1
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Shaw WJ, Kidder MK, Bare SR, Delferro M, Morris JR, Toma FM, Senanayake SD, Autrey T, Biddinger EJ, Boettcher S, Bowden ME, Britt PF, Brown RC, Bullock RM, Chen JG, Daniel C, Dorhout PK, Efroymson RA, Gaffney KJ, Gagliardi L, Harper AS, Heldebrant DJ, Luca OR, Lyubovsky M, Male JL, Miller DJ, Prozorov T, Rallo R, Rana R, Rioux RM, Sadow AD, Schaidle JA, Schulte LA, Tarpeh WA, Vlachos DG, Vogt BD, Weber RS, Yang JY, Arenholz E, Helms BA, Huang W, Jordahl JL, Karakaya C, Kian KC, Kothandaraman J, Lercher J, Liu P, Malhotra D, Mueller KT, O'Brien CP, Palomino RM, Qi L, Rodriguez JA, Rousseau R, Russell JC, Sarazen ML, Sholl DS, Smith EA, Stevens MB, Surendranath Y, Tassone CJ, Tran B, Tumas W, Walton KS. A US perspective on closing the carbon cycle to defossilize difficult-to-electrify segments of our economy. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00587-1. [PMID: 38693313 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrification to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions is essential to mitigate climate change. However, a substantial portion of our manufacturing and transportation infrastructure will be difficult to electrify and/or will continue to use carbon as a key component, including areas in aviation, heavy-duty and marine transportation, and the chemical industry. In this Roadmap, we explore how multidisciplinary approaches will enable us to close the carbon cycle and create a circular economy by defossilizing these difficult-to-electrify areas and those that will continue to need carbon. We discuss two approaches for this: developing carbon alternatives and improving our ability to reuse carbon, enabled by separations. Furthermore, we posit that co-design and use-driven fundamental science are essential to reach aggressive greenhouse gas reduction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | | | - Simon R Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Francesca M Toma
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Brandenburg, Germany.
| | | | - Tom Autrey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Shannon Boettcher
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Bowden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert C Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Jingguang G Chen
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter K Dorhout
- Vice President for Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aaron S Harper
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David J Heldebrant
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Oana R Luca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jonathan L Male
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Rallo
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Rachita Rana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Rioux
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Schulte
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robert S Weber
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett A Helms
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - James L Jordahl
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Kourosh Cyrus Kian
- Independent consultant, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Johannes Lercher
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ping Liu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | | | - Karl T Mueller
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Casey P O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Long Qi
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Jake C Russell
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, Department of Energy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michele L Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Emily A Smith
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ba Tran
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - William Tumas
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Krista S Walton
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Oberhausen CM, Mahajan JS, Sun JA, Epps TH, Korley LTJ, Vlachos DG. Hydrogenolysis of Poly(Ethylene-co-Vinyl Alcohol) and Related Polymer Blends over Ruthenium Heterogeneous Catalysts. ChemSusChem 2024:e202400238. [PMID: 38609332 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The hydrogenolysis of polymers is emerging as a promising approach to deconstruct plastic waste into valuable chemicals. Yet, the complexity of plastic waste, including multilayer packaging, is a significant barrier to handling realistic waste streams. Herein, we reveal fundamental insights into a new chemical route for transforming a previously unaddressed fraction of plastic waste - poly(ethylene-co---vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) and related polymer blends - into alkane products. We report that Ru/ZrO2 is active for the concurrent hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation of EVOH and its thermal degradation products into alkanes (C1-C35) and water. Detailed reaction data, product analysis, and catalyst characterization reveal that the in-situ thermal degradation of EVOH forms aromatic intermediates that are detrimental to catalytic activity. Increased hydrogen pressure promotes hydrogenation of these aromatics, preventing catalyst deactivation and improving alkane product yields. Calculated apparent rates of C-C scission reveal that the hydrogenolysis of EVOH is slower than low-density polyethylene. We apply these findings to achieve hydrogenolysis of EVOH/polyethylene blends and elucidate the sensitivity of hydrogenolysis catalysts to such blends. Overall, we demonstrate progress towards efficient catalytic processes for the hydroconversion of waste multilayer film plastic packaging into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jignesh S Mahajan
- University of Delaware, Materials Science and Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Jessie A Sun
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Thomas H Epps
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- University of Delaware, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- University of Delaware, Chemical Engineering, 150 Academy St., 19716, Newark, UNITED STATES
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3
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Kamarinopoulou NS, Wittreich GR, Vlachos DG. Direct HCN synthesis via plasma-assisted conversion of methane and nitrogen. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadl4246. [PMID: 38552025 PMCID: PMC10980260 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is synthesized from ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) at ~1200°C over a Pt catalyst. Ammonia synthesis entails several complex, highly emitting processes. Plasma-assisted HCN synthesis directly from CH4 and nitrogen (N2) could be pivotal for on-demand HCN production. Here, we evaluate the potential of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) N2/CH4 plasma for decentralized catalyst-free selective HCN production. We demonstrate a single-step conversion of methane and nitrogen to HCN with a 72% yield at <300°C. HCN is favored at low CH4 concentrations with ethane (C2H6) as the secondary product. We propose a first-principles microkinetic model with few electron impact reactions. The model accurately predicts primary product yields and elucidates that methyl radical (·CH3) is a common intermediate in HCN and C2H6 synthesis. Compared to current industrial processes, N2/CH4 DBD plasma can achieve minimal CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard R. Wittreich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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4
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Deshpande S, Vlachos DG. A Data and DFT-Driven Framework for Predicting the Microstructure of Submonolayer Inverse Metal Oxide on Metal Catalysts. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:2715-2722. [PMID: 38428034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Metal oxides on metal (inverse) catalysts can selectively drive many important reactions. However, understanding the active site under experimentally relevant conditions is lacking. Herein, we introduce a computational framework for predicting atomic models of stable inverse catalysts and demonstrate it for WOx on Pt(553) and a Pt79 nanoparticle at variable WOx coverages. An evolutionary algorithm identifies a small (5%) subset of promising atomic configurations on which DFT simulations are performed. We predict a maximum coverage of ∼50% WOx on Pt(553), consisting of small clusters (tetramers and pentamers), which preferentially reside on the terrace, with their oxygen atoms interacting with the Pt step sites. Consistently, WOx does not lie on curved and undercoordinated metal sites of Pt nanoparticles. The oxide clusters prefer a partially reduced oxidation state. Theoretical EXAFS spectra for select configurations provide insights into interpreting experimental spectra of inverse catalysts. The framework applies to other catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Deshpande
