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Kushwaha D, Srivastava N, Mishra I, Upadhyay SN, Mishra PK. Recent trends in biobutanol production. REV CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Finite availability of conventional fossil carbonaceous fuels coupled with increasing pollution due to their overexploitation has necessitated the quest for renewable fuels. Consequently, biomass-derived fuels are gaining importance due to their economic viability and environment-friendly nature. Among various liquid biofuels, biobutanol is being considered as a suitable and sustainable alternative to gasoline. This paper reviews the present state of the preprocessing of the feedstock, biobutanol production through fermentation and separation processes. Low butanol yield and its toxicity are the major bottlenecks. The use of metabolic engineering and integrated fermentation and product recovery techniques has the potential to overcome these challenges. The application of different nanocatalysts to overcome the existing challenges in the biobutanol field is gaining much interest. For the sustainable production of biobutanol, algae, a third-generation feedstock has also been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kushwaha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Ishita Mishra
- Green Brick Eco Solutions, Okha Industrial Area , New Delhi 110020 , India
| | - Siddh Nath Upadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) , Varanasi 221005 , India
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13
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Lin Z, Liu H, Yan X, Zhou Y, Cheng K, Zhang J. High-efficiency acetone-butanol-ethanol production and recovery in non-strict anaerobic gas-stripping fed-batch fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8029-8039. [PMID: 28929200 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conventional acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation coupled with gas stripping is conducted under strict anaerobic conditions. In this work, a fed-batch ABE fermentation integrated with gas stripping (FAFIGS) system using a non-strict anaerobic butanol-producing symbiotic system, TSH06, was investigated for the efficient production of butanol. To save energy and keep a high gas-stripping efficiency, the integrated fermentation was conducted by adjusting the butanol recovery rate. The gas-stripping efficiency increased when the butanol concentration increased from 6 to 12 g/L. However, in consideration of the butanol toxicity to TSH06, 8 g/L butanol was the optimal concentration for this FAFIGS process. A model for describing the relationship between the butanol recovery rate and the gas flow rate was developed, and the model was subsequently applied to adjust the butanol recovery rate during the FAFIGS process. In the integrated system under non-strict anaerobic condition, relatively stable butanol concentrations of 7 to 9 g/L were achieved by controlling the gas flow rate which varied between 1.6 and 3.5 vvm based on the changing butanol productivity. 185.65 g/L of butanol (267.15 g/L of ABE) was produced in 288 h with a butanol recovery ratio of 97.36%. The overall yield and productivity of butanol were 0.23 g/g and 0.64 g/L/h, respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using FAFIGS under non-strict anaerobic conditions with TSH06. This work is helpful in characterizing the butanol anabolism performance of TSH06 and provides a simple and efficient scheme for butanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangnan Lin
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjuan Liu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Jian'an Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Singh K, Gedam PS, Raut AN, Dhamole PB, Dhakephalkar PK, Ranade DR. Enhanced n-butanol production by Clostridium beijerinckii MCMB 581 in presence of selected surfactant. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:161. [PMID: 28660448 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extractive butanol fermentation with non-ionic surfactant, a recently explored area, has shown promising results with several advantages but is relatively less investigated. This work reports the extractive fermentation with selected non-ionic surfactants (L62 and L62D) to enhance butanol production using a high-butanol producing strain (Clostridium beijerinckii MCMB 581). Biocompatibility studies with both the surfactants showed growth. Higher concentrations of surfactant (>5%) affected the cell count. 15.3 g L-1 of butanol and 21 g L-1 of total solvents were obtained with 3% (v/v) L62 which was respectively, 43% (w/w) and 55% (w/w), higher than control. It was found that surfactant addition at 9th h doubled the productivity (from 0.13 to 0.31 g L-1 h-1 and 0.17 to 0.39 g L-1 h-1, respectively for butanol and total solvent). Butanol productivity obtained was 2-3 times higher than similar studies on extractive fermentation with non-ionic surfactants. Interestingly, mixing did not improve butanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Singh
- MACS-Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India
| | - Preety S Gedam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Atulkumar N Raut
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Pradip B Dhamole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India.
| | - P K Dhakephalkar
- MACS-Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India
| | - Dilip R Ranade
- MACS-Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India.
