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Kong X, Liu C, Zeng H, Fan Y, Zhang H, Xiao R. Selective Cleavage of Methylene Linkage in Kraft Lignin over Commercial Zeolite in Isopropanol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300996. [PMID: 37677102 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer that constitutes over 30 wt% of lignocellulosic biomass and is the most important source of renewable aromatics in nature. The global paper industry generates more than 70 million tons of Kraft lignin annually. Depolymerization of Kraft lignin to value-added monomers can significantly enhance the profitability of biorefinery. However, the method is impeded by the severe condensation of Kraft lignin during the pulping process, which forms robust C-C bonds and results in low monomer yields. In this study, we present a stepwise approach for producing valuable aromatic monomers from Kraft lignin through the cleavage of both C-O and C-C bonds. The approach initiated with complete cleavage of C-O bonds between lignin units within Kraft lignin through alcoholysis in isopropanol, resulting in a monomer yield of 8.9 %. Subsequently, the selective cleavage of methylene linkages present in the residual dimers and oligomers was achieved with commercial MCM-41 zeolite in the same pot, proceeding with an additional monomer yield of 4.0 %, thereby increasing the total monomer yield by 45 %. This work provides an avenue for increasing the depolymerization efficiency of Kraft lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchen Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion & Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion & Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hongyun Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion & Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuyang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion & Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion & Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion & Control, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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2
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Ranjbar S, Malcata FX. Hydrothermal Liquefaction: How the Holistic Approach by Nature Will Help Solve the Environmental Conundrum. Molecules 2023; 28:8127. [PMID: 38138616 PMCID: PMC10745749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) represents a beacon of scientific innovation, which unlocks nature's alchemical wonders while reshaping the waste-to-energy platform. This transformative technology offers sustainable solutions for converting a variety of waste materials to valuable energy products and chemicals-thus addressing environmental concerns, inefficiencies, and high costs associated with conventional waste-management practices. By operating under high temperature and pressure conditions, HTL efficiently reduces waste volume, mitigates harmful pollutant release, and extracts valuable energy from organic waste materials. This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of the HTL process and explores its applications. Key process parameters, diverse feedstocks, various reactor designs, and recent advancements in HTL technology are thoroughly discussed. Diverse applications of HTL products are examined, and their economic viability toward integration in the market is assessed. Knowledge gaps and opportunities for further exploration are accordingly identified, with a focus on optimizing and scaling up the HTL process for commercial applications. In conclusion, HTL holds great promise as a sustainable technology for waste management, chemical synthesis, and energy production, thus making a significant contribution to a more sustainable future. Its potential to foster a circular economy and its versatility in producing valuable products underscore its transformative role in shaping a more sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ranjbar
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associated Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associated Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Argyropoulos DDS, Crestini C, Dahlstrand C, Furusjö E, Gioia C, Jedvert K, Henriksson G, Hulteberg C, Lawoko M, Pierrou C, Samec JSM, Subbotina E, Wallmo H, Wimby M. Kraft Lignin: A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300492. [PMID: 37493340 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical recovery cycle, generating valuable bioenergy and recycling inorganic chemicals to the pulping process operation. Removing lignin from the black liquor or its gasification lowers the recovery boiler load enabling increased pulp production. During the past ten years, lignin separation technologies have emerged and the interest of the research community to valorize this underutilized resource has been invigorated. The aim of this Review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle asseeements of value chains from black liquor to different products. Overall, it is anticipated that this effort will inspire further work for developing and using kraft lignin as a commodity raw material for new applications undeniably promoting pivotal global sustainability concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris D S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Erik Furusjö
- Division of Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Universitetsområdet Porsön, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Department of physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Division of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lindholmspiren 7 A, SE-41756, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Hulteberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Pierrou
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Ren Fuel K2B AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- RenFuel Materials AB, Rapsgatan 25, SE-754 50, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arhenius väg 16 C, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Martin Wimby
- Valmet AB, Regnbågsgatan 6, 41755, Göteborg, Sweden
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Catalytic (Copper) Hydrothermal Liquefaction for Lignin to Produce High Quality Bio-oil and Nano Cu Carbon Hybrids Material. Chem Eng Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2023.118548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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5
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Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic and Protein-Containing Biomass: A Comprehensive Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochemical depolymerization technology, also known as hydrous pyrolysis, that transforms wet biomass into biocrude and valuable chemicals at a moderate temperature (usually 200–400 °C) and high pressure (typically 10–25 MPa). In HTL, water acts as a key reactant in HTL activities. Several properties of water are substantially altered as the reaction state gets closer to the critical point of water, which can result in quick, uniform, and effective reactions. The current review covers the HTL of various feedstocks, especially lignocellulosic and high protein-containing feeds with their in-depth information of the chemical reaction mechanisms involved in the HTL. Further, this review gives insight and knowledge about the influencing factors such as biomass pretreatment, process mode, process conditions, etc., which could affect the efficiency of the hydrothermal process and biocrude productivity. In addition, the latest trends, and emerging challenges to HTL are discussed with suitable recommendations.