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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5
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Yang P, Li J, Vlachos DG, Caratzoulas S. Tuning Active Site Flexibility by Defect Engineering of Graphene Ribbon Edge-hosted Fe-N 3 Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311174. [PMID: 38079068 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped, carbon-supported transition metal catalysts are excellent for several reactions. Structural engineering of M-Nx sites to boost catalytic activity is rarely studied. Here, we demonstrate that the structural flexibility of Fe-N3 site is vital for tuning the electronic structure of Fe atoms and regulating the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) activity. By introducing carbon defects, we construct Fe-N3 sites with varying Fe-N bond lengths distinguishable by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We investigate the CTH activity by density-functional theory and microkinetic calculations and reveal that the vertical displacement of the Fe atom out of the plane of the support, induced by the Fe-N3 distortion, raises the Fe3 d z 2 ${3{d}_{{z}^{2}}{\rm \ }}$ orbital and strengthens binding. We propose that the activity is controlled by the relaxation of the reconstructed site, which is further affected by Fe-N bond length, an excellent activity descriptor. We elucidate the origin of the CTH activity and principles for high-performing Fe-N-C catalysts by defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaoping Yang
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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6
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Goculdas T, Korathotage K, Montone C, Sadula S, Bloch ED, Vlachos DG. Synthesis of Long Chain Oxygenates via Aldol Condensation of Furfural and Acetone over Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 38047592 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Enormous efforts have been made to convert biomass to liquid fuels and products catalytically. Long molecules with a suitable structure are ideal precursors for fuels and value-added products. Here, a C21 oxygenate was synthesized for the first time in one step through aldol condensation of furfural and acetone over the amine-functionalized zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-NH2. Structural changes of UiO-66-NH2 were investigated to improve the yield and evaluate the role of the ligand, cluster node, defectiveness, modulator, surface area, and textural properties on the product distribution. We demonstrate the possibility of making long-chain oxygenates without using vegetable oil-derived fatty acids toward 100% waste biomass-derived renewable fuels, lubricants, and surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Goculdas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kaushalya Korathotage
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christine Montone
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sunitha Sadula
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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7
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Nguyen DK, Vargheese V, Liao V, Dimitrakellis P, Sourav S, Zheng W, Vlachos DG. Plasma-Enabled Ligand Removal for Improved Catalysis: Furfural Conversion on Pd/SiO 2. ACS Nano 2023; 17:21480-21492. [PMID: 37906709 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
A nonthermal, atmospheric He/O2 plasma (NTAP) successfully removed polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) from Pd cubic nanoparticles supported on SiO2 quickly and controllably. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the shape and size of Pd nanoparticles remain intact during plasma treatment, unlike mild calcination, which causes sintering and polycrystallinity. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we demonstrate the quantitative estimation of the PVP plasma removal rate and control of the nanoparticle synthesis. First-principles calculations of the XPS and CO FTIR spectra elucidate electron transfer from the ligand to the metal and allow for estimates of ligand coverages. Reactivity testing indicated that PVP surface crowding inhibits furfural conversion but does not alter furfural selectivity. Overall, the data demonstrate NTAP as a more efficient method than traditional calcination for organic ligand removal in nanoparticle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darien K Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Vibin Vargheese
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Vinson Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrakellis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sagar Sourav
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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8
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Baker-Fales M, Gutiérrez-Cano JD, Catalá-Civera JM, Vlachos DG. Temperature-dependent complex dielectric permittivity: a simple measurement strategy for liquid-phase samples. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18171. [PMID: 37875512 PMCID: PMC10597996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwaves (MWs) are an emerging technology for intensified and electrified chemical manufacturing. MW heating is intimately linked to a material's dielectric permittivity. These properties are highly dependent on temperature and pressure, but such datasets are not readily available due to the limited accessibility of the current methodologies to process-oriented laboratories. We introduce a simple, benchtop approach for producing these datasets near the 2.45 GHz industrial, medical, and scientific (ISM) frequency for liquid samples. By building upon a previously-demonstrated bireentrant microwave measurement cavity, we introduce larger pressure- and temperature-capable vials to deduce temperature-dependent permittivity quickly and accurately for vapor pressures up to 7 bar. Our methodology is validated using literature data, demonstrating broad applicability for materials with dielectric constant ε' ranging from 1 to 100. We provide new permittivity data for water, organic solvents, and hydrochloric acid solutions. Finally, we provide simple fits to our data for easy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montgomery Baker-Fales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - José D Gutiérrez-Cano
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Catalá-Civera
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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9
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An Z, Yang P, Duan D, Li J, Wan T, Kong Y, Caratzoulas S, Xiang S, Liu J, Huang L, Frenkel AI, Jiang YY, Long R, Li Z, Vlachos DG. Highly active, ultra-low loading single-atom iron catalysts for catalytic transfer hydrogenation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6666. [PMID: 37863924 PMCID: PMC10589291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly effective and selective noble metal-free catalysts attract significant attention. Here, a single-atom iron catalyst is fabricated by saturated adsorption of trace iron onto zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) followed by pyrolysis. Its performance toward catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural is comparable to state-of-the-art catalysts and up to four orders higher than other Fe catalysts. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrate an intermolecular hydride transfer mechanism. First principles simulations, spectroscopic calculations and experiments, and kinetic correlations reveal that the synthesis creates pyrrolic Fe(II)-plN3 as the active center whose flexibility manifested by being pulled out of the plane, enabled by defects, is crucial for collocating the reagents and allowing the chemistry to proceed. The catalyst catalyzes chemoselectively several substrates and possesses a unique trait whereby the chemistry is hindered for more acidic substrates than the hydrogen donors. This work paves the way toward noble-metal free single-atom catalysts for important chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong An
