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Ye J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Li M, Wang Y, Chen Y, Ling R, Yan J, Chen Y, Hu J, Fang Z. Molten Alkali-Assisted Formation of Silicate Gels and Its Application for Preparing Zeolites. Gels 2024; 10:392. [PMID: 38920938 PMCID: PMC11202758 DOI: 10.3390/gels10060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fly ash was used as raw material to prepare zeolites through silicate gels, assisted by the hydrothermal method. The silicate gels could be effectively formed in a few minutes in a molten alkali environment. The zeolites could be prepared by using these silicate gels through the hydrothermal method, which realizes the transformation from useless materials to highly valuable materials. The obtained zeolites were applied to the removal of ammonium in water, achieving the highvalue utilization of fly ash. The synthesized zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), thermogravimetric (TG), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The study on the adsorption and removal of ammonium in water shows that the adsorption of ammonium is more in line with pseudo first-order kinetics, and the adsorption mainly occurs in the first 20 min. The adsorption can reach equilibrium in 30 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity can reach 49.1 mg/g. The adsorption capacity of ammonium has the best performance at pH = 5. Furthermore, within a certain range, an increase in temperature is beneficial for the removal of ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ye
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Ecological Environment Monitoring Station in Yanji City, Yanji 133001, China;
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Man Li
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Yiling Wang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Ruhui Ling
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiefeng Yan
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Jinxing Hu
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Zhenxing Fang
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, 521 Wenwei Road, Ningbo 315300, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.C.); (R.L.); (J.Y.); (J.H.)
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Zhang H, Yang K, Tao Y, Yang Q, Xu L, Liu C, Ma L, Xiao R. Biomass directional pyrolysis based on element economy to produce high-quality fuels, chemicals, carbon materials - A review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108262. [PMID: 37758024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is regarded as the only carbon-containing renewable energy source and has performed an increasingly important role in the gradual substitution of conventional fossil energy, which also contributes to the goals of carbon neutrality. In the past decade, the academic field has paid much greater attention to the development of biomass pyrolysis technologies. However, most biomass conversion technologies mainly derive from the fossil fuel industry, and it must be noticed that the large element component difference between biomass and traditional fossil fuels. Thus, it's necessary to develop biomass directional pyrolysis technology based on the unique element distribution of biomass for realizing enrichment target element (i.e., element economy). This article provides a broad review of biomass directional pyrolysis to produce high-quality fuels, chemicals, and carbon materials based on element economy. The C (carbon) element economy of biomass pyrolysis is realized by the production of high-performance carbon materials from different carbon sources. For efficient H (hydrogen) element utilization, high-value hydrocarbons could be obtained by the co-pyrolysis or catalytic pyrolysis of biomass and cheap hydrogen source. For improving the O (oxygen) element economy, different from the traditional hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process, the high content of O in biomass would also become an advantage because biomass is an appropriate raw material for producing oxygenated liquid additives. Based on the N (nitrogen) element economy, the recent studies on preparing N-containing chemicals (or N-rich carbon materials) are reviewed. Moreover, the feasibility of the biomass poly-generation industrialization and the suitable process for different types of target products are also mentioned. Moreover, the enviro-economic assessment of representative biomass pyrolysis technologies is analyzed. Finally, the brief challenges and perspectives of biomass pyrolysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Ke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Yujie Tao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of New Energy Science and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lujiang Xu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
