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Bozkurt OD, Toraman HE. Conversion of Polypropylene into Light Hydrocarbons and Aromatics by Metal Exchanged Zeolite Catalysts. Langmuir 2024; 40:9636-9650. [PMID: 38654550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Polyolefins can be converted into C2-C5 hydrocarbons and benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) aromatics as high-demand petrochemical feedstocks via catalytic pyrolysis on acidic zeolites. Bro̷nsted and Lewis acid sites are responsible for cracking polyolefins into olefins and subsequent aromatic formation. In this study, we have subjected the parent HZSM-5 zeolite to postsynthetic partial metal exchange with Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Ce cations to perturb Bro̷nsted/Lewis acidity. We have investigated these metal-modified HZSM-5 on the catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) in a micropyrolyzer connected to a two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector (Tandem Pyrolyzer-GC × GC-TOF-MS/FID setup). Whereas Fe-, Co-, Cu-, and Ce-exchanged zeolites (with 2.5, 2.3, 1.9, and 0.8 wt % metal, respectively) had comparable product yields with the parent zeolite, Ni-exchanged zeolites with Ni content of 0.5 to 2 wt % were associated with enhanced BTX formation (28-38 wt %) compared to that of the parent zeolite (22 wt %). Pyridine-FTIR indicated that the Bro̷nsted/Lewis acid ratio of the parent zeolite decreased upon metal ion exchange. According to Pyridine-TPD, the parent zeolite's medium-strength acid sites were redistributed into weak and strong acid sites in Ni-exchanged zeolites. The higher amount of carbon deposits on Ni-exchanged zeolites compared to the parent and other metal ion exchanged zeolites was attributed to the enhanced aromatization activity by the simultaneous decrease in the Bro̷nsted/Lewis acid ratio and emergence of strong acid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Deniz Bozkurt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hilal Ezgi Toraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Institute of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Dong Q, Yao Y, Cheng S, Alexopoulos K, Gao J, Srinivas S, Wang Y, Pei Y, Zheng C, Brozena AH, Zhao H, Wang X, Toraman HE, Yang B, Kevrekidis IG, Ju Y, Vlachos DG, Liu D, Hu L. Programmable heating and quenching for efficient thermochemical synthesis. Nature 2022; 605:470-476. [PMID: 35585339 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conventional thermochemical syntheses by continuous heating under near-equilibrium conditions face critical challenges in improving the synthesis rate, selectivity, catalyst stability and energy efficiency, owing to the lack of temporal control over the reaction temperature and time, and thus the reaction pathways1-3. As an alternative, we present a non-equilibrium, continuous synthesis technique that uses pulsed heating and quenching (for example, 0.02 s on, 1.08 s off) using a programmable electric current to rapidly switch the reaction between high (for example, up to 2,400 K) and low temperatures. The rapid quenching ensures high selectivity and good catalyst stability, as well as lowers the average temperature to reduce the energy cost. Using CH4 pyrolysis as a model reaction, our programmable heating and quenching technique leads to high selectivity to value-added C2 products (>75% versus <35% by the conventional non-catalytic method and versus <60% by most conventional methods using optimized catalysts). Our technique can be extended to a range of thermochemical reactions, such as NH3 synthesis, for which we achieve a stable and high synthesis rate of about 6,000 μmol gFe-1 h-1 at ambient pressure for >100 h using a non-optimized catalyst. This study establishes a new model towards highly efficient non-equilibrium thermochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sichao Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Konstantinos Alexopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jinlong Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sanjana Srinivas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chaolun Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xizheng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hilal Ezgi Toraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ioannis G Kevrekidis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiguang Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Dongxia Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Okonsky ST, Krishna JVJ, Toraman HE. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of LDPE and PET with HZSM-5, H-beta, and HY: experiments and kinetic modelling. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study determines interaction effects and conducts kinetic modeling for catalytic co-pyrolysis of LDPE and PET with multiple zeolite frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Timothy Okonsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA-16801, USA
| | - J. V. Jayarama Krishna
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA-16801, USA
| | - Hilal Ezgi Toraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA-16801, USA
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA-16801, USA
