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Sun JZ, Shu QC, Sun HW, Liu YC, Yang XY, Zhang YX, Wang G. High-Performance Macroporous Free-Standing Microbial Fuel Cell Anode Derived from Grape for Efficient Power Generation and Brewery Wastewater Treatment. Molecules 2024; 29:2936. [PMID: 38931000 PMCID: PMC11206865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have the potential to directly convert the chemical energy in organic matter into electrical energy, making them a promising technology for achieving sustainable energy production alongside wastewater treatment. However, the low extracellular electron transfer (EET) rates and limited bacteria loading capacity of MFCs anode materials present challenges in achieving high power output. In this study, three-dimensionally heteroatom-doped carbonized grape (CG) monoliths with a macroporous structure were successfully fabricated using a facile and low-cost route and employed as independent anodes in MFCs for treating brewery wastewater. The CG obtained at 900 °C (CG-900) exhibited excellent biocompatibility. When integrated into MFCs, these units initiated electricity generation a mere 1.8 days after inoculation and swiftly reached a peak output voltage of 658 mV, demonstrating an exceptional areal power density of 3.71 W m-2. The porous structure of the CG-900 anode facilitated efficient ion transport and microbial community succession, ensuring sustained operational excellence. Remarkably, even when nutrition was interrupted for 30 days, the voltage swiftly returned to its original level. Moreover, the CG-900 anode exhibited a superior capacity for accommodating electricigens, boasting a notably higher abundance of Geobacter spp. (87.1%) compared to carbon cloth (CC, 63.0%). Most notably, when treating brewery wastewater, the CG-900 anode achieved a maximum power density of 3.52 W m-2, accompanied by remarkable treatment efficiency, with a COD removal rate of 85.5%. This study provides a facile and low-cost synthesis technique for fabricating high-performance MFC anodes for use in microbial energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhi Sun
- Yantai Engineering & Technology College, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Quan-Cheng Shu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yu-Can Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Zhang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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2
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Cheng X, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Yu M, Qi J, Ma Z, Sun T, Liu S. Conductive and capacitive network for enriching the exoelectrogens and enhancing the extracellular electron transfer in microbial fuel cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:309-318. [PMID: 38479267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Although lots of nanomaterials modified anodes have been reported to improve the bacterial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (EET) in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), the lack of a three dimensional (3D) conductive and capacitive network severely limited MFCs performance. In this work, 3D conductive networks derived from mucor mycelia were grown on carbon cloth (CC), and capacitive FeMn phosphides/oxides were further anchored on these 3D networks by electrochemical deposition (denoted as FeMn/CMM@CC) to simultaneously address the above challenges. As a result, the multivalent metal active sites were evenly distributed on 3D conductive network, which favored the enrichment of exoelectrogens, mass transport and EET. Consequently, the as-prepared FeMn/CMM@CC anode displayed accumulated charge of 131.4C/m2, higher than bare CC. Meanwhile, FeMn/CMM@CC anode substantially promoted flavin excretion and the amounts of nano conduits. The abundance of Geobacter was 63 % on bare CC, and greatly increased to 83 % on FeMn/CMM@CC. MFCs equipped by FeMn/CMM@CC anode presented the power density of 3.06 W/m2 and coulombic efficiency (29.9 %), evidently higher than bare CC (1.29 W/m2, 7.3 %), and the daily chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal amount also increased to 92.6 mg/L/d. This work developed a facile method to optimize the abiotic-biotic interface by introducing 3D conductive and capacitive network, which was proved to be a promising strategy to modify macro-porous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusen Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yunfeng Qiu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Miao Yu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jinteng Qi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tiedong Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Ma J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Jia J. Fabrication of a Molybdenum Dioxide/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite as an Anodic Modification Material for High-Performance Microbial Fuel Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:2541. [PMID: 38893417 PMCID: PMC11173943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A nanocomposite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) nanoparticles is fabricated through the reduction of phosphomolybdic acid hydrate on functionalized MWCNTs in a hydrogen-argon (10%) atmosphere in a tube furnace. The MoO2/MWCNTs composite is proposed as an anodic modification material for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MWCNTs have outstanding physical and chemical peculiarities, with functionalized MWCNTs having substantially large electroactive areas. In addition, combined with the exceptional properties of MoO2 nanoparticles, the synergistic advantages of functionalized MWCNTs and MoO2 nanoparticles give a MoO2/MWCNTs anode a large electroactive area, excellent electronic conductivity, enhanced extracellular electron transfer capacity, and improved nutrient transfer capability. Finally, the power harvesting of an MFC with the MoO2/MWCNTs anode is improved, with the MFC showing long-term repeatability of voltage and current density outputs. This exploratory research advances the fundamental application of anodic modification to MFCs, simultaneously providing valuable guidance for the use of carbon-based transition metal oxide nanomaterials in high-performance MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Ma