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A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass for Biofuels Production with a Special Focus on the Effect of Process Parameters, Co-Solvents, and Extraction Solvents. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14164916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction is one of the common thermochemical conversion methods adapted to convert high-water content biomass feedstocks to biofuels and many other valuable industrial chemicals. The hydrothermal process is broadly classified into carbonization, liquefaction, and gasification with hydrothermal liquefaction conducted in the intermediate temperature range of 250–374 °C and pressure of 4–25 MPa. Due to the ease of adaptability, there has been considerable research into the process on using various types of biomass feedstocks. Over the years, various solvents and co-solvents have been used as mediums of conversion, to promote easy decomposition of the lignocellulosic components in biomass. The product separation process, to obtain the final products, typically involves multiple extraction and evaporation steps, which greatly depend on the type of extractive solvents and process parameters. In general, the main aim of the hydrothermal process is to produce a primary product, such as bio-oil, biochar, gases, or industrial chemicals, such as adhesives, benzene, toluene, and xylene. All of the secondary products become part of the side streams. The optimum process parameters are obtained to improve the yield and quality of the primary products. A great deal of the process depends on understanding the underlined reaction chemistry during the process. Therefore, this article reviews the major works conducted in the field of hydrothermal liquefaction in order to understand the mechanism of lignocellulosic conversion, describing the concept of a batch and a continuous process with the most recent state-of-art technologies in the field. Further, the article provides detailed insight into the effects of various process parameters, co-solvents, and extraction solvents, and their effects on the products’ yield and quality. It also provides information about possible applications of products obtained through liquefaction. Lastly, it addresses gaps in research and provides suggestions for future studies.
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Abstract
Lignin, a component of lignocellulosic biomass, is abundant and is produced extensively as a waste product of the Kraft pulping process, lignin obtained from this process is called Kraft lignin (KL). Lignin’s three-dimensional structure composed of aromatic alcohols (monolignols) makes it a potential source of renewable aromatic chemicals or bio-oil, if depolymerized. Among all the depolymerization methods for KL, solvolysis is the most popular, showing consistently high bio-oil yields. Despite the large number of studies that have been carried out, an economically feasible industrial process has not been found and comparison among the various studies is difficult, as very different studies in terms of reaction media and catalysts report seemingly satisfactory results. In this review, we compare and analyze KL solvolysis studies published, identify trends in bio-oil composition and give a comprehensive explanation about the mechanisms involved in the processes. Additional commentary is offered about the availability and future potential of KL as a renewable feedstock for aromatic chemicals, as well as logistical and technical aspects.
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8
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Sub- and Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin and Black Liquor Derived Lignin. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13133309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate global warming, humankind has been forced to develop new efficient energy solutions based on renewable energy sources. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology that can efficiently produce bio-oil from several biomass sources. The HTL process uses sub- or supercritical water for producing bio-oil, water-soluble organics, gaseous products and char. Black liquor mainly contains cooking chemicals (mainly alkali salts) lignin and the hemicellulose parts of the wood chips used for cellulose digestion. This review explores the effects of different process parameters, solvents and catalysts for the HTL of black liquor or black liquor-derived lignin. Using short residence times under near- or supercritical water conditions may improve both the quality and the quantity of the bio-oil yield. The quality and yield of bio-oil can be further improved by using solvents (e.g., phenol) and catalysts (e.g., alkali salts, zirconia). However, the solubility of alkali salts present in black liquor can lead to clogging problem in the HTL reactor and process tubes when approaching supercritical water conditions.