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Delong Duan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Frontiers Science Center for Planetary Exploration and Emerging Technologies, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jiang Li
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Tong Wan
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yue Kong
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Shuting Xiang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Ran Long
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Frontiers Science Center for Planetary Exploration and Emerging Technologies, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Zhenxing Li
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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10
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Kwak Y, Wang C, Kavale CA, Yu K, Selvam E, Mallada R, Santamaria J, Julian I, Catala-Civera JM, Goyal H, Zheng W, Vlachos DG. Microwave-assisted, performance-advantaged electrification of propane dehydrogenation. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi8219. [PMID: 37713491 PMCID: PMC10881033 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonoxidative propane dehydrogenation (PDH) produces on-site propylene for value-added chemicals. While commercial, its modest selectivity and catalyst deactivation hamper the process efficiency and limit operation to lower temperatures. We demonstrate PDH in a microwave (MW)-heated reactor over PtSn/SiO2 catalyst pellets loaded in a SiC monolith acting as MW susceptor and a heat distributor while ensuring comparable conditions with conventional reactors. Time-on-stream experiments show active and stable operation at 500°C without hydrogen addition. Upon increasing temperature or feed partial pressure at high space velocity, catalysts under MWs show resistance in coking and sintering, high activity, and selectivity, starkly contrasting conventional reactors whose catalyst undergoes deactivation. Mechanistic differences in coke formation are exposed. Gas-solid temperature gradients are computationally investigated, and nanoscale temperature inhomogeneities are proposed to rationalize the different performances of the heating modes. The approach highlights the great potential of electrification of endothermic catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Chaitanya A. Kavale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Esun Selvam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Reyes Mallada
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | | | | | - Himanshu Goyal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation and Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
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11
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Vance B, Najmi S, Kots PA, Wang C, Jeon S, Stach EA, Zakharov DN, Marinkovic N, Ehrlich SN, Ma L, Vlachos DG. Structure-Property Relationships for Nickel Aluminate Catalysts in Polyethylene Hydrogenolysis with Low Methane Selectivity. JACS Au 2023; 3:2156-2165. [PMID: 37654574 PMCID: PMC10466342 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Earth-abundant metals have recently been demonstrated as cheap catalyst alternatives to scarce noble metals for polyethylene hydrogenolysis. However, high methane selectivities hinder industrial feasibility. Herein, we demonstrate that low-temperature ex-situ reduction (350 °C) of coprecipitated nickel aluminate catalysts yields a methane selectivity of <5% at moderate polymer deconstruction (25-45%). A reduction temperature up to 550 °C increases the methane selectivity nearly sevenfold. Catalyst characterization (XRD, XAS, 27Al MAS NMR, H2 TPR, XPS, and CO-IR) elucidates the complex process of Ni nanoparticle formation, and air-free XPS directly after reaction reveals tetrahedrally coordinated Ni2+ cations promote methane production. Metallic and the specific cationic Ni appear responsible for hydrogenolysis of internal and terminal C-C scissions, respectively. A structure-methane selectivity relationship is discovered to guide the design of Ni-based catalysts with low methane generation. It paves the way for discovering other structure-property relations in plastics hydrogenolysis. These catalysts are also effective for polypropylene hydrogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon
C. Vance
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sean Najmi
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Pavel A. Kots
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Cong Wang
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sungho Jeon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric A. Stach
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dmitri N. Zakharov
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, 735 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nebojsa Marinkovic
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500W 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Steven N. Ehrlich
- National
Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lu Ma
- National
Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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12
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Lambor SM, Kasiraju S, Vlachos DG. CKineticsDB─An Extensible and FAIR Data Management Framework and Datahub for Multiscale Modeling in Heterogeneous Catalysis. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4342-4354. [PMID: 37436913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
A great advantage of computational research is its reproducibility and reusability. However, an enormous amount of computational research data in heterogeneous catalysis is barricaded due to logistical limitations. Sufficient provenance and characterization of data and computational environment, with uniform organization and easy accessibility, can allow the development of software tools for integration across the multiscale modeling workflow. Here, we develop the Chemical Kinetics Database, CKineticsDB, a state-of-the-art datahub for multiscale modeling, designed to be compliant with the FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management. CKineticsDB utilizes a MongoDB back-end for extensibility and adaptation to varying data formats, with a referencing-based data model to reduce redundancy in storage. We have developed a Python software program for data processing operations and with built-in features to extract data for common applications. CKineticsDB evaluates the incoming data for quality and uniformity, retains curated information from simulations, enables accurate regeneration of publication results, optimizes storage, and allows the selective retrieval of files based on domain-relevant catalyst and simulation parameters. CKineticsDB provides data from multiple scales of theory (ab initio calculations, thermochemistry, and microkinetic models) to accelerate the development of new reaction pathways, kinetic analysis of reaction mechanisms, and catalysis discovery, along with several data-driven applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant M Lambor
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sashank Kasiraju
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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13
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Selvam E, Luo Y, Ierapetritou M, Lobo RF, Vlachos DG. Microwave-assisted depolymerization of PET over heterogeneous catalysts. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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14