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Wang F, Li Q, Wu F, Chu X, Zhu F, Zhao P, Liu B, Xiao G. Catalytic upgradation of crude glycerol to produce bio-based aromatics over hierarchical MFI zeolite: Effect of bimodal hierarchical porosity enhancement and porosity-acidity interaction. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Liu K, Çağlayan M, Dikhtiarenko A, Zhang X, Sayidov O, Abou-Hamad E, Gascon J, Dutta Chowdhury A. Are hierarchical zeolites good catalysts for Methane Dehydroaromatization? A critical analysis. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Li X, Jiang J, Shao S, Lv Z, Ge S, Cai Y. Catalytic conversion of rape straw into biofuels by direct non-thermal plasma modified HZSM-5. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126787. [PMID: 35134525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fresh HZSM-5 catalyst modification experiment was carried out on the direct non-thermal plasma (DNTP) reactor. The aim of this work was to study the effects of modified voltages on the physicochemical properties of HZSM-5 and its enhancement in biomass catalytic pyrolysis. The results showed that DNTP modification was performed at different voltages of 20 kV, 22 kV, 24 kV, compared with fresh HZSM-5, the effect of 22 kV voltage was preferably. H-22 had the largest specific surface area and mesoporous volume, and the total acid content added 17.02%. The biomass catalytic pyrolysis test was used to test the HZSM-5 catalytic activity after modification. The results showed that the catalyst obtained by the catalyst under 22 kV modified voltage had the highest monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon selectivity of 40.55%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jiaxin Jiang
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Zhichao Lv
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shengnan Ge
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yixi Cai
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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Yang K, Zhou F, Ma H, Yu L, Wu G. Glucose‐Assisted Synthesis of Hierarchical HZSM‐5 for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Cellulose to Aromatics. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kongyan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences Research Institute of Crop Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Dalian Reserch Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals SINOPEC Dalian 116045 China
| | - Huixia Ma
- Dalian Reserch Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals SINOPEC Dalian 116045 China
| | - Lihua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences Research Institute of Crop Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Guang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences Research Institute of Crop Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
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The Synergistic Effect of Hydroxylated Carbon Nanotubes and Ultrasound Treatment on Hierarchical HZSM-5 in the Selective Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Derived Glycerol to Aromatics. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chen WH, Cheng CL, Lee KT, Lam SS, Ong HC, Ok YS, Saeidi S, Sharma AK, Hsieh TH. Catalytic level identification of ZSM-5 on biomass pyrolysis and aromatic hydrocarbon formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129510. [PMID: 33434827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite socony mobil-5 (ZSM-5) is a common catalyst used for biomass pyrolysis. Nevertheless, the quantitative information on the catalytic behavior of ZSM-5 on biomass pyrolysis is absent so far. This study focuses on the catalytic pyrolysis phenomena and mechanisms of biomass wastes using ZSM-5 via thermogravimetric analyzer and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, with particular emphasis on catalytic level identification and aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) formation. Two biomass wastes of sawdust and sorghum distillery residue (SDR) are investigated, while four biomass-to-catalyst ratios are considered. The analysis suggests that biomass waste pyrolysis processes can be divided into three zones, proceeding from a heat-transfer dominant zone (zone 1) to catalysis dominant zones (zones 2 and 3). The indicators of the intensity of difference (IOD), catalytic effective area, catalytic index (CI), and aromatic enhancement index are conducted to measure the catalytic effect of ZSM-5 on biomass waste pyrolysis and AHs formation. The maximum IOD occurs in zone 2, showing the highest intensity of the catalytic effect. The CI values of the two biomass wastes increase with increasing the biomass-to-catalyst ratio. However, there exists a threshold for sawdust pyrolysis, indicating a limit for the catalytic effect on sawdust. The higher the catalyst addition, the higher the AHs proportion in the vapor stream. When the biomass-to-catalyst ratio is 1/10, AHs formation is intensified significantly, especially for sawdust. Overall, the indexes conducted in the present study can provide useful measures to identify the catalytic pyrolysis dynamics and levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ching-Lin Cheng
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Ting Lee
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Research (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Samrand Saeidi
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Amit K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Alternate and Renewable Energy Research, R&D, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Building, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tzu-Hsien Hsieh
- Green Technology Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan, ROC
