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Wu Y, Qin M, Yang X. Organ bioprinting: progress, challenges and outlook. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10263-10287. [PMID: 37850299 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting, as a groundbreaking technology, enables the fabrication of biomimetic tissues and organs with highly complex structures, multiple cell types, mechanical heterogeneity, and diverse functional gradients. With the growing demand for organ transplantation and the limited number of organ donors, bioprinting holds great promise for addressing the organ shortage by manufacturing completely functional organs. While the bioprinting of complete organs remains a distant goal, there has been considerable progress in the development of bioprinted transplantable tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. This review article recapitulates the current achievements of organ 3D bioprinting, primarily encompassing five important organs in the human body (i.e., the heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and lungs). Challenges from cellular techniques, biomanufacturing technologies, and organ maturation techniques are also deliberated for the broad application of organ bioprinting. In addition, the integration of bioprinting with other cutting-edge technologies including machine learning, organoids, and microfluidics is envisioned, which strives to offer the reader the prospect of bioprinting in constructing functional organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Minghao Qin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Kerk YJ, Jameel A, Xing X, Zhang C. Recent advances of integrated microfluidic suspension cell culture system. ENGINEERING BIOLOGY 2021; 5:103-119. [PMID: 36970555 PMCID: PMC9996741 DOI: 10.1049/enb2.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices with superior microscale fluid manipulation ability and large integration flexibility offer great advantages of high throughput, parallelisation and multifunctional automation. Such features have been extensively utilised to facilitate cell culture processes such as cell capturing and culturing under controllable and monitored conditions for cell-based assays. Incorporating functional components and microfabricated configurations offered different levels of fluid control and cell manipulation strategies to meet diverse culture demands. This review will discuss the advances of single-phase flow and droplet-based integrated microfluidic suspension cell culture systems and their applications for accelerated bioprocess development, high-throughput cell selection, drug screening and scientific research to insight cell biology. Challenges and future prospects for this dynamically developing field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing Kerk
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Aysha Jameel
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin‐Hui Xing
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chong Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Industrial BiocatalysisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Synthetic and Systems BiologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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3
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Totaro D, Rothbauer M, Steiger MG, Mayr T, Wang HY, Lin YS, Sauer M, Altvater M, Ertl P, Mattanovich D. Downscaling screening cultures in a multifunctional bioreactor array-on-a-chip for speeding up optimization of yeast-based lactic acid bioproduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2046-2057. [PMID: 32190900 PMCID: PMC7317386 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for bioprocess engineering is the identification of the optimum process conditions for the production of biochemical and biopharmaceutical compounds using prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cell factories. Shake flasks and bench-scale bioreactor systems are still the golden standard in the early stage of bioprocess development, though they are known to be expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive as well as lacking the throughput for efficient production optimizations. To bridge the technological gap between bioprocess optimization and upscaling, we have developed a microfluidic bioreactor array to reduce time and costs, and to increase throughput compared with traditional lab-scale culture strategies. We present a multifunctional microfluidic device containing 12 individual bioreactors (Vt = 15 µl) in a 26 mm × 76 mm area with in-line biosensing of dissolved oxygen and biomass concentration. Following initial device characterization, the bioreactor lab-on-a-chip was used in a proof-of-principle study to identify the most productive cell line for lactic acid production out of two engineered yeast strains, evaluating whether it could reduce the time needed for collecting meaningful data compared with shake flasks cultures. Results of the study showed significant difference in the strains' productivity within 3 hr of operation exhibiting a 4- to 6-fold higher lactic acid production, thus pointing at the potential of microfluidic technology as effective screening tool for fast and parallelizable industrial bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Totaro
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hsiang-Yu Wang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Michael Sauer
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Altvater
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Wang JZ, Zhu LL, Zhang F, Herman RA, Li WJ, Zhou XJ, Wu FA, Wang J. Microfluidic tools for lipid production and modification: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:35482-35496. [PMID: 31327140 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has great potential as an efficient tool for a large range of applications in industry. The ability of such devices to deal with an extremely small amount of fluid has additional benefits, including superlatively fast and efficient mass and heat transfer. These characteristics of microfluidics have attracted an enormous amount of interest in their use as a novel tool for lipid production and modification. In addition, lipid resources have a close relationship with energy resources, and lipids are an alternative renewable energy source. Here, recent advances in the application of microfluidics for lipid production and modification, especially in the discovery, culturing, harvesting, separating, and monitoring of lipid-producing microorganisms, will be reviewed. Other applications of microfluidics, such as the modification of lipids from microorganisms, will also be discussed. The novel microfluidic tools in this review will be useful in applications to improve lipid production and modification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard Ansah Herman
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jiao Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China.
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, Zhenjiang, 212018, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan D, Zhao Q, Yan S, Tang SY, Zhang Y, Yun G, Nguyen NT, Zhang J, Li M, Li W. Sheathless separation of microalgae from bacteria using a simple straight channel based on viscoelastic microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2811-2821. [PMID: 31312819 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cells have been recognized as a promising sustainable resource to meet worldwide growing demands for renewable energy, food, livestock feed, water, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and materials. In order to ensure high-efficiency and high-quality production of biomass, biofuel, or bio-based products, purification procedures prior to the storage and cultivation of the microalgae from contaminated bacteria are of great importance. The present work proposed and developed a simple, sheathless, and efficient method to separate microalgae Chlorella from bacteria Bacillus Subtilis in a straight channel using the viscoelasticity of the medium. Microalgae and bacteria migrate to different lateral positions closer to the channel centre and channel walls respectively. Fluorescent microparticles with 1 μm and 5 μm diameters were first used to mimic the behaviours of bacteria and microalgae to optimize the separating conditions. Subsequently, size-based separation in Newtonian fluid and in viscoelastic fluid in straight channels with different aspect ratios was compared and demonstrated. Under the optimal condition, the removal ratio for 1 μm microparticles and separation efficiency for 5 μm particles can reach up to 98.28% and 93.85% respectively. For bacteria and microalgae cells separation, the removal ratio for bacteria and separation efficiency for microalgae cells is 92.69% and 100% respectively. This work demonstrated the continuous and sheathless separation of microalgae from bacteria for the first time by viscoelastic microfluidics. This technique can also be applied as an efficient and user-friendly method to separate mammalian cells or other kinds of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. and Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qianbin Zhao
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Guolin Yun
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2122, Australia.