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Hsiao YW, Nguyen DK, Yu K, Zheng W, Dimitrakellis P, Vlachos DG. Enhanced Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Activated Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts via Rapid Plasma Surface Functionalization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37216677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We employ a nonthermal, He/O2 atmospheric plasma as an efficient surface functionalization method of activated carbons. We show that plasma treatment rapidly increases the surface oxygen content from 4.1 to 23.4% on a polymer-based spherical activated carbon in 10 min. Plasma treatment is 3 orders of magnitude faster than acidic oxidation and introduces a diverse range of carbonyl (C═O) and carboxyl (O-C═O) functionalities that were not found with acidic oxidation. The increased oxygen functionalities reduce the particle size of a high 20 wt % loading Cu catalyst by >44% and suppress the formation of large agglomerates. Increased metal dispersion exposes additional active sites and improves the yield of hydrodeoxygenation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural to 2,5-dimethyl furan, an essential compound for biofuel replacement, by 47%. Surface functionalization via plasma can advance catalysis synthesis while being rapid and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Wei Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Darien K Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrakellis
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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15
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Medasani B, Kasiraju S, Vlachos DG. OpenMKM: An Open-Source C++ Multiscale Modeling Simulator for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37195251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microkinetic modeling is invaluable for coupling "microscale" atomistic data with "macroscale" reactor observables. We introduce an Open-source Microkinetic Modeling (OpenMKM) multiscale mean-field microkinetics modeling toolkit targeting mainly heterogeneous catalytic reactions but applies equally to homogeneous reactions. OpenMKM is a modular, object-oriented, C++ software, built on top of the robust open-source Cantera built mainly for homogeneous reactions. Reaction mechanisms can be input from human-readable files or automatic reaction generators, avoiding tedious work and errors. The governing equations are also built automatically, unlike Matlab and Python manual implementations, providing speed and error-free models. OpenMKM has built-in interfaces with numerical software, SUNDIALS, for solving ordinary differential equations and differential-algebraic equations. Users can choose various ideal reactors and energy balance options, such as isothermal, adiabatic, temperature ramp, and an experimentally measured temperature profile. OpenMKM is tightly integrated with pMuTT for thermochemistry input file generation from density functional theory (DFT), streamlining the workflow from DFT to MKM and eliminating tedious work and human errors. It is also seamlessly integrated with the RenView software for visualizing the reaction pathways and performing the reaction path or flux analysis (RPA). OpenMKM includes local sensitivity analysis (LSA) by solving the augmented system of equations or using the one-at-a-time finite difference (first or second order) method. LSA can identify not only kinetically influential reactions but also species. The software provides two techniques for large reaction mechanisms for which LSA is too expensive to run. One is the Fischer Information Matrix, which is approximate but comes at nearly zero cost. The other is a new method that we term RPA-guided LSA, which is a finite difference-based method but uses RPA to select kinetically relevant reactions instead of exploiting the entire reaction network. Users can quickly set up and conduct microkinetic simulations without writing code. The user inputs are conveniently divided into reactor setup files and thermodynamic and kinetic definition files to set up different reactors. The source code and documentation are openly available at https://github.com/VlachosGroup/openmkm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Medasani
- Computational Sciences Department, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sashank Kasiraju
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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16
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Wilson JC, Caratzoulas S, Vlachos DG, Yan Y. Insights into solvent and surface charge effects on Volmer step kinetics on Pt (111). Nat Commun 2023; 14:2384. [PMID: 37185242 PMCID: PMC10130056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of pH-dependent hydrogen oxidation and evolution kinetics is still a matter of significant debate. To make progress, we study the Volmer step kinetics on platinum (111) using classical molecular dynamics simulations with an embedded Anderson-Newns Hamiltonian for the redox process and constant potential electrodes. We investigate how negative electrode electrostatic potential affects Volmer step kinetics. We find that the redox solvent reorganization energy is insensitive to changes in interfacial field strength. The negatively charged surface attracts adsorbed H as well as H+, increasing hydrogen binding energy, but also trapping H+ in the double layer. While more negative electrostatic potential in the double layer accelerates the oxidation charge transfer, it becomes difficult for the proton to move to the bulk. Conversely, reduction becomes more difficult because the transition state occurs farther from equilibrium solvation polarization. Our results help to clarify how the charged surface plays a role in hydrogen electrocatalysis kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Yushan Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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17
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Zhou J, Yang P, Kots PA, Cohen M, Chen Y, Quinn CM, de Mello MD, Anibal Boscoboinik J, Shaw WJ, Caratzoulas S, Zheng W, Vlachos DG. Tuning the reactivity of carbon surfaces with oxygen-containing functional groups. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2293. [PMID: 37085515 PMCID: PMC10121666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-containing carbons are promising supports and metal-free catalysts for many reactions. However, distinguishing the role of various oxygen functional groups and quantifying and tuning each functionality is still difficult. Here we investigate the role of Brønsted acidic oxygen-containing functional groups by synthesizing a diverse library of materials. By combining acid-catalyzed elimination probe chemistry, comprehensive surface characterizations, 15N isotopically labeled acetonitrile adsorption coupled with magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, machine learning, and density-functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that phenolic is the main acid site in gas-phase chemistries and unexpectedly carboxylic groups are much less acidic than phenolic groups in the graphitized mesoporous carbon due to electron density delocalization induced by the aromatic rings of graphitic carbon. The methodology can identify acidic sites in oxygenated carbon materials in solid acid catalyst-driven chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Pavel A Kots
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Maximilian Cohen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Matheus Dorneles de Mello
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Wendy J Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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18
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Liao V, Cohen M, Wang Y, Vlachos DG. Deducing subnanometer cluster size and shape distributions of heterogeneous supported catalysts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1965. [PMID: 37029140 PMCID: PMC10082041 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectra of adsorbate vibrational modes are sensitive to adsorbate/metal interactions, accurate, and easily obtainable in-situ or operando. While they are the gold standards for characterizing single-crystals and large nanoparticles, analogous spectra for highly dispersed heterogeneous catalysts consisting of single-atoms and ultra-small clusters are lacking. Here, we combine data-based approaches with physics-driven surrogate models to generate synthetic IR spectra from first-principles. We bypass the vast combinatorial space of clusters by determining viable, low-energy structures using machine-learned Hamiltonians, genetic algorithm optimization, and grand canonical Monte Carlo calculations. We obtain first-principles vibrations on this tractable ensemble and generate single-cluster primary spectra analogous to pure component gas-phase IR spectra. With such spectra as standards, we predict cluster size distributions from computational and experimental data, demonstrated in the case of CO adsorption on Pd/CeO2(111) catalysts, and quantify uncertainty using Bayesian Inference. We discuss extensions for characterizing complex materials towards closing the materials gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinson Liao