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15
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Outram V, Lalander CA, Lee JGM, Davies ET, Harvey AP. Applied in situ product recovery in ABE fermentation. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:563-579. [PMID: 28188696 PMCID: PMC5485034 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The production of biobutanol is hindered by the product's toxicity to the bacteria, which limits the productivity of the process. In situ product recovery of butanol can improve the productivity by removing the source of inhibition. This paper reviews in situ product recovery techniques applied to the acetone butanol ethanol fermentation in a stirred tank reactor. Methods of in situ recovery include gas stripping, vacuum fermentation, pervaporation, liquid–liquid extraction, perstraction, and adsorption, all of which have been investigated for the acetone, butanol, and ethanol fermentation. All techniques have shown an improvement in substrate utilization, yield, productivity or both. Different fermentation modes favored different techniques. For batch processing gas stripping and pervaporation were most favorable, but in fed‐batch fermentations gas stripping and adsorption were most promising. During continuous processing perstraction appeared to offer the best improvement. The use of hybrid techniques can increase the final product concentration beyond that of single‐stage techniques. Therefore, the selection of an in situ product recovery technique would require comparable information on the energy demand and economics of the process. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:563–579, 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Outram
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Material, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K.,Green Biologics Ltd, 45A Western Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, U.K
| | - Carl-Axel Lalander
- Green Biologics Ltd, 45A Western Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, U.K
| | - Jonathan G M Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Material, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K
| | - E Timothy Davies
- Green Biologics Ltd, 45A Western Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, U.K
| | - Adam P Harvey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Material, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K
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16
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Xue C, Zhao J, Chen L, Yang ST, Bai F. Recent advances and state-of-the-art strategies in strain and process engineering for biobutanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:310-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Kim B, Jang H, Eom MH, Lee JH. Model-Based Optimization of Cyclic Operation of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) Fermentation Process with ex Situ Butanol Recovery (ESBR) for Continuous Biobutanol Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boeun Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Ho Eom
- R&D Center, GS Caltex Corporation, 359 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay H. Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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18
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Raganati F, Procentese A, Olivieri G, Russo M, Gotz P, Salatino P, Marzocchella A. Butanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum in a series of packed bed biofilm reactors. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Li SY, Chiang CJ, Tseng IT, He CR, Chao YP. Bioreactors andin situproduct recovery techniques for acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw107. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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20
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Chang Z, Cai D, Wang Y, Chen C, Fu C, Wang G, Qin P, Wang Z, Tan T. Effective multiple stages continuous acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation by immobilized bioreactors: Making full use of fresh corn stalk. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 205:82-89. [PMID: 26812141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to make full use of the fresh corn stalk, the sugar containing juice was used as the sole substrate for acetone-butanol-ethanol production without any nutrients supplement, and the bagasse after squeezing the juice was used as the immobilized carrier. A total 21.34g/L of ABE was produced in batch cells immobilization system with ABE yield of 0.35g/g. A continuous fermentation containing three stages with immobilized cells was conducted and the effect of dilution rate on fermentation was investigated. As a result, the productivity and ABE solvents concentration reached 0.80g/Lh and 19.93g/L, respectively, when the dilution rate in each stage was 0.12/h (corresponding to a dilution rate of 0.04/h in the whole system). And the long-term operation indicated the continuous multiple stages ABE fermentation process had good stability and showed the great potential in future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Beijing Tiantian Biological Products Corporation Limited, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Di Cai
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Changjing Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chaohui Fu
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Peiyong Qin
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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21
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Cao Y, Wang K, Wang X, Gu Z, Gibbons W, Vu H. Adsorption of butanol vapor on active carbons with nitric acid hydrothermal modification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:525-532. [PMID: 26291412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Butanol can be produced from biomass via fermentation and used in vehicles. Unfortunately, butanol is toxic to the microbes, and this can slow fermentation rates and reduce butanol yields. Butanol can be efficiently removed from fermentation broth by gas stripping, thereby preventing its inhibitory effects. Original active carbon (AC) and AC samples modified by nitric acid hydrothermal modification were assessed for their ability to adsorb butanol vapor. The specific surface area and oxygen-containing functional groups of AC were tested before and after modification. The adsorption capacity of unmodified AC samples was the highest. Hydrothermal oxidation of AC with HNO3 increased the surface oxygen content, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, micropore, mesopore and total pore volume of AC. Although the pore structure and specific surface area were greatly improved after hydrothermal oxidization with 4M HNO3, the increased oxygen on the surface of AC decreased the dynamic adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Cao
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Keliang Wang
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Zhengrong Gu
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
| | - William Gibbons
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Han Vu
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
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22
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Xue C, Liu F, Xu M, Zhao J, Chen L, Ren J, Bai F, Yang ST. A novelin situgas stripping-pervaporation process integrated with acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation for hyper n-butanol production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:120-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Xue
