1
|
Xu Y, Li Y, Wu Z, Lu Y, Tao G, Zhang L, Ding Z, Shi G. Combining Precursor-Directed Engineering with Modular Designing: An Effective Strategy for De Novo Biosynthesis of l-DOPA in Bacillus licheniformis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:700-712. [PMID: 35076224 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-l-tyrosine (l-DOPA) is a promising drug for treating Parkinson's disease. Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the microbial synthesis of l-DOPA, which is hindered by the efficiency of catalysis, the supply of cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, and the regulation of the pathway. In this study, the modular engineering strategy in Bacillus licheniformis was identified to effectively enhance l-DOPA production. First, the catalytic efficiency of biocatalyst tyrosine hydroxylase from Streptosporangium roseum DSM 43021 (SrTH) was improved by 20.3% by strengthening its affinity toward tetrahydrobiopterin. Second, the tetrahydrobiopterin supply pool was increased by bottleneck gene expression, oxygen transport facilitation, budC (encoding meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase) deletion, and tetrahydrobiopterin regeneration using a native YfkO nitroreductase. The strain 45ABvC successfully produced tetrahydrobiopterin, which was detected as pterin (112.48 mg/L), the oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin. Finally, the yield of precursor l-tyrosine reached 148 mg/gDCW, with an increase of 71%, with the deletion of a novel spliced transcript 41sRNA associated with the regulation of the shikimate pathway. The engineered strain 45ABvCS::PD produced 167.14 mg/L (2.41 times of wild-type strain) and 1290 mg/L l-DOPA in a shake flask and a 15 L bioreactor, respectively, using a fermentation strategy on a mixture of carbon sources. This study holds great potential for constructing a microbial source of l-DOPA and its high-value downstream pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinbiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Applied Microbiology of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Saegher T, Lauwaert J, Vercammen J, Van Geem KM, De Clercq J, Verberckmoes A. Fast screening of Depolymerized Lignin Samples Through 2D-Liquid Chromatography Mapping. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:740-747. [PMID: 34351071 PMCID: PMC8340071 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin valorization and particularly its depolymerization into bio-aromatics, has emerged as an important research topic within green chemistry. However, screening of catalysts and reaction conditions within this field is strongly constrained by the lack of analytical techniques that allow for fast and detailed mapping of the product pools. This analytical gap results from the inherent product pool complexity and the focus of the state-of-the-art on monomers and dimers, overlooking the larger oligomers. In this work, this gap is bridged through the development of a quasi-orthogonal GPC-HPLC-UV/VIS method that is able to separate the bio-aromatics according to molecular weight (hydrodynamic volume) and polarity. The method is evaluated using model compounds and real lignin depolymerization samples. The resulting color plots provide a powerful graphical tool to rapidly assess differences in reaction selectivity towards monomers and dimers as well as to identify differences in the oligomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Saegher
- Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh)Ghent UniversityValentin Vaerwyckweg 19000GhentBelgium
| | - Jeroen Lauwaert
- Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh)Ghent UniversityValentin Vaerwyckweg 19000GhentBelgium
| | - Joeri Vercammen
- Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh)Ghent UniversityValentin Vaerwyckweg 19000GhentBelgium
- Interscience Expert Center (IS-X)Avenue J.E. Lenoir 21384Louvain-la-NeuveBelgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh)Ghent UniversityTechnologiepark 1259052GhentBelgium
| | - Jeriffa De Clercq
- Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh)Ghent UniversityValentin Vaerwyckweg 19000GhentBelgium
| | - An Verberckmoes
- Department of Materials Textiles and Chemical Engineering (MaTCh)Ghent UniversityValentin Vaerwyckweg 19000GhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang W, Liu L, Hu C. Torrefaction at 200 °C of Pubescens Pretreated with AlCl 3 Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27709-27722. [PMID: 33134735 PMCID: PMC7594324 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal salt soaking-torrefaction conversion technology was investigated. It was found that AlCl3 pretreatment of pubescens favored observably the yield of liquid and small-molecular products in torrefaction via changing the composition and structure of the raw material. The maximum conversion of pretreated samples, washed (PSW) and Y liquid were 15.5 and 10.8 wt % (with 0.26 wt % monosaccharides, 0.26 wt % carboxylic acids, 0.38 wt % furan compounds, and 1.28 wt % phenols), where 20.4 wt % hemicellulose, 22.9 wt % cellulose, and 5.7 wt % lignin were converted, respectively. However, for pretreated samples (PS), the maximum conversion and Y liquid reached 44.2 and 32.1 wt %, respectively, along with 96.0 wt % hemicellulose and 31.8 wt % cellulose converted, yielding 2.39 wt % monosaccharides, 5.14 wt % carboxylic acids, 2.60 wt % furan compounds and 10.52 wt % phenols, indicating obvious catalytic effects of residual AlCl3 on the decomposition of the three major components in torrefaction. Two-dimensional HSQC and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) characterizations further confirmed the dominant formation of oligomers derived from holocellulose, lignin, and cross-linkage involving the lignin-carbohydrate complex, indicating that the catalytic thermal cleavage of β-O-4, C-O-C, β-β, 5-5, 4-O-5, Cα-Cβ, and α-O-4 linkages by aluminum species in the samples benefited the yield of liquid as well as monophenols.