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Maximilian Cohen
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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19
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Kurdziel SJ, Vlachos DG. Transition-state correlations for predicting thermochemistry of adsorbates and surface reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8412-8423. [PMID: 36912605 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04425k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Estimating thermochemical properties from linear correlations may provide a pathway to circumvent expensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations for quantities such as pre-exponentials and temperature corrections to DFT energies. Here, we construct thermochemical scaling relations between C1-C6n-alkanes in the gas phase and adsorbed alkyl chains extending from several transition metal surfaces, and examine changes in the slope and fit between metals and adsorption sites. We subsequently add -OH, -NH2, CO, and CC functional groups to the C1-C6 molecules and demonstrate strong linear correlations for thermochemistry across all species. We broaden the correlations to incorporate transition states of C1-C6n-alkane dehydrogenation reactions, where thermochemistry for computationally prohibitive transition-state calculations can be quickly assessed. Additionally, we rationalize the linearity of thermochemical correlations based on the composition of the homologous series and theoretical assessments. As an application of the correlations, we estimate pre-exponentials for elementary surface reactions of ethane and propane hydrogenolysis on Ru(0001), which is of relevance to plastic hydrogenolysis. Depending on kinetically important steps, entropic contributions may be necessary to include in certain reaction mechanisms; in contrasting examples, entropies are found to be relatively insignificant for ethane hydrogenolysis but pertinent for propane hydrogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Kurdziel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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20
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Gupta Y, Bhattacharyya S, Vlachos DG. Extraction of Valuable Chemicals from Food Waste via Computational Solvent Screening and Experiments. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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21
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Zare M, Kots PA, Caratzoulas S, Vlachos DG. Conformations of polyolefins on platinum catalysts control product distribution in plastics recycling. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1966-1977. [PMID: 36845916 PMCID: PMC9945165 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of catalysts for the chemical recycling of plastic waste will benefit greatly from an intimate knowledge of the interfacial polymer-catalyst interactions that determine reactant and product distributions. Here, we investigate backbone chain length, side chain length, and concentration effects on the density and conformation of polyethylene surrogates at the interface with Pt(111) and relate them to experimental product distributions resulting from carbon-carbon bond cleavage. Using replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations, we characterize the polymer conformations at the interface by the distributions of trains, loops, and tails and their first moments. We find that the preponderance of short chains, in the range of 20 carbon atoms, lies entirely on the Pt surface, whereas longer chains exhibit much broader distributions of conformational features. Remarkably, the average length of trains is independent of the chain length but can be tuned via the polymer-surface interaction. Branching profoundly impacts the conformations of long chains at the interface as the distributions of trains become less dispersed and more structured, localized around short trains, with the immediate implication of a wider carbon product distribution upon C-C bond cleavage. The degree of localization increases with the number and size of the side chains. Long chains can adsorb from the melt onto the Pt surface even in melt mixtures containing shorter polymer chains at high concentrations. We confirm experimentally key computational findings and demonstrate that blends may provide a strategy to reduce the selectivity for undesired light gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zare
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware 221 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Pavel A. Kots
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware221 Academy StreetNewarkDelaware 19716USA
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware 221 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware221 Academy StreetNewarkDelaware 19716USA,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware150 Academy StreetNewarkDelaware 19716USA
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22
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Liu Y, Zong X, Patra A, Caratzoulas S, Vlachos DG. Propane Dehydrogenation on Pt xSn y ( x, y ≤ 4) Clusters on Al 2O 3(110). ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilang Liu
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xue Zong
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Abhirup Patra
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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23
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Shi S, Yang P, Dun C, Zheng W, Urban JJ, Vlachos DG. Selective hydrogenation via precise hydrogen bond interactions on catalytic scaffolds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:429. [PMID: 36702821 PMCID: PMC9879947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The active site environment in enzymes has been known to affect catalyst performance through weak interactions with a substrate, but precise synthetic control of enzyme inspired heterogeneous catalysts remains challenging. Here, we synthesize hyper-crosslinked porous polymer (HCPs) with solely -OH or -CH3 groups on the polymer scaffold to tune the environment of active sites. Reaction rate measurements, spectroscopic techniques, along with DFT calculations show that HCP-OH catalysts enhance the hydrogenation rate of H-acceptor substrates containing carbonyl groups whereas hydrophobic HCP- CH3 ones promote non-H bond substrate activation. The functional groups go beyond enhancing substrate adsorption to partially activate the C = O bond and tune the catalytic sites. They also expose selectivity control in the hydrogenation of multifunctional substrates through preferential substrate functional group adsorption. The proposed synthetic strategy opens a new class of porous polymers for selective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Shi
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- grid.33489.350000 0001 0454 4791Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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24
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Cohen M, Goculdas T, Vlachos DG. Active Learning of Chemical Reaction Networks via Probabilistic Graphical Models and Boolean Reaction Circuits. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Discerning networks of many reactions among multiple interconverting species is challenging. Here, we present a reaction network identification methodology. Our methodology enumerates all stoichiometrically and chemically feasible reactions and requires...
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25
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Zong X, Vlachos DG. Reconciling Experimental Catalytic Data Stemming from Structure Sensitivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4337-4345. [PMID: 37123190 PMCID: PMC10132135 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental data have long served as a valuable resource for model validation and identification of the active site. Yet, literature kinetics data often exhibit significant differences among laboratories for the...