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Lyuliang University, Lishi 033001, China;
- Institute of New Carbon-Based Materials and Zero-Carbon and Negative-Carbon Technology, Lyuliang University, Lishi 033001, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Lyuliang University, Lishi 033001, China;
- Institute of New Carbon-Based Materials and Zero-Carbon and Negative-Carbon Technology, Lyuliang University, Lishi 033001, China
| | - Yezhen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China;
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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4
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Barakat NAM, Gamal S, Ghouri ZK, Fadali OA, Abdelraheem OH, Hashem M, Moustafa HM. Graphitized mango seed as an effective 3D anode in batch and continuous mode microbial fuel cells for sustainable wastewater treatment and power generation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3163-3177. [PMID: 38249675 PMCID: PMC10797328 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05084j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we explored the utilization of graphitized mango seeds as 3D-packed anodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) powered by sewage wastewater. Mango seeds were graphitized at different temperatures (800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C, and 1100 °C) and their effectiveness as anodes was evaluated. Surface morphology analysis indicated that the proposed anode was characterized by layered branches and micro-sized deep holes, facilitating enhanced biofilm formation and microorganism attachment. Maximum power densities achieved in the MFCs utilizing the mango seed-packed anodes graphitized at 1100 °C and 1000 °C were 2170.8 ± 90 and 1350.6 ± 125 mW m-2, respectively. Furthermore, the weight of the graphitized seed anode demonstrated a positive correlation with the generated power density and cell potential. Specifically, MFCs fabricated with 9 g and 6 g anodes achieved maximum power densities of 2170.8 ± 90 and 1800.5 ± 40 mW m-2, respectively. A continuous mode air cathode MFC employing the proposed graphitized mango anode prepared at 1100 °C and operated at a flow rate of 2 L h-1 generated a stable current density of approximately 12 A m-2 after 15 hours of operation, maintaining its stability for 75 hours. Furthermore, a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 85% was achieved in an assembled continuous mode MFC. Considering that the proposed MFC was driven by sewage wastewater without the addition of external microorganisms, atmospheric oxygen was used as the electron acceptor through an air cathode mode, agricultural biomass waste was employed for the preparation of the anode, and a higher power density was achieved (2170.8 mW m-2) compared to reported values; it is evident that the proposed graphitized mango seed anode exhibits high efficiency for application in MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A M Barakat
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University El-Minia 61516 Egypt +20862364420 +20862348005
| | - Shimaa Gamal
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University El-Minia 61516 Egypt +20862364420 +20862348005
| | - Zafar Khan Ghouri
- School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University UK
| | - Olfat A Fadali
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University El-Minia 61516 Egypt +20862364420 +20862348005
| | - Omnia H Abdelraheem
- Sciences Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University Riyadh 11433 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hager M Moustafa
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University El-Minia 61516 Egypt +20862364420 +20862348005
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5
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Ajit K, Anil A, Krishnan H, Asok A. Microporous nitrogen-rich biomass derived anode catalyst in clay membrane MFC for kitchen wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38118134 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2296532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFC) have emerged as a sustainable wastewater treatment technique that offers simultaneous energy generation; however, the high cost of electrodes and their reduced catalytic activity have hindered their widespread adoption. To overcome this, an activated carbon synthesised from Areca nut husk was coated on different anodes viz. Carbon cloth and Stainless Steel (SS) mesh. Activated carbon was found to be highly porous with a carbon content of 85.39%, and a surface area of 767.98 m2/g, and was found to be amorphous with a high degree of graphitic structure. The electrical conductivities of the catalyst-coated SS mesh and carbon cloth were comparable, and the performance of the MFC was studied using both electrodes as anodes. A batch MFC with modified SS mesh as anode exhibited the highest power density of 155.35 mW/m3 in synthetic wastewater and 101.68 mW/m3 in kitchen wastewater, with COD removal efficiencies of 95.32% and 95.24%, respectively. In a continuous mode, the MFC delivered a maximum current density and power of 52.38 mA/m2 and 21.60 mW, respectively, with a maximum COD removal efficiency of 80.70% for an HRT of 20 hrs. These findings underscore the viability of using biomass-derived activated carbon as an anode catalyst in both batch and continuous modes of MFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnapa Ajit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kozhikode, India