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9
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Montesantos N, Nielsen RP, Maschietti M. Upgrading of Nondewatered Nondemetallized Lignocellulosic Biocrude from Hydrothermal Liquefaction Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Montesantos
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Rudi P. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Marco Maschietti
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8A, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
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10
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Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lignocellulosic Bio-Oils: The Potential of Fuel Upgrading and Chemical Recovery. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bio-oils derived from the thermochemical processing of lignocellulosic biomass are recognized as a promising platform for sustainable biofuels and chemicals. While significant advances have been achieved with regard to the production of bio-oils by hydrothermal liquefaction and pyrolysis, the need for improving their physicochemical properties (fuel upgrading) or for recovering valuable chemicals is currently shifting the research focus towards downstream separation and chemical upgrading. The separation of lignocellulosic bio-oils using supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) as a solvent is a promising environmentally benign process that can play a key role in the design of innovative processes for their valorization. In the last decade, fundamental research has provided knowledge on supercritical extraction of bio-oils. This review provides an update on the progress of the research in sCO2 separation of lignocellulosic bio-oils, together with a critical interpretation of the observed effects of the extraction conditions on the process yields and the quality of the obtained products. The review also covers high-pressure phase equilibria data reported in the literature for systems comprising sCO2 and key bio-oil components, which are fundamental for process design. The perspective of the supercritical process for the fractionation of lignocellulosic bio-oils is discussed and the knowledge gaps for future research are highlighted.
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11
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Hydrothermal Depolymerization of Biorefinery Lignin-Rich Streams: Influence of Reaction Conditions and Catalytic Additives on the Organic Monomers Yields in Biocrude and Aqueous Phase. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13051241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal depolymerization of lignin-rich streams (LRS) from lignocellulosic ethanol was successfully carried out in a lab-scale batch reactors unit. A partial depolymerization into oligomers and monomers was achieved using subcritical water as reaction medium. The influence of temperature (300–350–370 °C) and time (5–10 minutes) was investigated to identify the optimal condition on the monomers yields in the lighter biocrude (BC1) and aqueous phase (AP) fractions, focusing on specific phenolic classes as well as carboxylic acids and alcohols. The effect of base catalyzed reactions (2–4 wt. % of KOH) was compared to the control tests as well as to acid-catalyzed reactions obtained with a biphasic medium of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) and subcritical water. KOH addition resulted in enhanced overall depolymerization without showing a strong influence on the phenolic generation, whereas sCO2 demonstrated higher phenolic selectivity even though no effect was observed on the overall products mass yields. In conclusion, a comparison between two different biocrude collection procedures was carried out in order to understand how the selected chemical extraction mode influences the distribution of compounds between BC1 and AP.
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12
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Jain V, Wilson WN, Rai N. Solvation effect on binding modes of model lignin dimer compounds on MWW 2D-zeolite. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Jain
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Woodrow N. Wilson
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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13
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Membrane Separation of the Base-Catalyzed Depolymerization of Black Liquor Retentate for Low-Molecular-Mass Compound Production. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9080102. [PMID: 31426318 PMCID: PMC6722839 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9080102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One way of valorizing the lignin waste stream from the pulp and paper industries is depolymerizing it into low-molecular-mass compounds (LMMC). However, a common problem in the depolymerization of Kraft lignin is the low yields of small aromatic molecules obtained. In the present work, the combination of the repeated depolymerization of lignin and the separation of LMMC from depolymerized lignin to upgrade them into value-added chemicals was studied. In so doing, we investigated the possibility of depolymerizing black liquor retentate (BLR). The base-catalyzed depolymerization of BLR was performed using a continuous flow reactor at 170–210 °C, with a 2 min residence time. The results obtained indicate that BLR can be depolymerized effectively under the experimental conditions. Depolymerized lignin LMMC can be successfully separated by a GR95PP membrane, and thus be protected from repolymerization. Through combining membrane filtration with base-catalyzed depolymerization, more than half of the lignin could be depolymerized into LMMC. Around 46 mg/g of lignin monomers (guaiacol, vanillin, acetovanillone, and acetosyringone), which can potentially be upgraded to high-valued chemicals, were produced. On the basis of our results, we suggest use of a recycling Kraft lignin depolymerization and filtration process for maximizing the production of LMMC under mild alkaline conditions.
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14
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Supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation of bio-crude produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of pinewood. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Lignocellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery: Valorization of Lignin-Rich Stream through Hydrothermal Liquefaction. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin-rich stream from lignocellulosic ethanol production at an industrial scale was carried out in a custom-made batch test bench. Light and heavy fractions of the HTL biocrude were collected following an ad-hoc developed two-steps solvent extraction method. A full factorial design of experiment was performed, investigating the influence of temperature, time and biomass-to-water mass ratio (B/W) on product yields, biocrude elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon balance. Total biocrude yields ranged from 39.8% to 65.7% w/w. The Temperature was the main influencing parameter as regards the distribution between the light and heavy fractions of the produced biocrude: the highest amount of heavy biocrude was recovered at 300 °C, while at 350 and 370 °C the yield of the light fraction increased, reaching 41.7% w/w at 370 °C. Instead, the B/W ratio did not have a significant effect on light and heavy biocrude yields. Feedstock carbon content was mainly recovered in the biocrude (up to 77.6% w/w). The distribution between the light and heavy fractions followed the same trend as the yields. The typical aromatic structure of the lignin-rich stream was also observed in the biocrudes, indicating that mainly hydrolysis depolymerization occurred. The weight-average molecular weight of the total biocrude was strictly related to the process temperature, decreasing from 1146 at 300 °C to 565 g mol−1 at 370 °C.