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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26
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Li J, Liu H, An Z, Kong Y, Huang L, Duan D, Long R, Yang P, Jiang YY, Liu J, Zhang J, Wan T, Fu J, Pan R, Wang X, Vlachos DG. Nitrogen-doped carbon for selective pseudo-metal-free hydrodeoxygenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-dimethylfuran: Importance of trace iron impurity. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Zhao L, Yang P, Shi S, Zhu G, Feng X, Zheng W, Vlachos DG, Xu J. Activation of Molecular Oxygen for Alcohol Oxidation over Vanadium Carbon Catalysts Synthesized via the Heterogeneous Ligand Strategy. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Song Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Guozhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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28
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Chen TY, Hsiao YW, Baker-Fales M, Cameli F, Dimitrakellis P, Vlachos DG. Microflow chemistry and its electrification for sustainable chemical manufacturing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10644-10685. [PMID: 36320706 PMCID: PMC9491096 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01684b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainability is vital in solving global societal problems. Still, it requires a holistic view by considering renewable energy and carbon sources, recycling waste streams, environmentally friendly resource extraction and handling, and green manufacturing. Flow chemistry at the microscale can enable continuous sustainable manufacturing by opening up new operating windows, precise residence time control, enhanced mixing and transport, improved yield and productivity, and inherent safety. Furthermore, integrating microfluidic systems with alternative energy sources, such as microwaves and plasmas, offers tremendous promise for electrifying and intensifying modular and distributed chemical processing. This review provides an overview of microflow chemistry, electrification, their integration toward sustainable manufacturing, and their application to biomass upgrade (a select number of other processes are also touched upon). Finally, we identify critical areas for future research, such as matching technology to the scale of the application, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Yung Wei Hsiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Montgomery Baker-Fales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Fabio Cameli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrakellis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware 150 Academy Street Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware 221 Academy St. Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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29
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Yu K, Srinivas S, Wang C, Chen W, Ma L, Ehrlich SN, Marinkovic N, Kumar P, Stach EA, Caratzoulas S, Zheng W, Vlachos DG. High-Temperature Pretreatment Effect on Co/SiO 2 Active Sites and Ethane Dehydrogenation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sanjana Srinivas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Cong Wang
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Weiqi Chen
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Steven N. Ehrlich
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nebojsa Marinkovic
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric A. Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Delaware Energy Institute, Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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30
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Zong X, Vlachos DG. Exploring Structure-Sensitive Relations for Small Species Adsorption Using Machine Learning. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4361-4368. [PMID: 36094012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of adsorption energies on heterogeneous catalyst surfaces is crucial to predicting reactivity and screening materials. Adsorption linear scaling relations have been developed extensively but often lack accuracy and apply to one adsorbate and a single binding site type at a time. These facts undermine their ability to predict structure sensitivity and optimal catalyst structure. Using machine learning on nearly 300 density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that generalized coordination number scaling relations hold well for oxygen- and high-valency carbon-binding species but fail for others. We reveal that the valency and the electronic coupling of a species with the surface, along with the site type and its coordination environment, are critical for small species adsorption. The model simultaneously predicts the adsorption energy and preferred site and significantly outperforms linear scalings in accuracy. It can expose the structure sensitivity of chemical reactions and enable enhanced catalyst activity via engineering particle shape and facet defects. The generality of our methodology is validated by training the model with transition metal data and transferring it to predict adsorption energies on single-atom alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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31
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Ro I, Qi J, Lee S, Xu M, Yan X, Xie Z, Zakem G, Morales A, Chen JG, Pan X, Vlachos DG, Caratzoulas S, Christopher P. Bifunctional hydroformylation on heterogeneous Rh-WO x pair site catalysts. Nature 2022; 609:287-292. [PMID: 36071187 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalysed reactions are often hypothesized to proceed on bifunctional active sites, whereby colocalized reactive species facilitate distinct elementary steps in a catalytic cycle1-8. Bifunctional active sites have been established on homogeneous binuclear organometallic catalysts9-11. Empirical evidence exists for bifunctional active sites on supported metal catalysts, for example, at metal-oxide support interfaces2,6,7,12. However, elucidating bifunctional reaction mechanisms on supported metal catalysts is challenging due to the distribution of potential active-site structures, their dynamic reconstruction and required non-mean-field kinetic descriptions7,12,13. We overcome these limitations by synthesizing supported, atomically dispersed rhodium-tungsten oxide (Rh-WOx) pair site catalysts. The relative simplicity of the pair site structure and sufficient description by mean-field modelling enable correlation of the experimental kinetics with first principles-based microkinetic simulations. The Rh-WOx pair sites catalyse ethylene hydroformylation through a bifunctional mechanism involving Rh-assisted WOx reduction, transfer of ethylene from WOx to Rh and H2 dissociation at the Rh-WOx interface. The pair sites exhibited >95% selectivity at a product formation rate of 0.1 gpropanal cm-3 h-1 in gas-phase ethylene hydroformylation. Our results demonstrate that oxide-supported pair sites can enable bifunctional reaction mechanisms with high activity and selectivity for reactions that are performed in industry using homogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Ro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ji Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xingxu Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Zakem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Austin Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. .,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, Newark, DE, USA.
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32
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Cohen M, Vlachos DG. Modified Energy Span Analysis of Catalytic Parallel Pathways and Selectivity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Cohen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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33
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Liu Z, Cheng S, Schulman E, Chen W, Vlachos DG, Shu Y, Tran DT, Liu D. Direct non-oxidative methane coupling on vitreous silica supported iron catalysts. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Wang Y, Kalscheur J, Ebikade E, Li Q, Vlachos DG. LigninGraphs: lignin structure determination with multiscale graph modeling. J Cheminform 2022; 14:43. [PMID: 35794646 PMCID: PMC9261032 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic biopolymer found in ubiquitous sources of woody biomass. Designing and optimizing lignin valorization processes requires a fundamental understanding of lignin structures. Experimental characterization techniques, such as 2D-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, could elucidate the global properties of the polymer molecules. Computer models could extend the resolution of experiments by representing structures at the molecular and atomistic scales. We introduce a graph-based multiscale modeling framework for lignin structure generation and visualization. The framework employs accelerated rejection-free polymerization and hierarchical Metropolis Monte Carlo optimization algorithms. We obtain structure libraries for various lignin feedstocks based on literature and new experimental NMR data for poplar wood, pinewood, and herbaceous lignin. The framework could guide researchers towards feasible lignin structures, efficient space exploration, and future kinetics modeling. Its software implementation in Python, LigninGraphs, is open-source and available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jake Kalscheur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Elvis Ebikade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA. .,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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35
