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Dishisha T, Jain M, Hatti-Kaul R. High cell density sequential batch fermentation for enhanced propionic acid production from glucose and glycerol/glucose mixture using Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:91. [PMID: 38532467 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propionic acid fermentation from renewable feedstock suffers from low volumetric productivity and final product concentration, which limits the industrial feasibility of the microbial route. High cell density fermentation techniques overcome these limitations. Here, propionic acid (PA) production from glucose and a crude glycerol/glucose mixture was evaluated using Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici, in high cell density (HCD) batch fermentations with cell recycle. The agro-industrial by-product, heat-treated potato juice, was used as N-source. RESULTS Using 40 g/L glucose for nine consecutive batches yielded an average of 18.76 ± 1.34 g/L of PA per batch (0.59 gPA/gGlu) at a maximum rate of 1.15 gPA/L.h, and a maximum biomass of 39.89 gCDW/L. Succinic acid (SA) and acetic acid (AA) were obtained as major by-products and the mass ratio of PA:SA:AA was 100:23:25. When a crude glycerol/glucose mixture (60 g/L:30 g/L) was used for 6 consecutive batches with cell recycle, an average of 35.36 ± 2.17 g/L of PA was obtained per batch (0.51 gPA/gC-source) at a maximum rate of 0.35 g/L.h, and reaching a maximum biomass concentration of 12.66 gCDW/L. The PA:SA:AA mass ratio was 100:29:3. Further addition of 0.75 mg/L biotin as a supplement to the culture medium enhanced the cell growth reaching 21.89 gCDW/L, and PA productivity to 0.48 g/L.h, but also doubled AA concentration. CONCLUSION This is the highest reported productivity from glycerol/glucose co-fermentation where majority of the culture medium components comprised industrial by-products (crude glycerol and HTPJ). HCD batch fermentations with cell recycling are promising approaches towards industrialization of the bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Dishisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Mridul Jain
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Mohamad Sukri N, Abdul Manas NH, Jaafar NR, A Rahman R, Abdul Murad AM, Md Illias R. Effects of electrospun nanofiber fabrications on immobilization of recombinant Escherichia coli for production of xylitol from glucose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 172:110350. [PMID: 37948908 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A suitable nanofiber sheet was formulated and developed based on its efficacy in the immobilization of recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) to enhance xylitol production. The effects of different types of nanofibers and solvents on cell immobilization and xylitol production were studied. The most applicable nanofiber membrane was selected via preliminary screening of four types of nanofiber membrane, followed by the selection of six different solvents. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber sheet synthesized using dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent was found to be the most suitable carrier for immobilization and xylitol production. The thin, beaded PVDF (DMF) nanofibers were more favourable for microbial adhesion, with the number of immobilized cells as high as 96 × 106 ± 3.0 cfu/ml. The attraction force between positively charged PVDF nanofibers and the negatively charged E. coli indicates that the electrostatic interaction plays a significant role in cell adsorption. The use of DMF has also produced PVDF nanofibers biocatalyst capable of synthesizing the highest xylitol concentration (2.168 g/l) and productivity (0.090 g/l/h) and 55-69% reduction in cell lysis compared with DMSO solvent and free cells. This finding suggests that recombinant E. coli immobilized on nanofibers shows great potential as a whole-cell biocatalyst for xylitol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhamiza Mohamad Sukri
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roshanida A Rahman
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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3
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Sun Z, Wen H, Di Z, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yu Z. Photosynthetic Living Fiber Fabrication from Algal-Bacterial Consortia with Controlled Spatial Distribution. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6481-6489. [PMID: 37779379 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Living materials that combine living cells and synthetic matrix materials have become promising research fields in recent years. While multicellular systems present exclusive benefits in developing living materials over single-cell systems, creating artificial multicellular systems can be challenging due to the difficulty in controlling the multicellular assemblies and the complexity of cell-to-cell interactions. Here, we propose a coculture platform capable of isolating and controlling the spatial distribution of algal-bacterial consortia, which can be utilized to construct photosynthetic living fibers. Through coaxial extrusion-based 3D printing, hydrogel fibers containing bacteria or algae can be deposited into designated structures and further processed into materials with precise geometries. In addition, the photosynthetic living fibers demonstrate a significant synergistic catalytic effect resulting from the immobilization of both bacteria and algae, which effectively optimizes sewage treatment for bioremediation purposes. The integration of microbial consortia and 3D printing yields functional living materials with promising applications in biocatalysis, biosensing, and biomedicine. Our approach provides an optimized solution for constructing efficient multicellular systems and opens a new avenue for the development of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Cambridge University-Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation No. 23, Rongyue Road, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Huilin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhengao Di