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Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass is emerging as an effective technology to efficiently valorize different types of (wet) biomass feedstocks, ranging from lignocellulosics to algae and organic wastes. Significant research into HTL has been conducted in batch systems, which has provided a fundamental understanding of the different process conditions and the behavior of different biomass. The next step towards continuous plants, which are prerequisites for an industrial implementation of the process, has been significantly less explored. In order to facilitate a more focused future development, this review—based on the sources available in the open literature—intends to present the state of the art in the field of continuous HTL as well as to suggest means of interpretation of data from such plants. This contributes to a more holistic understanding of causes and effects, aiding next generation designs as well as pinpointing research focus. Additionally, the documented experiences in upgrading by catalytic hydrotreating are reported. The study reveals some interesting features in terms of energy densification versus the yield of different classes of feedstocks, indicating that some global limitations exist irrespective of processing implementations. Finally, techno-economic considerations, observations and remarks for future studies are presented.
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17
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Luo L, Yang J, Yao G, Jin F. Controlling the selectivity to chemicals from catalytic depolymerization of kraft lignin with in-situ H 2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 264:1-6. [PMID: 29778802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic depolymerization of kraft lignin was successfully carried out in isopropanol/water mixture system over Rh/La2O3/CeO2-ZrO2 catalyst at 373 °C for 2 h with Fe as reductant. The selectivity of in-situ H2 was increasing from 67 wt% to 98 wt% by changing the proportion of isopropanol and water with metal Fe. A one-to-one correspondence was established between liquid products distribution and H2. It was an efficient method for predicting the composition of the liquid oil by H2 selectivity detection or converting kraft lignin to desirable liquid products optionally, which administered to reduce the dependence on the specific catalysts. Other temperatures and catalysts were a viable option for the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Guodong Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Fangming Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Wongtanyawat N, Lusanandana P, Khwanjaisakun N, Kongpanna P, Phromprasit J, Simasatitkul L, Amornraksa S, Assabumrungrat S. Comparison of different kraft lignin-based vanillin production processes. Comput Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Li T, Takkellapati S. The current and emerging sources of technical lignins and their applications. BIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS & BIOREFINING : BIOFPR 2018; 0:1-32. [PMID: 30220952 PMCID: PMC6134873 DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Technical lignins are bulk feedstocks. They are generated as byproducts from pulping or cellulosic ethanol production. Since lignin undergoes significant structural changes in the chemical and physical treatments, all technical lignins are unique in terms of chemical structure, molecular weight, polydispersity, and impurity profile. Kraft lignin is potentially the largest source of technical lignin as new isolation technologies have been implemented on industrial scale in recent years. Lignosulfonate has been an integral product in sulfite pulping biorefinery. It has a well-established market in construction industry. Organosolv-like lignin production is increasing as cellulosic ethanol has been promoted as the substitute of fossil fuel. It may have unique applications because it has low molecule weight and is free from sulfur. Technical lignin application is expected to expand as the characteristics are improved with fractionation or chemical modification. The application of technical lignin has been focusing on developing products equivalent to those made by petroleum chemicals. The recent development in technical lignin supply should increase its market share as additives in polyurethanes and as the substitute of phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. Quality improvement of technical lignin may also encourage the study of lignin as an alternative feedstock for carbon fiber. In addition, technical lignin depolymerization has been extensively explored to provide renewable aromatic chemicals. Starting from controlled pyrolysis and thermal liquefaction as the baseline technologies, many different chemical depolymerization have been invented with a wide range of underlying chemical principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, 26 W. Martin L. King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Sudhakar Takkellapati
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, 26 W. Martin L. King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
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20