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Soukaseum M, Vlachos DG, Fang H. Unleashing the Power of Knowledge Extraction from Scientific Literature in Catalysis. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3316-3330. [PMID: 35772028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Valuable knowledge of catalysis is often hidden in a large amount of scientific literature. There is an urgent need to extract useful knowledge to facilitate scientific discovery. This work takes the first step toward the goal in the field of catalysis. Specifically, we construct the first information extraction benchmark data set that covers the field of catalysis and also develop a general extraction framework that can accurately extract catalysis-related entities from scientific literature with 90% extraction accuracy. We further demonstrate the feasibility of leveraging the extracted knowledge to help users better access relevant information in catalysis through an entity-aware search engine and a correlation analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States.,Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Cong Wang
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Mya Soukaseum
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States.,Center for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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36
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Xiouras C, Cameli F, Quilló GL, Kavousanakis ME, Vlachos DG, Stefanidis GD. Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms to Crystallization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13006-13042. [PMID: 35759465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence and specifically machine learning applications are nowadays used in a variety of scientific applications and cutting-edge technologies, where they have a transformative impact. Such an assembly of statistical and linear algebra methods making use of large data sets is becoming more and more integrated into chemistry and crystallization research workflows. This review aims to present, for the first time, a holistic overview of machine learning and cheminformatics applications as a novel, powerful means to accelerate the discovery of new crystal structures, predict key properties of organic crystalline materials, simulate, understand, and control the dynamics of complex crystallization process systems, as well as contribute to high throughput automation of chemical process development involving crystalline materials. We critically review the advances in these new, rapidly emerging research areas, raising awareness in issues such as the bridging of machine learning models with first-principles mechanistic models, data set size, structure, and quality, as well as the selection of appropriate descriptors. At the same time, we propose future research at the interface of applied mathematics, chemistry, and crystallography. Overall, this review aims to increase the adoption of such methods and tools by chemists and scientists across industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Xiouras
- Chemical Process R&D, Crystallization Technology Unit, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fabio Cameli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Gustavo Lunardon Quilló
- Chemical Process R&D, Crystallization Technology Unit, Janssen R&D, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.,Chemical and BioProcess Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mihail E Kavousanakis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Greece
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Georgios D Stefanidis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Greece.,Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University; Tech Lane Ghent Science Park 125, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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37
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Srinivas S, Vlachos DG. Tuning at the subnanometre scale. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Ji Y, Batchu SP, Lawal A, Vlachos DG, Gorte RJ, Caratzoulas S, Abdelrahman OA. Selective dehydra-decyclization of cyclic ethers to conjugated dienes over zirconia. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Dong Q, Yao Y, Cheng S, Alexopoulos K, Gao J, Srinivas S, Wang Y, Pei Y, Zheng C, Brozena AH, Zhao H, Wang X, Toraman HE, Yang B, Kevrekidis IG, Ju Y, Vlachos DG, Liu D, Hu L. Programmable heating and quenching for efficient thermochemical synthesis. Nature 2022; 605:470-476. [PMID: 35585339 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conventional thermochemical syntheses by continuous heating under near-equilibrium conditions face critical challenges in improving the synthesis rate, selectivity, catalyst stability and energy efficiency, owing to the lack of temporal control over the reaction temperature and time, and thus the reaction pathways1-3. As an alternative, we present a non-equilibrium, continuous synthesis technique that uses pulsed heating and quenching (for example, 0.02 s on, 1.08 s off) using a programmable electric current to rapidly switch the reaction between high (for example, up to 2,400 K) and low temperatures. The rapid quenching ensures high selectivity and good catalyst stability, as well as lowers the average temperature to reduce the energy cost. Using CH4 pyrolysis as a model reaction, our programmable heating and quenching technique leads to high selectivity to value-added C2 products (>75% versus <35% by the conventional non-catalytic method and versus <60% by most conventional methods using optimized catalysts). Our technique can be extended to a range of thermochemical reactions, such as NH3 synthesis, for which we achieve a stable and high synthesis rate of about 6,000 μmol gFe-1 h-1 at ambient pressure for >100 h using a non-optimized catalyst. This study establishes a new model towards highly efficient non-equilibrium thermochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sichao Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Konstantinos Alexopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jinlong Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sanjana Srinivas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chaolun Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xizheng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hilal Ezgi Toraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bao Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ioannis G Kevrekidis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiguang Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Dongxia Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Center for Materials Innovation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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40
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Dorneles de Mello M, Ahmad M, Lee DT, Dimitrakellis P, Miao Y, Zheng W, Nykypanchuk D, Vlachos DG, Tsapatsis M, Boscoboinik JA. In Situ Tracking of Nonthermal Plasma Etching of ZIF-8 Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:19023-19030. [PMID: 35416642 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface characterization is critical for understanding the processes used for preparing catalysts, sorbents, and membranes. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is a process that achieves high reactivity at low temperatures and is used to tailor the surface properties of materials. In this work, we combine the capabilities of infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) with NTP for the in situ interrogation of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) thin films to probe modifications in the material induced by oxygen and nitrogen plasmas. The IRRAS measurements in oxygen plasma reveal etching of organic ligands with sequential removal of the methyl group and imidazole ring and with the formation of carbonyl moieties (C═O). In contrast, nitrogen plasma induces mild etching and grafting of nitrile groups (-C≡N). Scanning electron microscopy imaging shows that oxygen plasma, at prolonged times, significantly degrades the ZIF-8 film at the grain boundaries. Treatment of ZIF-8 membranes using mild plasma conditions yields a fivefold enhancement for H2/N2 and CO2/CH4 ideal selectivities and an eightfold enhancement for CO2/N2 ideal selectivity. Additionally, the new tools described here can be used for spectroscopic in situ tracking of plasma-induced chemistry on thin films in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Dorneles de Mello
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mueed Ahmad
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Dennis T Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrakellis
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716 United States
| | - Yurun Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716 United States
| | - Dmytro Nykypanchuk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716 United States
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Cohen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Montgomery Baker-Fales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Himanshu Goyal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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43
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Wittreich GR, Liu S, Dauenhauer PJ, Vlachos DG. Catalytic resonance of ammonia synthesis by simulated dynamic ruthenium crystal strain. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabl6576. [PMID: 35080982 PMCID: PMC8791612 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia affords dense storage for renewable energy as a fungible liquid fuel, provided it can be efficiently synthesized from hydrogen and nitrogen. In this work, the catalysis of ammonia synthesis was computationally explored beyond the Sabatier limit by dynamically straining a ruthenium crystal (±4%) at the resonant frequencies (102 to 105+ Hz) of N2 surface dissociation and hydrogenation. Density functional theory calculations at different strain conditions indicated that the energies of NHx surface intermediates and transition states scale linearly, allowing the description of ammonia synthesis at a continuum of strain conditions. A microkinetic model including multiple sites and surface diffusion between step and Ru(0001) terrace sites of varying ratios for nanoparticles of differing size revealed that dynamic strain yields catalytic ammonia synthesis conversion and turnover frequency comparable to industrial reactors (400°C, 200 atm) but at lower temperature (320°C) and an order of magnitude lower pressure (20 atm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard R. Wittreich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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44