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Shaobin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Tidetron Bioworks Technology (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., No. 40 Shangchong South Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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4
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Yin Z, Zhang S, Liu X. Hierarchical Emulsion-Templated Monoliths (polyHIPEs) as Scaffolds for Covalent Immobilization of P. acidilactici. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081862. [PMID: 37112009 PMCID: PMC10145616 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immobilized cell fermentation technique (IMCF) has gained immense popularity in recent years due to its capacity to enhance metabolic efficiency, cell stability, and product separation during fermentation. Porous carriers used as cell immobilization facilitate mass transfer and isolate the cells from an adverse external environment, thus accelerating cell growth and metabolism. However, creating a cell-immobilized porous carrier that guarantees both mechanical strength and cell stability remains challenging. Herein, templated by water-in-oil (w/o) high internal phase emulsions (HIPE), we established a tunable open-cell polymeric P(St-co-GMA) monolith as a scaffold for the efficient immobilization of Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici). The porous framework's mechanical property was substantially improved by incorporating the styrene monomer and cross-linker divinylbenzene (DVB) in the HIPE's external phase, while the epoxy groups on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) supply anchoring sites for P. acidilactici, securing the immobilization to the inner wall surface of the void. For the fermentation of immobilized P. acidilactici, the polyHIPEs permit efficient mass transfer, which increases along with increased interconnectivity of the monolith, resulting in higher L-lactic acid yield compared to that of suspended cells with an increase of 17%. The relative L-lactic acid production is constantly maintained above 92.9% of their initial relative production after 10 cycles, exhibiting both its great cycling stability and the durability of the material structure. Furthermore, the procedure during recycle batch also simplifies downstream separation operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiao Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shengmiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiucai Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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5
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Cavero-Olguin VH, Dishisha T, Hatti-Kaul R. Membrane-based continuous fermentation with cell recycling for propionic acid production from glycerol by Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:43. [PMID: 36870992 PMCID: PMC9985857 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial production of propionic acid (PA) from renewable resources is limited by the slow growth of the producer bacteria and product-mediated inhibition. The present study evaluates high cell density continuous PA fermentation from glycerol (Gly) using Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici DSM 4900 in a membrane-based cell recycling system. A ceramic tubular membrane filter of 0.22 μm pore size was used as the filtering device for cell recycling. The continuous fermentations were run sequentially at dilution rates of 0.05 and 0.025 1/h using varying glycerol concentrations and two different yeast extract concentrations. RESULTS PA volumetric productivity of 0.98 g/L.h with a product yield of 0.38 gPA/gGly was obtained with 51.40 g/L glycerol at a yeast extract concentration of 10 g/L. Increasing the glycerol and yeast extract concentrations to 64.50 g/L and 20 g/L, respectively, increased in PA productivity, product yield, and concentration to 1.82 g/L.h, 0.79 gPA/gGly, and 38.37 g/L, respectively. However, lowering the dilution rate to 0.025 1/h reduced the production efficiency. The cell density increased from 5.80 to 91.83 gCDW/L throughout the operation, which lasted for a period of 5 months. A tolerant variant of A. acidipropoinici exhibiting growth at a PA concentration of 20 g/L was isolated at the end of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS Applying the current approach for PA fermentation can overcome several limitations for process industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Cavero-Olguin
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Área de Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, 3239, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Tarek Dishisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Ölçücü G, Krauss U, Jaeger KE, Pietruszka J. Carrier‐Free Enzyme Immobilizates for Flow Chemistry. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ölçücü
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Biorganic Chemistry Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
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7
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Erkan Ünsal SB, Gürler Tufan HN, Canatar M, Yatmaz HA, Turhan İ, Yatmaz E. Ethanol production by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells on 3D spheres designed by different lattice structure types. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Gatto ML, Mengucci P, Munteanu D, Nasini R, Tognoli E, Denti L, Gatto A. Beads for Cell Immobilization: Comparison of Alternative Additive Manufacturing Techniques. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020150. [PMID: 36829644 PMCID: PMC9951852 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment or entrapment of microbial cells and enzymes are promising solutions for various industrial applications. When the traps are beads, they are dispersed in a fluidized bed in a vessel where a pump guarantees fresh liquid inflow and waste outflow without washing out the cells. Scientific papers report numerous types of cell entrapment, but most of their applications remain at the laboratory level. In the present research, rigid polymer beads were manufactured by two different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques in order to verify the economy, reusability, and stability of the traps, with a view toward a straightforward industrial application. The proposed solutions allowed for overcoming some of the drawbacks of traditional manufacturing solutions, such as the limited mechanical stability of gel traps, and they guaranteed the possibility of producing parts of constant quality with purposely designed exchange surfaces, which are unfeasible when using conventional processes. AM proved to be a viable manufacturing solution for beads with complex shapes of two different size ranges. A deep insight into the production and characteristics of beads manufactured by AM is provided. The paper provides biotechnologists with a manufacturing perspective, and the results can be directly applied to transit from the laboratory to the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Gatto
- Department DIISM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Mengucci
- Department SIMAU, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniel Munteanu
- Material Science Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Roberto Nasini
- Prosilas S.r.l., Via Terracini 14, 60212 Civitanova Marche (MC), Italy
| | - Emanuele Tognoli
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucia Denti
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Gatto
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
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9
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Wang C, Chen X, Jiang Y, Li N, Zhu P, Xu H. Facile and green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/loofah sponge for Streptomyces albulus immobilization and ε-poly-l-lysine production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126534. [PMID: 34896528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Facile and green fabrication of reduced graphene oxide on loofah sponge (rGOLS) carrier was applied for cell immobilization of ε-Poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) production. Due to surface properties including large specific surface area, high polarity, and low interaction energy, rGOLS-1 was employed as the optimum rGOLS to enhance immobilization of Streptomyces albulus. Compared with raw LS, batch experiments showed rGOLS-1 facilitated superior cell vitality for ε-PL production due to the presence of reduced graphene oxide. In the sequential fed-batch cultivation of Streptomyces albulus using rGOLS-1 with an aerobic plant fibrous-bed bioreactor (rGOLS-1-AFPB), the maximum ε-PL concentration and productivity reached to 39.2 ± 0.63 g/L and 0.48 g/L/h. The cells immobilized in rGOLS-1 with high vitality and ε-PL production efficiency were reused six times over a period of 624 h. This research afforded an effective approach to enhance the fermentation performance of immobilized cells with the design of an advanced immobilization carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Nanjing Shangqin New Material Technology Company, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Agro-product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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10
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Boura K, Dima A, Nigam PS, Panagopoulos V, Kanellaki M, Koutinas A. A critical review for advances on industrialization of immobilized cell Bioreactors: Economic evaluation on cellulose hydrolysis for PHB production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126757. [PMID: 35077811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances such as cell-on-cell immobilization, multi-stage fixed bed tower (MFBT) bioreactor, promotional effect on fermentation, extremely low temperature fermentation, freeze dried immobilized cells in two-layer fermentation, non-engineered cell factories, and those of recent papers are demonstrated. Studies for possible industrialization of ICB, considering production capacity, low temperatures fermentations, added value products and bulk chemical production are studied. Immobilized cell bioreactors (ICB) using cellulose nano-biotechnology and engineered cells are reported. The development of a novel ICB with recent advances on high added value products and conceptual research areas for industrialization of ICB is proposed. The isolation of engineered flocculant cells leads to a single tank ICB. The concept of cell factories without GMO is a new research area. The conceptual development of multi-stage fixed bed tower membrane (MFBTM) ICB is discussed. Finally, feasible process design and technoeconomic analysis of cellulose hydrolysis using ICB are studied for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agapi Dima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Poonam S Nigam
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Maria Kanellaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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11
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Collograi KC, da Costa AC, Ienczak JL. Fermentation strategies to improve propionic acid production with propionibacterium ssp.: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 42:1157-1179. [PMID: 35264026 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1995695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) is a carboxylic acid applied in a variety of processes, such as food and feed preservative, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of polymers, pesticides and drugs. PA production is predominantly performed by petrochemical routes, but environmental issues are making it necessary to use sustainable processes based on renewable materials. PA production by fermentation with the Propionibacterium genus is a promising option in this scenario, due to the ability of this genus to consume a variety of renewable carbon sources with higher productivity than other native microorganisms. However, Propionibacterium fermentation processes present important challenges that must be faced to make this route competitive, such as: a high fermentation time, product inhibition and low PA final titer, which increase the cost of product recovery. This article summarizes the state of the art regarding strategies to improve PA production by fermentation with the Propionibacterium genus. Firstly, strategies associated with environmental fermentation conditions and nutrition requirements are discussed. Subsequently, advantages and disadvantages of various strategies proposed to improve process performance (high cell concentration by immobilization or recycle, co-culture fermentation, genome shuffling, evolutive and metabolic engineering, and in situ recovery) are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaciane Lutz Ienczak
- Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering Department- Santa Catarina, Federal University, Florianópolis, Brazil
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12
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Current Status and Future Perspectives of Supports and Protocols for Enzyme Immobilization. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The market for industrial enzymes has witnessed constant growth, which is currently around 7% a year, projected to reach $10.5 billion in 2024. Lipases are hydrolase enzymes naturally responsible for triglyceride hydrolysis. They are the most expansively used industrial biocatalysts, with wide application in a broad range of industries. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the low stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the processes required to solve these problems are complex and lack application feasibility at the industrial scale. Emerging technologies create new materials for enzyme carriers and sophisticate the well-known immobilization principles to produce more robust, eco-friendlier, and cheaper biocatalysts. Therefore, this review discusses the trending studies and industrial applications of the materials and protocols for lipase immobilization, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it summarizes the current challenges and potential alternatives for lipases at the industrial level.
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13
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Yatmaz E. Growth control agent for filamentous fungi: FDM based 3D printed cubes for suspended Aspergillus sojae fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109867. [PMID: 34489026 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main problem for submerged fermentation of filamentous fungi is the nutrition limitation with high cell density or cell leakage by the uncontrollable hyphae, clusters, or pellets. There are several techniques such as microparticle, immobilization, pH shifting, substrate limitation etc. for controlling filamentous fungi growth on submerged fermentation. In this research, FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) based 3D printed cubes is used for growth control agent of recombinant Aspergillus sojae for the first time. Lattice structure sizes, number of cubes and pH were chosen to be main factors of fermentation in order to study the combine effect of the factors on A. sojae fermentation. The results revealed that specific activity values are improved from 2045.96 U/mg (the highest control activity) to 3291.67 U/mg with lower pellet sizes and controllable growth. FDM based 3D printed cubes was successfully controlled the recombinant Aspergillus sojae fermentation and enhanced β-mannanase production. In addition, this research was also showed that FDM based 3D printed cubes also have the potential to be used as immobilization materials like SLS based 3D printed products in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Yatmaz
- Göynük Culinary Arts Vocational School, Akdeniz University, Kemer, Antalya, 07994, Turkey; Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Akdeniz University, Konyaaltı, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
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14
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Biosynthesis of propionic acid using whey and calcium carbonate by mixed culture of Propionibacterium freundenreichii ATCC 6207 and Lactobacillus paracasei. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Fermentative production of propionic acid: prospects and limitations of microorganisms and substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6199-6213. [PMID: 34410439 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acid is an important organic acid with wide industrial applications, especially in the food industry. It is currently produced from petrochemicals via chemical routes. Increasing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and a growing consumer preference for bio-based products have led to interest in fermentative production of propionic acid, but it is not yet competitive with chemical production. To improve the economic feasibility and sustainability of bio-propionic acid, fermentation performance in terms of concentration, yield, and productivity must be improved and the cost of raw materials must be reduced. These goals require robust microbial producers and inexpensive renewable feedstocks, so the present review focuses on bacterial producers of propionic acid and promising sources of substrates as carbon sources. Emphasis is placed on assessing the capacity of propionibacteria and the various approaches pursued in an effort to improve their performance through metabolic engineering. A wide range of substrates employed in propionic acid fermentation is analyzed with particular interest in the prospects of inexpensive renewable feedstocks, such as cellulosic biomass and industrial residues, to produce cost-competitive bio-propionic acid. KEY POINTS: • Fermentative propionic acid production emerges as competitor to chemical synthesis. • Various bacteria synthesize propionic acid, but propionibacteria are the best producers. • Biomass substrates hold promise to reduce propionic acid fermentation cost.