Collapse
|
4
|
SriBala G, Toraman HE, Symoens S, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Boerjan W, Ronsse F, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Analytical Py-GC/MS of Genetically Modified Poplar for the Increased Production of Bio-aromatics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:599-610. [PMID: 31080566 PMCID: PMC6502739 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering is a powerful tool to steer bio-oil composition towards the production of speciality chemicals such as guaiacols, syringols, phenols, and vanillin through well-defined biomass feedstocks. Our previous work demonstrated the effects of lignin biosynthesis gene modification on the pyrolysis vapour compositions obtained from wood derived from greenhouse-grown poplars. In this study, field-grown poplars downregulated in the genes encoding CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) and CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (CCoAOMT), and their corresponding wild type were pyrolysed in a Py-GC/MS. This work aims at capturing the effects of downregulation of the three enzymes on bio-oil composition using principal component analysis (PCA). 3,5-methoxytoluene, vanillin, coniferyl alcohol, 4-vinyl guaiacol, syringol, syringaldehyde, and guaiacol are the determining factors in the PCA analysis that are the substantially affected by COMT, CAD and CCoAOMT enzyme downregulation. COMT and CAD downregulated transgenic lines proved to be statistically different from the wild type because of a substantial difference in S and G lignin units. The sCAD line lead to a significant drop (nearly 51%) in S-lignin derived compounds, while CCoAOMT downregulation affected the least (7–11%). Further, removal of extractives via pretreatment enhanced the statistical differences among the CAD transgenic lines and its wild type. On the other hand, COMT downregulation caused 2-fold reduction in S-derived compounds compared to G-derived compounds. This study manifests the applicability of PCA analysis in tracking the biological changes in biomass (poplar in this case) and their effects on pyrolysis-oil compositions.
Collapse
Key Words
- Analytical fast pyrolysis
- C, Holocellulose
- CAD, CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
- CCoAOMT, CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE
- COMT, CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE
- G, Guaiacyl units
- GC, Gas chromatography
- Genetically modified poplar
- H, p-hydroxyphenyl units
- L, Lignin-derived aromatic compounds
- L-G, Guaiacyl lignin-derived compounds
- L-H, p-Hydroxyphenyl lignin-derived compounds
- L-S, Syringyl lignin-derived compounds
- Lignin
- MD, Mahalanobis distance
- MS, Mass spectroscopy
- PC, Principal component
- Phenolic compounds
- Principal component analysis
- Py, Micropyrolysis or micropyrolyzer
- S, Syringyl units
- as, Antisense line
- s, Sense line
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gorugantu SriBala
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilal Ezgi Toraman
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Symoens
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annabelle Déjardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 0588, Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, 45075 Orléans, France
| | - Gilles Pilate
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 0588, Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, 45075 Orléans, France
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Ronsse
- Ghent University, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B Marin
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rakoczy M, Femiak I, Alejska M, Figlerowicz M, Podkowinski J. Sorghum CCoAOMT and CCoAOMT-like gene evolution, structure, expression and the role of conserved amino acids in protein activity. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1077-1089. [PMID: 29721721 PMCID: PMC6153501 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sorghum is a crop plant that is grown for seeds, sucrose, forage and biofuel production. In all these applications, lignin is a superfluous component that decreases the efficiency of technological processes. Caffeoyl-coenzyme A O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) is an enzyme involved in monolignol synthesis that affects the efficiency of lignification and lignin composition. The sorghum genome harbors one CCoAOMT gene and six closely related CCoAOMT-like genes. The structures of four sorghum CCoAOMT-like enzymes suggest that these proteins might methylate caffeoyl coenzyme A and contribute to monolignol synthesis. In this study, two sorghum genes, CCoAOMT and one CCoAOMT-like, were found to be highly expressed in leaves, stems and immature seeds. The promoters of these genes possess clusters of transcription