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O’Dea RM, Pranda PA, Luo Y, Amitrano A, Ebikade EO, Gottlieb ER, Ajao O, Benali M, Vlachos DG, Ierapetritou M, Epps TH. Ambient-pressure lignin valorization to high-performance polymers by intensified reductive catalytic deconstruction. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj7523. [PMID: 35044829 PMCID: PMC8769544 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemocatalytic lignin valorization strategies are critical for a sustainable bioeconomy, as lignin, especially technical lignin, is one of the most available and underutilized aromatic feedstocks. Here, we provide the first report of an intensified reactive distillation–reductive catalytic deconstruction (RD-RCD) process to concurrently deconstruct technical lignins from diverse sources and purify the aromatic products at ambient pressure. We demonstrate the utility of RD-RCD bio-oils in high-performance additive manufacturing via stereolithography 3D printing and highlight its economic advantages over a conventional reductive catalytic fractionation/RCD process. As an example, our RD-RCD reduces the cost of producing a biobased pressure-sensitive adhesive from softwood Kraft lignin by up to 60% in comparison to the high-pressure RCD approach. Last, a facile screening method was developed to predict deconstruction yields using easy-to-obtain thermal decomposition data. This work presents an integrated lignin valorization approach for upgrading existing lignin streams toward the realization of economically viable biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. O’Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Paula A. Pranda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yuqing Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Alice Amitrano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Elvis O. Ebikade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Eric R. Gottlieb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Olumoye Ajao
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S6, Canada
| | - Marzouk Benali
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S6, Canada
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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45
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Alghamdi NM, Gautam R, Gascon J, Vlachos DG, Sarathy SM. Low-temperature CO oxidation over Rh/Al 2O 3 in a stagnation-flow reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study provides thorough, novel experimental data for low-temperature CO oxidation on Rh/Al2O3 in a stagnation-flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf M. Alghamdi
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ribhu Gautam
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
| | - S. Mani Sarathy
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
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46
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Abstract
A direct comparison of the recent advancements in the hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking of polyolefins is lacking. This perspective aims to address this gap while providing insights from model alkane studies to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Kots
- Center for Plastic Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Brandon C. Vance
- Center for Plastic Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Center for Plastic Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
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47
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Wang Y, Lee S, Zhou J, Fu J, Foucher A, Stach E, Ma L, Marinkovic N, Ehrlich S, Zheng W, Vlachos DG. Higher loadings of Pt single atoms and clusters over reducible metal oxides: application to C–O bond activation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We develop higher loadings of isolated noble metal atoms and clusters on a metal oxide via redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhu Wang
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jiayi Fu
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Alexandre Foucher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Stach
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Nebojsa Marinkovic
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Steven Ehrlich
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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48
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Abstract
Automation and optimization of chemical systems require well-informed decisions on what experiments to run to reduce time, materials, and/or computations. Data-driven active learning algorithms have emerged as valuable tools to solve such tasks. Bayesian optimization, a sequential global optimization approach, is a popular active-learning framework. Past studies have demonstrated its efficiency in solving chemistry and engineering problems. We introduce NEXTorch, a library in Python/PyTorch, to facilitate laboratory or computational design using Bayesian optimization. NEXTorch offers fast predictive modeling, flexible optimization loops, visualization capabilities, easy interfacing with legacy software, and multiple types of parameters and data type conversions. It provides GPU acceleration, parallelization, and state-of-the-art Bayesian optimization algorithms and supports both automated and human-in-the-loop optimization. The comprehensive online documentation introduces Bayesian optimization theory and several examples from catalyst synthesis, reaction condition optimization, parameter estimation, and reactor geometry optimization. NEXTorch is open-source and available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Tai-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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49
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Wang C, Xie T, Kots PA, Vance BC, Yu K, Kumar P, Fu J, Liu S, Tsilomelekis G, Stach EA, Zheng W, Vlachos DG. Polyethylene Hydrogenolysis at Mild Conditions over Ruthenium on Tungstated Zirconia. JACS Au 2021; 1:1422-1434. [PMID: 34604852 PMCID: PMC8479762 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastics waste has become a major environmental threat, with polyethylene being one of the most produced and hardest to recycle plastics. Hydrogenolysis is potentially the most viable catalytic technology for recycling. Ruthenium (Ru) is one of the most active hydrogenolysis catalysts but yields too much methane. Here we introduce ruthenium supported on tungstated zirconia (Ru-WZr) for hydrogenolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). We show that the Ru-WZr catalysts suppress methane formation and produce a product distribution in the diesel and wax/lubricant base-oil range unattainable by Ru-Zr and other Ru-supported catalysts. Importantly, the enhanced performance is showcased for real-world, single-use LDPE consumables. Reactivity studies combined with characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that highly dispersed (WO x )n clusters store H as surface hydroxyls by spillover. We correlate this hydrogen storage mechanism with hydrogenation and desorption of long alkyl intermediates that would otherwise undergo further C-C scission to produce methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Tianjun Xie
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Pavel A. Kots
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Brandon C. Vance
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jiayi Fu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Sibao Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - George Tsilomelekis
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Eric A. Stach
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Weiqing Zheng
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
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50
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Wang Y, Kalscheur J, Su YQ, Hensen EJM, Vlachos DG. Real-time dynamics and structures of supported subnanometer catalysts via multiscale simulations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5430. [PMID: 34521852 PMCID: PMC8440615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the performance of subnanometer catalysts and how catalyst treatment and exposure to spectroscopic probe molecules change the structure requires accurate structure determination under working conditions. Experiments lack simultaneous temporal and spatial resolution and could alter the structure, and similar challenges hinder first-principles calculations from answering these questions. Here, we introduce a multiscale modeling framework to follow the evolution of subnanometer clusters at experimentally relevant time scales. We demonstrate its feasibility on Pd adsorbed on CeO2(111) at various catalyst loadings, temperatures, and exposures to CO. We show that sintering occurs in seconds even at room temperature and is mainly driven by free energy reduction. It leads to a kinetically (far from equilibrium) frozen ensemble of quasi-two-dimensional structures that CO chemisorption and infrared experiments probe. CO adsorption makes structures flatter and smaller. High temperatures drive very rapid sintering toward larger, stable/metastable equilibrium structures, where CO induces secondary structure changes only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Jake Kalscheur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Ya-Qiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J M Hensen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States.
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