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Kerstens D, Smeyers B, Van Waeyenberg J, Zhang Q, Yu J, Sels BF. State of the Art and Perspectives of Hierarchical Zeolites: Practical Overview of Synthesis Methods and Use in Catalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004690. [PMID: 32969083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microporous zeolites have proven to be of great importance in many chemical processes. Yet, they often suffer from diffusion limitations causing inefficient use of the available catalytically active sites. To address this problem, hierarchical zeolites have been developed, which extensively improve the catalytic performance. There is a multitude of recent literature describing synthesis of and catalysis with these hierarchical zeolites. This review attempts to organize and overview this literature (of the last 5 years), with emphasis on the most important advances with regard to synthesis and application of such zeolites. Special attention is paid to the most common and important 10- and 12-membered ring zeolites (MTT, TON, FER, MFI, MOR, FAU, and *BEA). In contrast to previous reviews, the research per zeolite topology is brought together and discussed here. This allows the reader to instantly find the best synthesis method in accordance to the desired zeolite properties. A summarizing graph is made available to enable the reader to select suitable synthesis procedures based on zeolite acidity and mesoporosity, the two most important tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Kerstens
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brent Smeyers
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Van Waeyenberg
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preperative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preperative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Enhanced Phenol Tert-Butylation Reaction Activity over Hierarchical Porous Silica-Alumina Materials. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchical aluminum-silicon materials have been successfully prepared by mixing pre-crystallization of silica-alumina sol and citric acid under hydrothermal conditions. The influence of pre-crystallization time on the micro-mesoporous structure is studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), N2 physical adsorption, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The catalytic performance of hierarchical silica-alumina material is evaluated by alkylation of phenol with tert-butanol. The results show that the silica-alumina materials with a pre-crystallization time of 16 h show micro-mesoporous structure and excellent catalytic activity.
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Gao B, Ding C, Wang J, Ding G, Dong J, Ge H, Li X. Construction of a tandem HZSM-5 with CuZnAl catalyst for alkylation of benzene with syngas. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A bifunctional catalyst composed of ZSM-5 and Cu–Zn–Al shows an outstanding catalytic performance in the alkylation reaction of benzene with syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bize Gao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- P. R. China
| | - Chuanmin Ding
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- P. R. China
| | - Junwen Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- P. R. China
| | - Guangyue Ding
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- P. R. China
| | - Jinxiang Dong
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry of CAS
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Xuekuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry of CAS
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
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Grams J, Ryczkowski R, Chałupka K, Sobczak I, Rzeźnicka I, Przybysz K. Impact of Support (MCF, ZrO 2, ZSM-5) on the Efficiency of Ni Catalyst in High-Temperature Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrogen-Rich Gas. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12223792. [PMID: 31752263 PMCID: PMC6888060 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to evaluate an impact of a support on the efficiency of nickel catalysts in the high-temperature conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to hydrogen-rich gas. The most important parameters influencing catalytic performance of the catalysts were identified. The properties of three materials (ZSM-5, ZrO2, and MCF (mesostructured cellular foam)) used as a support differing in surface acidity, surface area, pore structure, ability to interact with an active phase, and resistance to coking, have been studied. The results revealed that Ni/MCF, characterized by large pore size and pore volume, low acidity, small NiO crystallites size, and moderate interaction with the active phase, is the most efficient among studied catalysts, while an application of Ni on ZSM-5 support with high-acidity was not beneficial. The results suggest that structure of the support, in particular larger pore size and a better contact between an active phase and reaction intermediates, play an important role in the formation of gaseous products during thermal decomposition of lignocellulosic feedstock. On the other hand, high acidity of the support did not increase the formation of large amounts of hydrogen-rich gaseous products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Grams
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (R.R.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Ryczkowski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (R.R.); (K.C.)
| | - Karolina Chałupka
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (R.R.); (K.C.)
| | - Izabela Sobczak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Izabela Rzeźnicka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 135-8548 Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kamila Przybysz
- Natural Fibers Advanced Technologies, Blekitna 42A, 93-322 Lodz, Poland;
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