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA-16801, USA
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SriBala G, Toraman HE, Symoens S, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Boerjan W, Ronsse F, Van Geem KM, Marin GB. Analytical Py-GC/MS of Genetically Modified Poplar for the Increased Production of Bio-aromatics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:599-610. [PMID: 31080566 PMCID: PMC6502739 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering is a powerful tool to steer bio-oil composition towards the production of speciality chemicals such as guaiacols, syringols, phenols, and vanillin through well-defined biomass feedstocks. Our previous work demonstrated the effects of lignin biosynthesis gene modification on the pyrolysis vapour compositions obtained from wood derived from greenhouse-grown poplars. In this study, field-grown poplars downregulated in the genes encoding CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) and CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (CCoAOMT), and their corresponding wild type were pyrolysed in a Py-GC/MS. This work aims at capturing the effects of downregulation of the three enzymes on bio-oil composition using principal component analysis (PCA). 3,5-methoxytoluene, vanillin, coniferyl alcohol, 4-vinyl guaiacol, syringol, syringaldehyde, and guaiacol are the determining factors in the PCA analysis that are the substantially affected by COMT, CAD and CCoAOMT enzyme downregulation. COMT and CAD downregulated transgenic lines proved to be statistically different from the wild type because of a substantial difference in S and G lignin units. The sCAD line lead to a significant drop (nearly 51%) in S-lignin derived compounds, while CCoAOMT downregulation affected the least (7–11%). Further, removal of extractives via pretreatment enhanced the statistical differences among the CAD transgenic lines and its wild type. On the other hand, COMT downregulation caused 2-fold reduction in S-derived compounds compared to G-derived compounds. This study manifests the applicability of PCA analysis in tracking the biological changes in biomass (poplar in this case) and their effects on pyrolysis-oil compositions.
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Key Words
- Analytical fast pyrolysis
- C, Holocellulose
- CAD, CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
- CCoAOMT, CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE
- COMT, CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE
- G, Guaiacyl units
- GC, Gas chromatography
- Genetically modified poplar
- H, p-hydroxyphenyl units
- L, Lignin-derived aromatic compounds
- L-G, Guaiacyl lignin-derived compounds
- L-H, p-Hydroxyphenyl lignin-derived compounds
- L-S, Syringyl lignin-derived compounds
- Lignin
- MD, Mahalanobis distance
- MS, Mass spectroscopy
- PC, Principal component
- Phenolic compounds
- Principal component analysis
- Py, Micropyrolysis or micropyrolyzer
- S, Syringyl units
- as, Antisense line
- s, Sense line
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorugantu SriBala
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilal Ezgi Toraman
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Symoens
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annabelle Déjardin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 0588, Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, 45075 Orléans, France
| | - Gilles Pilate
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche 0588, Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, 45075 Orléans, France
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Ronsse
- Ghent University, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy B Marin
- Ghent University, Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Bahcegul E, Toraman HE, Ozkan N, Bakir U. Evaluation of alkaline pretreatment temperature on a multi-product basis for the co-production of glucose and hemicellulose based films from lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 2012; 103:440-445. [PMID: 22050836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cotton stalks were subjected to alkaline pretreatment for the co-production of glucose and hemicellulose based films with a multi-product approach. Three pretreatment temperatures (25, 60 and 90 °C) were evaluated for their effects both on the glucose yield and on the properties of hemicellulose based films. Compared to untreated cotton stalks, the glucose yields were enhanced 3.9, 4.1 and 4.2 times for pretreatments conducted at 25, 60 and 90 °C, respectively. The pretreatment temperature of 90 °C was detrimental in terms of film formation. Tensile energy to break values of the films obtained after pretreatments conducted at 25, 60 and 90 °C were 1.1, 0.8, and 0.4 MJ/m3, respectively. The hemicellulosic part of the process, which considers the production of hemicellulose based films, should govern the pretreatment temperature since it was more responsive to the changes in the pretreatment temperature compared to the cellulosic part that accounts for glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinc Bahcegul
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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