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Branska B, Koppova K, Husakova M, Patakova P. Application of fed-batch strategy to fully eliminate the negative effect of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors in ABE fermentation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:87. [PMID: 38915101 PMCID: PMC11197323 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors that are released from lignocellulose biomass during its treatment represent one of the major bottlenecks hindering its massive utilization in the biotechnological production of chemicals. This study demonstrates that negative effect of inhibitors can be mitigated by proper feeding strategy. Both, crude undetoxified lignocellulose hydrolysate and complex medium supplemented with corresponding inhibitors were tested in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation using Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-598 as the producer strain. RESULTS First, it was found that the sensitivity of C. beijerinckii to inhibitors varied with different growth stages, being the most significant during the early acidogenic phase and less pronounced during late acidogenesis and early solventogenesis. Thus, a fed-batch regime with three feeding schemes was tested for toxic hydrolysate (no growth in batch mode was observed). The best results were obtained when the feeding of an otherwise toxic hydrolysate was initiated close to the metabolic switch, resulting in stable and high ABE production. Complete utilization of glucose, and up to 88% of xylose, were obtained. The most abundant inhibitors present in the alkaline wheat straw hydrolysate were ferulic and coumaric acids; both phenolic acids were efficiently detoxified by the intrinsic metabolic activity of clostridia during the early stages of cultivation as well as during the feeding period, thus preventing their accumulation. Finally, the best feeding strategy was verified using a TYA culture medium supplemented with both inhibitors, resulting in 500% increase in butanol titer over control batch cultivation in which inhibitors were added prior to inoculation. CONCLUSION Properly timed sequential feeding effectively prevented acid-crash and enabled utilization of otherwise toxic substrate. This study unequivocally demonstrates that an appropriate biotechnological process control strategy can fully eliminate the negative effects of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Branska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamila Koppova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Husakova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Patakova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Rashid MA, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of intrinsically recyclable biobased epoxy thermosets enabled by dynamic chemical bonds. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2080559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdur Rashid
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Wanshuang Liu
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Guan M, Tang H, Wang Z, Lin L, Pang H. Production of butanol from lignocellulosic biomass: recent advances, challenges, and prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18848-18863. [PMID: 35873330 PMCID: PMC9240921 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to energy and environmental concerns, biobutanol is gaining increasing attention as an alternative renewable fuel owing to its desirable fuel properties. Biobutanol production from lignocellulosic biomass through acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation has gained much interest globally due to its sustainable supply and non-competitiveness with food, but large-scale fermentative production suffers from low product titres and poor selectivity. This review presents recent developments in lignocellulosic butanol production, including pretreatment and hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose during ABE fermentation. Challenges are discussed, including low concentrations of fermentation sugars, inhibitors, detoxification, and carbon catabolite repression. Some key process improvements are also summarised to guide further research and development towards more profitable and commercially viable butanol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Yi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Mingdong Guan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Hongchi Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Zilong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Lihua Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
| | - Hao Pang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-refinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences 98 Daling Road Nanning 530007 China +86-771-2503940 +86-771-2503973
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Abdur Rashid M, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of reversible dynamic bonds containing intrinsically flame retardant biomass thermosets. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Liu H, Zhang J, Yuan J, Jiang X, Jiang L, Li Z, Yin Z, Du Y, Zhao G, Liu B, Huang D. Gene coexpression network analysis reveals a novel metabolic mechanism of Clostridium acetobutylicum responding to phenolic inhibitors from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:163. [PMID: 32999686 PMCID: PMC7520030 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising resource of renewable biochemicals and biofuels. However, the presence of inhibitors existing in lignocellulosic hydrolysates (LCH) is a great challenge to acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum. In particular, phenolic compounds (PCs) from LCH severely block ABE production even at low concentrations. Thus, it is urgent to gain insight into the intracellular metabolic disturbances caused by phenolic inhibitors and elucidate the underlying mechanisms to identify key industrial bottlenecks that undermine efficient ABE production. RESULTS In this study, a time-course of ABE fermentation by C. acetobutylicum in the presence of four typical PCs (syringaldehyde, vanillin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid) was characterized, respectively. Addition of PCs caused different irreversible effects on ABE production. Specifically, syringaldehyde showed the greatest inhibition to butanol production, followed by vanillin, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Subsequently, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on RNA-sequencing data was applied to identify metabolic perturbations caused by four LCH-derived PCs, and extract the gene modules associated with extracellular fermentation traits. The hub genes in each module were subjected to protein-protein interaction analysis and enrichment analysis. The results showed that functional modules were PC-dependent and shared some unique features. Specifically, p-coumaric acid caused the most extensive transcriptomic disturbances, particularly affecting the gene expressions of ribosome proteins and the assembly of flagella, DNA replication, repair, and recombination; the addition of syringaldehyde caused significant metabolic disturbances on the gene expressions of ribosome proteins, starch and sucrose metabolism; vanillin mainly disturbed purine metabolism, sporulation and signal transduction; and ferulic acid caused a metabolic disturbance on glycosyl transferase-related gene expressions. CONCLUSION This study uncovers novel insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of PCs for the first time and provides guidance for future metabolic engineering efforts, which establishes a powerful foundation for the development of phenol-tolerant strains of C. acetobutylicum for economically sustainable ABE production with high productivity from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jian Yuan
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Lingyan Jiang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Zhenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Zhiqiu Yin
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Yuhui Du
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
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Jiménez-Bonilla P, Zhang J, Wang Y, Blersch D, de-Bashan LE, Guo L, Wang Y. Enhancing the tolerance of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum to lignocellulosic-biomass-derived inhibitors for efficient biobutanol production by overexpressing efflux pumps genes from Pseudomonas putida. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 312:123532. [PMID: 32502888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Furan aldehydes and phenolic compounds generated during biomass pretreatment can inhibit fermentation for biofuel production. Efflux pumps actively transport small molecules out of cells, thus sustaining normal microbial metabolism. Pseudomonas putida has outstanding tolerance to butanol and other small molecules, and we hypothesize that its efflux pump could play essential roles for such robustness. Here, we overexpressed efflux pump genes from P. putida to enhance tolerance of hyper-butanol producing Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum to fermentation inhibitors. Interestingly, overexpression of the whole unit resulted in decreased tolerance, while overexpression of the subunit (srpB) alone exerted significant enhanced robustness of the strain. Compared to the control, the engineered strain had enhanced capability to grow in media containing 17% more furfural or 50% more ferulic acid, and produced ~14 g/L butanol (comparable to fermentation under regular conditions without inhibitors). This study provided valuable reference for boosting microbial robustness towards efficient biofuel production from lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jiménez-Bonilla
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; School of Chemistry, National University (UNA), Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yifen Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - David Blersch
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luz-Estela de-Bashan
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Northwestern Center for Biological Research (CIBNOR), Av. IPN 195, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico; The Bashan Institute of Science, 1730 Post Oak Court, Auburn, AL 36830, USA; Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Luo H, Zheng P, Bilal M, Xie F, Zeng Q, Zhu C, Yang R, Wang Z. Efficient bio-butanol production from lignocellulosic waste by elucidating the mechanisms of Clostridium acetobutylicum response to phenolic inhibitors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136399. [PMID: 31923698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is considered abundant renewable feedstock to constitute a green and environmentally friendly approach for biofuels (bio-butanol) production as an effective substitute for fossil resources. However, a variety of fermentable inhibitors can be generated in hydrolysates during the biomass pretreatment process. Among them, phenolics including phenolic acids and phenolic aldehydes are the most toxic inhibitors to solventogenic clostridia for bio-butanol production. This study elucidates the physiological mechanism of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 response to phenolic inhibitors by the integration of kinetics and transcriptional analysis. Butanol fermentations were stressed by 0.4 g/L phenolic acids or 0.4 g/L phenolic aldehydes at 12 h at the beginning of solventogenesis. With post-stress for 12 h, butanol