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16
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Jyothilekshmi I, Jayaprakash NS. Trends in Monoclonal Antibody Production Using Various Bioreactor Syst. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:349-357. [PMID: 32238761 PMCID: PMC9705917 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are widely used as diagnostic reagents and for therapeutic purposes, and their demand is increasing extensively. To produce these proteins in sufficient quantities for commercial use, it is necessary to raise the output by scaling up the production processes. This review describes recent trends in high-density cell culture systems established for monoclonal antibody production that are excellent methods to scale up from the lab-scale cell culture. Among the reactors, hollow fiber bioreactors contribute to a major part of high-density cell culture as they can provide a tremendous amount of surface area in a small volume for cell growth. As an alternative to hollow fiber reactors, a novel disposable bioreactor has been developed, which consists of a polymer-based supermacroporous material, cryogel, as a matrix for cell growth. Packed bed systems and disposable wave bioreactors have also been introduced for high cell density culture. These developments in high-density cell culture systems have led to the monoclonal antibody production in an economically favourable manner and made monoclonal antibodies one of the dominant therapeutic and diagnostic proteins in biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Jyothilekshmi
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N. S. Jayaprakash
- Centre for Bioseparation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India,Corresponding author Phone: +91-4162202377 E-mail: ;
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17
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Chacón SJ, Matias G, Ezeji TC, Maciel Filho R, Mariano AP. Three-stage repeated-batch immobilized cell fermentation to produce butanol from non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124504. [PMID: 33307480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To enable the production of butanol with undiluted, non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysates, this study developed a three-staged repeated-batch immobilized cell fermentation in which the efficiency of a 3D-printed nylon carrier to passively immobilize Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum DSM 14923 was compared with sugarcane bagasse. The first stage consisted of sugarcane molasses fermentation, and in the second stage, non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysates (SBHH) was pulse-fed to sugarcane molasses fermentation. In the next four batches, immobilized cells were fed with undiluted SBHH supplemented with molasses, and SBHH-derived xylose accounted for approximately 50% of the sugars. Bagasse was a superior carrier, and the average xylose utilization (33%) was significantly higher than the treatment with the 3D-printed carrier (16%). Notably, bagasse allowed for 43% of the butanol to be SBHH-derived. Overall, cell immobilization on lignocellulosic materials can be an efficient strategy to produce butanol from repeated-batch fermentation of non-detoxified hemicellulose hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suranny Jiménez Chacón
- Laboratory of Optimization, Design, and Advanced Control - Fermentation Division (LOPCA-Ferm), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Matias
- Laboratory of Optimization, Design, and Advanced Control - Fermentation Division (LOPCA-Ferm), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaddeus Chukwuemeka Ezeji
- The Ohio State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio State Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Rubens Maciel Filho
- Laboratory of Optimization, Design, and Advanced Control - Fermentation Division (LOPCA-Ferm), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Pinto Mariano
- Laboratory of Optimization, Design, and Advanced Control - Fermentation Division (LOPCA-Ferm), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Zhai S, Li M, Xiong Y, Wang D, Fu S. Dual resource utilization for tannery sludge: Effects of sludge biochars (BCs) on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production from sludge anaerobic digestion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 316:123903. [PMID: 32763801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resource utilization of organic matters in tannery sludge has drawn great attention. In this paper, the influences of sludge biochars (BCs) on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production from the anaerobic digestion of sludge supernatant (SST) were investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that the VFAs yields improved in the presence of BCs with rich functional groups. The maximum yield of VFAs was 1037.5 mg/g SCOD with the addition of BC-1 biochar (zeta potential -50.42 mV). BCs decreased ammonia nitrogen concentration, thus reducing inhibition for bacteria during the anaerobic digestion. Microbial community analysis indicated that the BCs affected microbial community structures and contributed to a favorable environment for bacteria. Especially, the BC-1 biochar with rich functional groups enhanced the relative abundance of acid-forming bacteria (Clostridiales). A dual strategy was proposed to improve the resource utilization efficiency for tannery sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhai
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yonghui Xiong
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Suzhou Sunmun Technology Co.,Ltd, Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215337, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shaohai Fu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center For Digital Textile Inkjet Printing, Key Laboratory of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Suzhou Sunmun Technology Co.,Ltd, Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215337, China.