factor-binding sites specific for lignification, and this suggests that they are important for lignification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one sorghum CCoAOMT-like enzyme is closely related to ancestral cyanobacterial CCoAOMT-like proteins. The remaining CCoAOMT-like enzymes, including the one highly expressed in the leaves and stem, are closely related to CCoAOMT. Genes from these two groups possess different, evolutionarily conserved gene structures. The structure of the sorghum CCoAOMT-like protein from the ancestral clade was modeled and differences between enzymes from the two clades were analyzed. These results facilitate a better understanding of the evolution of genes involved in lignification, and provide valuable data for sorghum improvement through traditional breeding or molecular genetic techniques. The findings suggest that CCoAOMT-like genes might be recruited in lignification and raise questions of the frequency of such functional shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rakoczy
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - I Femiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Alejska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Podkowinski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen J, Liang J, Wu S. Lignin-rich biomass of cotton by-products for biorefineries via pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:402-409. [PMID: 27393830 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis was demonstrated to investigate the thermal decomposition characteristics and potential of lignin-rich cotton by-products cotton exocarp (CE) and spent mushroom substrate consisted of cotton by-products (MSC) for biorefineries. The chemical component and structure alteration of CE and MSC was found to affect their thermochemical behaviors. The bio-oil yield from CE was 58.13wt% while the maximum yield from MSC was 45.01% at 600°C. The phenolic compounds obtained from CE and MSC were 33.9% and 39.2%, respectively. The yield of acetic acid from MSC between 400 and 600°C was about 30-38% lower than that from CE, which suggests the high quality of bio-oil was obtained. Biochar from MSC via slow pyrolysis had a high mass yield (44.38wt%) with well-developed pore structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jiajin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shubin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Negahdar L, Gonzalez-Quiroga A, Otyuskaya D, Toraman HE, Liu L, Jastrzebski JBH, Van Geem KM, Marin GB, Thybaut JW, Weckhuysen BM. Characterization and Comparison of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils from Pinewood, Rapeseed Cake, and Wheat Straw Using 13C NMR and Comprehensive GC × GC. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2016; 4:4974-4985. [PMID: 27668136 PMCID: PMC5027642 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fast pyrolysis bio-oils are feasible energy carriers and a potential source of chemicals. Detailed characterization of bio-oils is essential to further develop its potential use. In this study, quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) was used to characterize fast pyrolysis bio-oils originated from pinewood, wheat straw, and rapeseed cake. The combination of both techniques provided new information on the chemical composition of bio-oils for further upgrading. 13C NMR analysis indicated that pinewood-based bio-oil contained mostly methoxy/hydroxyl (≈30%) and carbohydrate (≈27%) carbons; wheat straw bio-oil showed to have high amount of alkyl (≈35%) and aromatic (≈30%) carbons, while rapeseed cake-based bio-oil had great portions of alkyl carbons (≈82%). More than 200 compounds were identified and quantified using GC × GC coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) and a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Nonaromatics were the most abundant and comprised about 50% of the total mass of compounds identified and quantified via GC × GC. In addition, this analytical approach allowed the quantification of high value-added phenolic compounds, as well as of low molecular weight carboxylic acids and aldehydes, which exacerbate the unstable and corrosive character of the bio-oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Negahdar
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Gonzalez-Quiroga
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daria Otyuskaya
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilal E. Toraman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- School of Energy Science
and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Johann
T. B. H. Jastrzebski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin. M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris W. Thybaut
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|