| | - Ardra Anil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
| | - Haribabu Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kozhikode, India
| | - Aswathy Asok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
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Barakat NAM, Gamal S, Kim HY, Abd El-Salam NM, Fouad H, Fadali OA, Moustafa HM, Abdelraheem OH. Synergistic advancements in sewage-driven microbial fuel cells: novel carbon nanotube cathodes and biomass-derived anodes for efficient renewable energy generation and wastewater treatment. Front Chem 2023; 11:1286572. [PMID: 38075493 PMCID: PMC10704469 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1286572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer a dual solution of generating electrical energy from organic pollutants-laden wastewater while treating it. This study focuses on enhancing MFC performance through innovative electrode design. Three-dimensional (3D) anodes, created from corncobs and mango seeds via controlled graphitization, achieved remarkable power densities. The newly developed electrode configurations were evaluated within sewage wastewater-driven MFCs without the introduction of external microorganisms or prior treatment of the wastewater. At 1,000°C and 1,100°C graphitization temperatures, corncob and mango seed anodes produced 1,963 and 2,171 mW/m2, respectively, nearly 20 times higher than conventional carbon cloth and paper anodes. An advanced cathode composed of an activated carbon-carbon nanotube composite was introduced, rivaling expensive platinum-based cathodes. By optimizing the thermal treatment temperature and carbon nanotube content of the proposed cathode, comparable or superior performance to standard Pt/C commercial cathodes was achieved. Specifically, MFCs assembled with corncob anode with the proposed and standard Pt/C cathodes reached power densities of 1,963.1 and 2,178.6 mW/m2, respectively. Similarly, when utilizing graphitized mango seeds at 1,100°C, power densities of 2,171 and 2,151 mW/m2 were achieved for the new and standard cathodes, respectively. Furthermore, in continuous operation with a flow rate of 2 L/h, impressive chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates of 77% and 85% were achieved with corncob and mango seed anodes, respectively. This work highlights the significance of electrode design for enhancing MFC efficiency in electricity generation and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A. M. Barakat
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Gamal
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Hak Yong Kim
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasser M. Abd El-Salam
- Natural Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Fouad
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Olfat A. Fadali
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Hager M. Moustafa
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Omina H. Abdelraheem
- Sciences Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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7
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Cheng X, Liu B, Qiu Y, Liu K, Fang Z, Qi J, Ma Z, Sun T, Liu S. Enhanced microorganism attachment and flavin excretion in microbial fuel cells via an N,S-codoped carbon microflower anode. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 648:327-337. [PMID: 37301157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used dense arrays of nanomaterials on carbon cloth (CC) are not suitable to accommodate microorganisms in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) due to their unmatched size. To simultaneously enrich exoelectrogens and accelerate the extracellular electron transfer (EET) process, SnS2 nanosheets were selected as sacrificial templates to prepare binder-free N,S-codoped carbon microflowers (N,S-CMF@CC) by polymer coating and pyrolysis. N,S-CMF@CC showed a cumulative total charge of 125.70C/m2, approximately 2.11 times higher than that of CC, indicating its better electricity storage capacity. Moreover, the interface transfer resistance and diffusion coefficient in bioanodes were 42.68 Ω and 9.27 × 10-10 cm2/s, respectively, superior to CC (141.3 Ω and 1.06 × 10-11 cm2/s). Remarkably, N,S-codoped carbon microflowers excreted more flavin than CC, as confirmed by continuous fluorescence monitoring. Biofilm and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that exoelectrogens were enriched, and nanoconduits were generated on the N,S-CMF@CC anode. In particular, flavin excretion was also promoted on our hierarchical electrode, effectively driving the EET process. MFCs equipped with the N,S-CMF@CC anode could deliver a power density of 2.50 W/m2, coulombic efficiency of 22.77 %, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal amount of 90.72 mg/L/d, higher than that of bare CC. These findings not only demonstrate that our anode is capable of solving the cell enrichment issue, but it may also increase EET rates by bound flavin with outer membrane c-type cytochromes (OMCs) to simultaneously boost the power generation and wastewater treatment performance of MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. 666 Changhui Road, Dantu New District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No.2 Yikuang Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin 150080, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Zhuluni Fang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jinteng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Tiedong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040 PR China.
| | - Shaoqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, No.2 Yikuang Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin 150080, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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8
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Yang P, Gao Y, Xue L, Han Y, An J, He W, Feng Y. Lignocellulose reconstituted shape-controllable self-supporting carbonaceous capacitance-anodes with high electron transfer rates for high-performance microbial electrochemical system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129072. [PMID: 37088429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural biomass is a promising candidate for manufacturing an efficient anode in the microbial electrochemical system (MES) for its abundance and low cost. However, the structure and performance of the electrode highly depend on the biomass species. A simple and sustainable method for creating a self-supporting electrode is proposed by freeze-drying and carbonizing a blend of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. This strategy leads to a cork-like structure and improved mechanical strength of the lignocellulose carbon. A power density of 4780 ± 260 mW m-2 (CLX-800) was achieved, which was the highest record for unmodified lignocellulose-based anodes in the microbial fuel cells. The morphological as lamellar multilayer and rich in hydrophilic functional groups could facilitate the formation of thick electroactive biofilms and enrich Geobacter with the highest abundance of 92.3%. The CLX material is expected to be the ideal electrode for high performance and functionally controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinpin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Yaqian Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Lefei Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Jingkun An
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yujie Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin, China
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9
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Zhao F, Chen Y, Zhang S, Li M, Tang X. Three-Dimensional Carbon Monolith Coated by Nano-TiO 2 for Anode Enhancement in Microbial Fuel Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3437. [PMID: 36834138 PMCID: PMC9966231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) anode is essential for high-performance microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, 3D porous carbon monoliths from a wax gourd (WGCM) were obtained by freeze-drying and carbonization. Nano-TiO2 was further coated onto the surface of WGCM to obtain a nano-TiO2/WGCM anode. The WGCM anode enhanced the maximum power density of MFCs by 167.9% compared with the carbon felt anode, while nano-TiO2/WGCM anode additionally increased the value by 45.8% to achieve 1396.2 mW/m2. WGCM enhancement was due to the 3D porous structure, the good conductivity and the surface hydrophilicity, which enhanced electroactive biofilm formation and anodic electron transfer. In addition, nano-TiO2 modification enhanced the enrichment of Acinetobacter, an electricigen, by 31.0% on the anode to further improve the power production. The results demonstrated that the nano-TiO2/WGCM was an effective anode for power enhancement in MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xinhua Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China
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10
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Gao Y, Huang J, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Yang P, Xue L, Wang N, He W. A three-dimensional phenolic-based carbon anode for microbial electrochemical system with customized macroscopic pore structure to promote interior bacteria colonization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160131. [PMID: 36372162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrochemical system (MES) is an emerging wastewater treatment technology that compensates the energy demands of containments removal by in situ converting the chemical energy of organic pollutants. As the structure for exoelectrogens and the reaction site of extracellular electron transfer (EET), the anode is essential for MES. The future commercial application of MES requires efficiency and large-scale fabrication available anode. In this study, a 3D anode with millimeter-scale pores (3D-MPA) was successfully constructed by sacrificial template method, with low-cost phenolic resin as carbon precursor and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pellets as template. With customized and ordered pore of 1 mm, the 3D-MPAs allowed the microorganisms to colonize inside, improving anodic space utilization efficiency. Different carbonization temperature in tested range from 700 °C to 1000 °C regulated the micrometer-scale convex structures and surface roughness of 3D-MPAs, causing electrochemical performance changes. The 3D-MPA-900 obtained the largest electroactive surface area (102 ± 4.1 cm2) and smallest ohmic resistance (1.8 ± 0.09 Ω). Equipped with MES, 3D-MPA-900 reached the highest power density and current density (2590 ± 25 mW m-2 and 5.20 ± 0.07 A m-2). Among tested 3D-MPA, the excellent performance of 3D-MPA-900 might be attributed by its convex structures with suitable size and surface coverage. The surface roughness of 3D-MPA-900 enhanced the microorganism adherence, which then promoted EET on anode surface. Generally, phenolic-based 3D-MPA made of sacrificial-template method had controllable porous structure, large-scale fabrication availability, high chemical stability and excellent mechanical property, which could be promising for the commercial application of MES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianjun Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Pinpin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lefei Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Naiyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weihua He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
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11
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Biomass-Derived Carbon Anode for High-Performance Microbial Fuel Cells. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
: Although microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been developed over the past decade, they still have a low power production bottleneck for practical engineering due to the ineffective interfacial bioelectrochemical reaction between exoelectrogens and anode surfaces using traditional carbonaceous materials. Constructing anodes from biomass is an effective strategy to tackle the current challenges and improve the efficiency of MFCs. The advantage features of these materials come from the well-decorated aspect with an enriched functional group, the turbostratic nature, and porous structure, which is important to promote the electrocatalytic behavior of anodes in MFCs. In this review article, the three designs of biomass-derived carbon anodes based on their final products (i.e., biomass-derived nanocomposite carbons for anode surface modification, biomass-derived free-standing three-dimensional carbon anodes, and biomass-derived carbons for hybrid structured anodes) are highlighted. Next, the most frequently obtained carbon anode morphologies, characterizations, and the carbonization processes of biomass-derived MFC anodes were systematically reviewed. To conclude, the drawbacks and prospects for biomass-derived carbon anodes are suggested.