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Lu J, Peng W, Lv Y, Jiang Y, Xu B, Zhang W, Zhou J, Dong W, Xin F, Jiang M. Application of Cell Immobilization Technology in Microbial Cocultivation Systems for Biochemicals Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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Peng F, Su HH, Ou XY, Ni ZF, Zong MH, Lou WY. Immobilization of Cofactor Self-Sufficient Recombinant Escherichia coli for Enantioselective Biosynthesis of ( R)-1-Phenyl-1,2-Ethanediol. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:17. [PMID: 32154222 PMCID: PMC7046757 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol is an important synthon for the preparation of β-adrenergic blocking agents. This study identified a (2R,3R)-butanediol dehydrogenase (KgBDH) from Kurthia gibsonii SC0312, which showed high enantioselectivity for production of (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol by reduction of 2-hydroxyacetophenone. KgBDH was expressed in a recombinant engineered strain, purified, and characterized. It showed good catalytic activity at pH 6–8 and better stability in alkaline (pH 7.5–8) than an acidic environment (pH 6.0–7.0), providing approximately 73 and 88% of residual activity after 96 h at pH 7.5 and 8.0, respectively. The maximum catalytic activity was obtained at 45°C; nevertheless, poor thermal stability was observed at >30°C. Additionally, the examined metal ions did not activate the catalytic activity of KgBDH. A recombinant Escherichia coli strain coexpressing KgBDH and glucose dehydrogenase (GHD) was constructed and immobilized via entrapment with a mixture of activated carbon and calcium alginate via entrapment. The immobilized cells had 1.8-fold higher catalytic activity than that of cells immobilized by calcium alginate alone. The maximum catalytic activity of the immobilized cells was achieved at pH 7.5, and favorable pH stability was observed at pH 6.0–9.0. Moreover, the immobilized cells showed favorable thermal stability at 25–30°C and better operational stability than free cells, retaining approximately 55% of the initial catalytic activity after four cycles. Finally, 81% yields (195 mM product) and >99% enantiomeric excess (ee) of (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol were produced within 12 h through a fed-batch strategy with the immobilized cells (25 mg/ml wet cells) at 35°C and 180 rpm, with a productivity of approximately 54 g/L per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Hui Su
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Ou
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Fu Ni
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- Laboratory of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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21
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De Santis P, Meyer LE, Kara S. The rise of continuous flow biocatalysis – fundamentals, very recent developments and future perspectives. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Very recent developments in the field of biocatalysis in continuously operated systems. Special attention on the future perspectives in this key emerging technological area ranging from process analytical technologies to digitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera De Santis
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lars-Erik Meyer
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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22
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Chen H, Yue X, Yang J, Lv C, Dong S, Luo X, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhang F, Gu H, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Ge S, Bi H, Zheng D, Zhao Y, Li C, Peng W. Pyrolysis molecule of Torreya grandis bark for potential biomedicine. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:808-815. [PMID: 31049007 PMCID: PMC6486518 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Torreya grandis is a unique tree species in China. Although full use has been made of the timber, the processing and utilization of the bark has not been effective. In order to explore a new way to utilize the bark of Torreya grandis, a powder of T. grandis bark was prepared and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Differential scanning calorimetry (TG) and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) revealed many bioactive components in the bark of T. grandis, such as acetic acid, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, D-mannose, and furfural. These substances have potential broad applications in the chemical industry, biomedicine, and food additives. The chemical constituents of the bark of T. grandis suggest a theoretical basis for the future development and utilization of the bark of T. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Chen
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaochen Yue
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chunxia Lv
- The Scientific Research Institution, Henan Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sanmenxia 472500, China
| | - Shuaiwei Dong
- The Scientific Research Institution, Henan Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sanmenxia 472500, China
| | - Xuefeng Luo
- The Scientific Research Institution, Henan Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sanmenxia 472500, China
| | - Zhiyong Sun
- The Scientific Research Institution, Henan Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sanmenxia 472500, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Scientific Research Institution, Henan Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sanmenxia 472500, China
| | - Baoxiang Li
- The Scientific Research Institution, Henan Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sanmenxia 472500, China
| | - Faping Zhang
- The Scientific Research Institution, Henan Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, Sanmenxia 472500, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yafeng Yang
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Huitao Bi
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dongfang Zheng
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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