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Zhang L, Lee JTE, Ok YS, Dai Y, Tong YW. Enhancing microbial lipids yield for biodiesel production by oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi fermentation: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126294. [PMID: 34748983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced production of microbial lipids suitable for manufacturing biodiesel from oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi is critically reviewed. Recent advances in several aspects involving the biosynthetic pathways of lipids, current conversion efficiencies using various carbon sources, intensification strategies for improving lipid yield and productivity in L. starkeyi fermentation, and lipid extraction approaches are analyzed from about 100 papers for the past decade. Key findings on strategies are summarized, including (1) optimization of parameters, (2) cascading two-stage systems, (3) metabolic engineering strategies, (4) mutagenesis followed by selection, and (5) co-cultivation of yeast and algae. The current technical limitations are analyzed. Research suggestions like examination of more gene targets via metabolic engineering are proposed. This is the first comprehensive review on the latest technical advances in strategies from the perspective of process and metabolic engineering to further increase the lipid yield and productivity from L. starkeyi fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Jonathan T E Lee
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanjun Dai
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai China
| | - Yen Wah Tong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower #15-02, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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Szczepańska P, Hapeta P, Lazar Z. Advances in production of high-value lipids by oleaginous yeasts. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1-22. [PMID: 34000935 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1922353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The global market for high-value fatty acids production, mainly omega-3/6, hydroxy fatty-acids, waxes and their derivatives, has seen strong development in the last decade. The reason for this growth was the increasing utilization of these lipids as significant ingredients for cosmetics, food and the oleochemical industries. The large demand for these compounds resulted in a greater scientific interest in research focused on alternative sources of oil production - among which microorganisms attracted the most attention. Microbial oil production offers the possibility to engineer the pathways and store lipids enriched with the desired fatty acids. Moreover, costly chemical steps are avoided and direct commercial use of these fatty acids is available. Among all microorganisms, the oleaginous yeasts have become the most promising hosts for lipid production - their efficient lipogenesis, ability to use various (often highly affordable) carbon sources, feasible large-scale cultivations and wide range of available genetic engineering tools turns them into powerful micro-factories. This review is an in-depth description of the recent developments in the engineering of the lipid biosynthetic pathway with oleaginous yeasts. The different classes of valuable lipid compounds with their derivatives are described and their importance for human health and industry is presented. The emphasis is also placed on the optimization of culture conditions in order to improve the yield and titer of these valuable compounds. Furthermore, the important economic aspects of the current microbial oil production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Szczepańska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Hapeta
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Lazar
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Refining Citrus Wastes: From Discarded Oranges to Efficient Brewing Biocatalyst, Aromatic Beer, and Alternative Yeast Extract Production. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes can be valorized as biorefinery raw materials through innovative, environmentally friendly bioprocessing for added value products. In this study, a process for citrus waste valorization within the biorefinery concept is proposed, including the development of an effective biocatalyst, based on immobilized cells, for aromatic beer production, and an alternative yeast extract (AYE) production in the same unit. Specifically, orange pulp from discarded oranges was applied as an immobilization carrier of the alcohol-resistant and cryotolerant yeast strain S. cerevisiae AXAZ-1. The yeast culture was produced by minor nutrient supplementation using diluted molasses as substrate. An effective Citrus Waste Brewing Biocatalyst (CWBB) was produced and applied for beer fermentation. The aroma-related compounds in beer produced with free yeast cells or the CWBB were evaluated by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The analysis showed that the beers produced by the CWBB had a more complex volatile profile compared with beer fermented by the free cells. More specifically, the CWBB enhanced the formation of esters and terpenes by 5- and 27-fold, respectively. In the frame of the proposed multiprocessing biorefinery concept, the spent CWBB, after it has completed its cycle of brewing batches, was used as substrate for AYE production through autolysis. The produced AYE significantly affected the yeast growth when compared to commercial yeast extract (CYE). More specifically, it promoted the biomass productivity and biomass yield factor by 60–150% and 110–170%, respectively. Thus, AYE could be successfully used for industrial cell growth as an efficient and cheaper substitute of CYE. Within a circular economy framework, the present study highlights the potential use of citrus waste to produce aromatic beer combined with AYE production as an alternative way to valorize these wastes.