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Lijie Chen
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jiangang Ren
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Fengwu Bai
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio 43210
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23
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Becerra M, Cerdán ME, González-Siso MI. Biobutanol from cheese whey. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:27. [PMID: 25889728 PMCID: PMC4404668 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, due to environmental and economic concerns, it is urgent to evolve efficient, clean and secure systems for the production of advanced biofuels from sustainable cheap sources. Biobutanol has proved better characteristics than the more widely used bioethanol, however the main disadvantage of biobutanol is that it is produced in low yield and titer by ABE (acetone-butanol-ethanol) fermentation, this process being not competitive from the economic point of view. In this review we summarize the natural metabolic pathways for biobutanol production by Clostridia and yeasts, together with the metabolic engineering efforts performed up to date with the aim of either enhancing the yield of the natural producer Clostridia or transferring the butanol production ability to other hosts with better attributes for industrial use and facilities for genetic manipulation. Molasses and starch-based feedstocks are main sources for biobutanol production at industrial scale hitherto. We also review herewith (and for the first time up to our knowledge) the research performed for the use of whey, the subproduct of cheese making, as another sustainable source for biobutanol production. This represents a promising alternative that still needs further research. The use of an abundant waste material like cheese whey, that would otherwise be considered an environmental pollutant, for biobutanol production, makes economy of the process more profitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becerra
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - María Esperanza Cerdán
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - María Isabel González-Siso
- Grupo EXPRELA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
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24
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Van Hecke W, Kaur G, De Wever H. Advances in in-situ product recovery (ISPR) in whole cell biotechnology during the last decade. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1245-1255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Baral NR, Shah A. Microbial inhibitors: formation and effects on acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9151-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Hummel W, Gröger H. Strategies for regeneration of nicotinamide coenzymes emphasizing self-sufficient closed-loop recycling systems. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:22-31. [PMID: 25102236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reduction reactions depending on nicotinamide coenzymes require an additional reaction to regenerate the consumed cofactor. For preparative application the preferred method is the simultaneous coupling of an in situ regeneration reaction. There are different strategically advantageous routes to achieve this goal. The standard method uses a second enzyme and a second co-substrate, for example formate and formate dehydrogenase or glucose and glucose dehydrogenase. Alternatively, a second substrate is employed which is converted by the same enzyme used for the primary reaction. For example, alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions are often coupled with excess 2-propanol which is oxidized to acetone during the regeneration of NAD(P)H. A third method utilizes a reaction-internal sequence by the direct coupling of an oxidizing and a reducing enzyme reaction. Neither an additional substrate nor a further regenerating enzyme are required for the recycling reaction. This kind of "closed-loop" or "self-sufficient" redox process for cofactor regeneration has been used rarely so far. Its most intriguing advantage is that even redox reactions with unstable precursors can be realized provided that this compound is produced in situ by an opposite redox reaction. This elegant method is applicable in special cases only but increasing numbers of examples have been published during the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Harald Gröger
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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27
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28
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Chen Y, Ren H, Liu D, Zhao T, Shi X, Cheng H, Zhao N, Li Z, Li B, Niu H, Zhuang W, Xie J, Chen X, Wu J, Ying H. Enhancement of n-butanol production by in situ butanol removal using permeating-heating-gas stripping in acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 164:276-284. [PMID: 24862004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Butanol recovery from acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fed-batch fermentation using permeating-heating-gas was determined in this study. Fermentation was performed with Clostridium acetobutylicum B3 in a fibrous bed bioreactor and permeating-heating-gas stripping was used to eliminate substrate and product inhibition, which normally restrict ABE production and sugar utilization to below 20 g/L and 60 g/L, respectively. In batch fermentation (without permeating-heating-gas stripping), C. acetobutylicum B3 utilized 60 g/L glucose and produced 19.9 g/L ABE and 12 g/L butanol, while in the integrated process 290 g/L glucose was utilized and 106.27 g/L ABE and 66.09 g/L butanol were produced. The intermittent gas stripping process generated a highly concentrated condensate containing approximately 15% (w/v) butanol, 4% (w/v) acetone, a small amount of ethanol (<1%), and almost no acids, resulting in a highly concentrated butanol solution [∼ 70% (w/v)] after phase separation. Butanol removal by permeating-heating-gas stripping has potential for commercial ABE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengfei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinchi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinglan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China.
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29
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Löser C, Urit T, Bley T. Perspectives for the biotechnological production of ethyl acetate by yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5397-415. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Xue C, Zhao JB, Chen LJ, Bai FW, Yang ST, Sun JX. Integrated butanol recovery for an advanced biofuel: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3463-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Abdehagh N, Bagheri M, Tezel FH, Thibault J. Improved Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) Solution Analysis Using HPLC: Chromatograph Spectrum Deconvolution Using Asymmetric Gaussian Fit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2014.516115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Bankar SB, Survase SA, Ojamo H, Granström T. Biobutanol: the outlook of an academic and industrialist. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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