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Microfluidics for cell factory and bioprocess development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 55:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Paik SM, Kim J, Jin E, Jeon NL. Overproduction of recombinant E. coli malate synthase enhances Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass by upregulating heterotrophic metabolism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 272:594-598. [PMID: 30348480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High uptake of malate and efficient distribution of intracellular malate to organelles contributed to biomass increase, reducing maintenance energy. In this study, transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was developed that stably expresses malate synthase in the chloroplast. The strains under glyoxylate treatment showed 19% more increase in microalgal biomass than wild-type. By RNA analysis, transcript levels of malate dehydrogenase (MDH4) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS3), isocitrate lyase (ICL1) and malate synthase (MAS1), were significantly more expressed (17%, 42%, 24%, and 18% respectively), which was consistent with reported heterotrophic metabolism flux analysis with the objective function maximizing biomass. Photosynthetic Fv/Fm was slightly reduced. A more meticulous analysis is necessary, but, in the transgenic microalgae with malate synthase overexpression, the metabolism is likely to more rely on heterotrophic energy production via TCA cycle and glyoxylate shunt than on photosynthesis, resulting in the increase in microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Paik
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Advanced Mechanics and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Girault M, Beneyton T, Del Amo Y, Baret JC. Microfluidic technology for plankton research. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 55:134-150. [PMID: 30326407 PMCID: PMC6378650 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plankton produces numerous chemical compounds used in cosmetics and functional foods. They also play a key role in the carbon budget on the Earth. In a context of global change, it becomes important to understand the physiological response of these microorganisms to changing environmental conditions. Their adaptations and the response to specific environmental conditions are often restricted to a few active cells or individuals in large populations. Using analytical capabilities at the subnanoliter scale, microfluidic technology has also demonstrated a high potential in biological assays. Here, we review recent advances in microfluidic technologies to overcome the current challenges in high content analysis both at population and the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Girault
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Thomas Beneyton
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Yolanda Del Amo
- Université de Bordeaux - OASU, UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC (Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux), Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Baret
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5031, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33600 Pessac, France.
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Paik SM, Jin E, Sim SJ, Jeon NL. Vibration-induced stress priming during seed culture increases microalgal biomass in high shear field-cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 254:340-346. [PMID: 29397260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational wave treatment has been used to increase proliferation of microalgae. When directly applied at large scale, however, turbulence can offset positive effects of vibration on microalgae proliferation. Moreover, severe hydrodynamic shear fields in the bioreactor decrease cell viability that detrimentally influence maximum yieldable biomass. In this study, vibration pretreatment (between 10-30 Hz and 0.15-0.45 G) was used to prime the cells for enhanced biomass. When exposed to 10 Hz at 0.15 G for 72 h and inoculated in baffled flasks of large shear fields (0.292 Pa for the average wall shear force (aveWSF) and 184 s-1 for the average shear strain rate (aveSSR)), microalgae showed 27% increase in biomass as well as 39% increase in corresponding amount of heterologous protein (i.e. GFP-3HA). Our results show that stress primed microalgae with vibrations can lead to improved proliferation that results in increased biomass production at industrial scale bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Paik
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Advanced Mechanics and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Syed MS, Rafeie M, Vandamme D, Asadnia M, Henderson R, Taylor RA, Warkiani ME. Selective separation of microalgae cells using inertial microfluidics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 252:91-99. [PMID: 29306136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent the most promising new source of biomass for the world's growing demands. However, the biomass productivity and quality is significantly decreased by the presence of bacteria or other invading microalgae species in the cultures. We therefore report a low-cost spiral-microchannel that can effectively separate and purify Tetraselmis suecica (lipid-rich microalgae) cultures from Phaeodactylum tricornutum (invasive diatom). Fluorescent polystyrene-microbeads of 6 μm and 10 μm diameters were first used as surrogate particles to optimize the microchannel design by mimicking the microalgae cell behaviour. Using the optimum flowrate, up to 95% of the P. tricornutum cells were separated from the culture without affecting the cell viability. This study shows, for the first time, the potential of inertial microfluidics to sort microalgae species with minimal size difference. Additionally, this approach can also be applied as a pre-sorting technique for water quality analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira S Syed
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia; Biomass Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Mehdi Rafeie
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dries Vandamme
- Biomass Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia; Laboratory for Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Belgium
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rita Henderson
- Biomass Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert A Taylor
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia; School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Majid E Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; Center for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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Guo CL, Tang QY, Pei HS, Zhang GF, Guo FQ. Experimental investigation on bubble dynamic behavior in a confined space bioreactor with bacterial suspension. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Guo
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou 221116 China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
| | - Qin-Yuan Tang
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou 221116 China
| | - Hong-Shan Pei
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou 221116 China
| | - Guo-Feng Zhang
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou 221116 China
| | - Fei-Qiang Guo
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou 221116 China
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