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Orebom A, Verendel JJ, Samec JSM. High Yields of Bio Oils from Hydrothermal Processing of Thin Black Liquor without the Use of Catalysts or Capping Agents. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6757-6763. [PMID: 31458848 PMCID: PMC6644617 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Black liquor (BL) from the kraft pulping process has been treated at elevated temperatures (380 °C) in a batch reactor to give high yields of a bio oil comprising monomeric phenolic compounds that were soluble in organic solvents and mineral oil and a water fraction with inorganic salts. The metal content in the product was <20 ppm after a simple extraction step. A correlation between concentration, temperature, and reaction time with respect to yield of desired product was found. At optimal reaction conditions (treating BL with 16 wt % dry substance at 380 °C for 20 min), the yield of extractable organics was around 80% of the original lignin with less than 7% of char. The product was analyzed by gel permeable chromatography, mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma. It was found that a large fraction composed of mainly cresols, xylenols, and mesitols. This process provides a pathway to convert a major waste stream from a pulp mill into a refinery feed for fuel or chemical production, whereas at the same time the inorganic chemicals are recovered and can be returned back to the pulp mill.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph S. M. Samec
- RenFuel
AB, Sturegatan 38, 114 36 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- E-mail:
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Chen M, Ma X, Ma R, Wen Z, Yan F, Cui K, Chen H, Li Y. Ethanolysis of Kraft Lignin over a Reduction-Modified MoO3 Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongdan Li
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, Espoo, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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Arturi KR, Strandgaard M, Nielsen RP, Søgaard EG, Maschietti M. Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin in near-critical water in a new batch reactor: Influence of phenol and temperature. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yang J, Zhao L, Liu C, Wang Y, Dai L. Catalytic ethanolysis and gasification of kraft lignin into aromatic alcohols and H2-rich gas over Rh supported on La2O3/CeO2-ZrO2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:926-933. [PMID: 27441830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient catalytic ethanolysis and gasification of kraft lignin were conducted over a versatile supported catalyst Rh/La2O3/CeO2-ZrO2 to give high-value aromatic alcohols and H2-rich gas. The removal of phenolic hydroxyl group was the most prevalent reaction, and importantly, almost no phenols, undesired char and saturating the aromatic ring were detected. Meanwhile, the feedstock and solvent both played key roles in H2 generation that contributed to the hydrodeoxygenation of liquid components and made the whole catalytic process out of H2 supply. Reusability tests of catalyst indicated that the crystalline phase transition and agglomeration of support, the loss of noble metal Rh and carbon deposition were the possible reasons for its deactivation in supercritical ethanol. Comparing with water, methanol and isopropanol system, ethanol was the only effective solvent for the depolymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunze Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Liyi Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Sokoli HU, Simonsen ME, Nielsen RP, Henriksen J, Madsen ML, Pedersen NH, Søgaard EG. Characterization of the Liquid Products from Hydrolyzed Epoxy and Polyester Resin Composites Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Recovery of the Monomer Phthalic Acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hülya U. Sokoli
- Department Chemistry & Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Morten E. Simonsen
- Department Chemistry & Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Rudi P. Nielsen
- Department Chemistry & Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Erik G. Søgaard
- Department Chemistry & Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
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Yang J, Zhao L, Liu S, Wang Y, Dai L. High-quality bio-oil from one-pot catalytic hydrocracking of kraft lignin over supported noble metal catalysts in isopropanol system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 212:302-310. [PMID: 27123643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrocracking of kraft lignin was carried out in isopropanol system and an orthogonal array design (OAD) was employed to optimize the experimental conditions. GC-MS/FID, elemental analysis, GPC and (1)H-(13)C HSQC NMR were carried out for entire investigation of the liquid products. The results indicated that the hydrocracking process was thermally controlled and catalysts showed significant influences on the product distributions. Comparing with Pd/C, Pt/C and Ru/C, Rh/C inhibited the self-condensation of isopropanol and reduced the formation of oxygenic-chain compounds. The excellent catalytic activity for phenols conversion was obtained over Rh/C. The routes of oxygenic-chain compounds formation and phenol conversion were proposed in detail. The least oxygenic-chain compounds formation, the highest phenols conversion (93.4%), the lowest O/C ratio (0.094) and the highest HHV (37.969MJ/kg) provided the possibility of the high quality bio-oil obtained over Rh/C in isopropanol medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shaotong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Liyi Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Alunga KR, Ye YY, Li SR, Wang D, Liu YQ. Catalytic oxidation of lignin–acetoderivatives: a potential new recovery route for value-added aromatic aldehydes from acetoderivatives. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin oxidation by-products (acetoderivatives) were oxidized to aromatic aldehydes with the help of CuSO4·5H2O as a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Yuan Ye
- College of Energy
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China
| | | | - Duo Wang
- College of Energy
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China
| | - Yun-Quan Liu
- College of Energy
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China
- iChEM
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