titer was 7.01 g/L in fermentation with phenolic acid stress, while only 5.82 g/L butanol was produced in the case of phenolic aldehydes stress. Reductions in the two fermentations were 27.6% and 40.0% in comparison with the control (without stress), indicated that phenolic aldehydes had a stronger inhibitory effect on solvents synthesis in C. acetobutylicum than phenolic acids. Additionally, the transcriptional analysis revealed that phenolics altered the gene expression profiles related to membrane transporters such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporter and phosphotransferase system (PTS), glycolysis, and heat shock proteins. The lower expression levels of PTS-related genes might result in reduced glucose consumption and finally inhibited solvents synthesis under phenolic aldehydes stress. Some genes encoding histidine kinase (CA_C0323, CA_C0903, and CA_C3319) were also affected by phenolics, which might inhibit sporulation. In conclusion, our results provide valuable guidance for the construction of robust strain to efficiently produce bio-butanol from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Panli Zheng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Qingwei Zeng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Chun Zhu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Rongling Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
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Yu X, Wei Z, Lu Z, Pei H, Wang H. Activation of lignin by selective oxidation: An emerging strategy for boosting lignin depolymerization to aromatics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121885. [PMID: 31377049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant, renewable aromatic resource on earth and holds great potential for the production of value-added chemicals. The efficient valorization of lignin requires to deal with several formidable challenges, especially to prevent it from re-condensation reactions during its depolymerization. Recently, a strategy involving the activation of lignin side chains by selective oxidation of the benzylic alcohol in β-O-4 linkages to facilitate lignin degradation to aromatic monomers has become very popular. This strategy provides great advantages for lignin selective degradation to high yields of aromatics under mild conditions, but requires an additional pre-oxidation step. The purpose of this review is to provide the latest cutting-edge innovations of this novel approach. Various catalytic systems, including those using chemo-catalytic methods, physio-chemo catalytic methods, and/or bio-catalytic methods, for the oxidative activation of lignin side chains are summarized. By analyzing the current situation of lignin depolymerization, certain promising directions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Yu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziqing Wei
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhixian Lu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haisheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Postharvest Handing Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijjing 100121, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Luo H, Zheng P, Xie F, Yang R, Liu L, Han S, Zhao Y, Bilal M. Co-production of solvents and organic acids in butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum in the presence of lignin-derived phenolics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6919-6927. [PMID: 35518483 PMCID: PMC9061099 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-production of solvents (butanol, acetone, and ethanol) and organic acids (butyrate and acetate) by Clostridium acetobutylicum using lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate could further enlarge the application scope of butanol fermentation. This is mainly because solvents and organic acids could be used for production of fine chemicals such as butyl butyrate, butyl oleate, etc. However, many phenolic fermentation inhibitors are formed during the pretreatment process because of lignin degradation. The present study investigated the effects of five typical lignin-derived phenolics on the biosynthesis of solvents and organic acids in C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Results obtained in 100 mL anaerobic bottles indicated that butanol concentration was enhanced from 10.29 g L−1 to 11.36 g L−1 by the addition of 0.1 g L−1 vanillin. Subsequently, a pH-control strategy was proposed in a 5 L anaerobic fermenter to alleviate the “acid crash” phenomenon and improve butanol fermentation performance, simultaneously. Notably, organic acid concentration was enhanced from 6.38 g L−1 (control) to a high level of 9.21–12.57 g L−1 with vanillin or/and vanillic acid addition (0.2 g L−1) under the pH-control strategy. Furthermore, the butyrate/butanol ratio reached the highest level of 0.80 g g−1 with vanillin/vanillic acid co-addition, and solvent concentration reached 13.85 g L−1, a comparable level to the control (13.69 g L−1). The effectiveness and robustness of the strategy for solvent and organic acid co-production was also verified under five typical phenolic environments. In conclusion, these results suggest that the proposed process strategy would potentially promote butanol fermentative products from renewable biomass. Lignin-derived phenolics enhance solvent and organic acid biosynthesis in butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Panli Zheng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Rongling Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Lina Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Missouri University of Science and Technology
- Rolla
- USA
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology
- Huaian 223003
- China
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