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Terpou A, Ganatsios V, Kanellaki M, Koutinas AA. Entrapped Psychrotolerant Yeast Cells within Pine Sawdust for Low Temperature Wine Making: Impact on Wine Quality. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050764. [PMID: 32443782 PMCID: PMC7285313 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An alternative methodology is proposed for low temperature winemaking using freeze-dried raw materials. Pine sawdust was delignified and the received porous cellulosic material was applied as immobilization carrier of the psychrotolerant yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae AXAZ-1. The immobilization of yeast cells was examined and verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The immobilized biocatalyst and high-gravity grape must were separately freeze-dried without cryoprotectants and stored at room temperature (20–22 °C) for 3 months. The effect of storage on the fermentation efficiency of the immobilized biocatalyst at low temperatures (1–10 °C), as well as on the aromatic characteristics of the produced wines was evaluated. Storage time had no significant effect on the fermentation efficiency of the biocatalyst resulting in most cases in high ethanol production 13.8–14.8% v/v. The volatile fraction of the produced wines was examined using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). GC-MS/SPME analysis along with the organoleptic evaluation revealed in all produced wines a plethora of fresh and fruit aromatic notes. To conclude, fermentation kinetics and aromatic profile evaluation encourages the production of high-quality sweet wines at low temperatures using pine sawdust (Pinus halepensis) entrapped yeast cells as a promoter.
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Díaz-Fernández D, Aguiar TQ, Martín VI, Romaní A, Silva R, Domingues L, Revuelta JL, Jiménez A. Microbial lipids from industrial wastes using xylose-utilizing Ashbya gossypii strains. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122054. [PMID: 31487616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the exploitation of waste industrial by-products as raw materials for the production of microbial lipids in engineered strains of the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. A lipogenic xylose-utilizing strain was used to apply a metabolic engineering approach aiming at relieving regulatory mechanisms to further increase the biosynthesis of lipids. Three genomic manipulations were applied: the overexpression of a feedback resistant form of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme; the expression of a truncated form of Mga2, a regulator of the main Δ9 desaturase gene; and the overexpression of an additional copy of DGA1 that codes for diacylglycerol acyltransferase. The performance of the engineered strain was evaluated in culture media containing mixed formulations of corn-cob hydrolysates, sugarcane molasses or crude glycerol. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of the engineered strains, which were able to accumulate about 40% of cell dry weight (CDW) in lipid content using organic industrial wastes as feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Fernández
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tatiana Q Aguiar
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Victoria Isabel Martín
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Aloia Romaní
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Luis Revuelta
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Alberto Jiménez
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Xu J, Zhang M, He T, Luo H, Peng K, Huang X, Liu J. Application of de-lignified cellulose to enhance intracellular and extracellular lipid production from oleaginous yeast using acetic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122032. [PMID: 31491647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two de-lignified cellulose of loofah sponge and sawdust were applied in two ways to enhance the lipid production from oleaginous yeast using acetic acid. When 30 g/L of acetic acid was used as a carbon source, direct addition of de-lignified loofah sponge or sawdust increased the extracellular lipid content to 33.94% and 53.25%, respectively. The latter reduced the energy input of lipid extraction process from 0.86 to 0.57 GJ per ton of biodiesel production. To relieve the inhibition caused by 40 g/L acetic acid, immobilization of oleaginous yeast on de-lignified sawdust increased the lipid concentration and yield from 3.83 g/L, 0.18 g/g C to 7.15 g/L, 0.20 g/g C, respectively. These improvements occurred due to the cell-immobilized sawdust which play an important role in the loading of cells and adsorption of acetic acid. Immobilized cultivation also increased the fatty acid proportion of C18:1, thereby improving biodiesel performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengli Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tuo He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huijuan Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kaiming Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiangfeng Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Ganatsios V, Terpou A, Gialleli AI, Kanellaki M, Bekatorou A, Koutinas AA. A ready-to-use freeze-dried juice and immobilized yeast mixture for low temperature sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) wine making. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pistacia terebinthus Resin as Yeast Immobilization Support for Alcoholic Fermentation. Foods 2019; 8:foods8040127. [PMID: 30999587 PMCID: PMC6518291 DOI: 10.3390/foods8040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A natural resin retrieved from Pistacia terebinthus tree was evaluated as an immobilization carrier of Saccharomyces cerevisiae AXAZ-1 cells targeting successive fermentation batches of sugar synthetic mediums. Fermentation times below 54 h were recorded at temperatures 28–14 °C. In total, 147 compounds were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, including alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, acids, and terpenes. Principal component analysis indicated that the state of cells (free/immobilized) and the fermentation temperature primarily affected terpenes’ composition. Importantly, no spoilage of the fermented beverages was noted during 90 days of storage at room temperature, most likely due to the high content of extracted terpenoids and phenols (up to 579.01 mg L−1 and 171.8 mg gallic acid equivalent L−1, respectively). Likewise, the developed novel biocatalyst (yeast cells immobilized within Pistacia terebinthus resin) was suitable for the production of low alcohol beverages with an enhanced aromatic profile. The obtained results revealed that the proposed bioprocess shows great commercialization potential in the new fast-growing low-alcohol beverages sector.
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