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12
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Meng L, Feng M, Sun J, Wang R, Qu F, Yang C, Guo W. High-performance free-standing microbial fuel cell anode derived from Chinese date for enhanced electron transfer rates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 353:127151. [PMID: 35421564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditional anode materials have disadvantages like low specific surface area and poor electrical conductivity. Herein, carbonized Chinese dates (CCD) were synthesized as microbial fuel cells (MFC) anodes. The obtained materials exhibited excellent biocompatibility with fast start-up (within one day) and charge transfer (Rct 4.0 Ω). Their porous structure allows efficient ion transport and microbial community succession, favorable for long-term operation. The biomass analysis shows that CCD anodes can load higher weight of biomass. High-throughput sequencing (16S rRNA) discovered that CCD anode can enrich Geobacter spp., with highest abundance of 73.4%, much higher than carbon felt (CF, 39.2%). Benefit from these properties, the MFC with CCD anodes possess a maximum power density of 12.17 W m-3 (1.62 times of commercial carbon felt). In all, the CCD anode exhibits high performance with low cost and easy fabrication, certificating it a promising candidate for an ideal MFC anode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Min Feng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Jinzhi Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ruiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fengyu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials, Heilongjiang Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
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13
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Zhu Y, Feng Y, Zhang L, Wang N, Yang P, Liu J, He W. Economic affordable carbonized phenolic foam anode with controlled structure for microbial fuel cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151314. [PMID: 34756897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In microbial fuel cells (MFCs), the anode electrode is a core structure as the catalytic area of exoelectrogens. The anode material for large-scale MFCs needs excellent bioelectrochemical performance and low fabrication costs. Herein, carbonized phenolic foam with controllable porous structures was developed as the bio-capacitor of MFCs. The proportion of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), which improved mixing and dissolution between the resin liquid and the foaming agent, was adjusted to form open pores on the foam film and skeletons, which promoted both the capacitance and biocompatibility of the anode. Within SDBS proportion from 0 to 1.2 wt%, the anode SPF-9 (0.9 wt%) obtained the best capacitance (37 ± 0.13 F g-1), electrochemical active surface area (87 ± 0.38 cm2) and hydrophilia (contact angle 79 ± 0.2°). The MFCs with SPF-9 obtained the highest power density of 3980 ± 178 mW m-2, while those of carbon-cloth anodes were 1600 ± 28 mW m-2. The biofilm of SPF-9 also demonstrated higher activity and obtained larger abundance of exoelectrogens (68 ± 0.38%). The increased capacitance and biocompatibility mainly resulted in the good performance of SPF-9. The carbonized phenolic foam anode material was worth considering for the future application of MFCs due to its superior electrochemical performance and large-quantity fabrication capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yujie Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Naiyu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Pinpin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Weihua He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Academy of Ecology and Environment, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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14
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Efficient micropore sizes for carbon dioxide physisorption of pine cone-based carbonaceous materials at different temperatures. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Activated nitrogen-doped ordered porous carbon as advanced anode for high-performance microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Ratheesh A, Elias L, Aboobakar Shibli SM. Tuning of Electrode Surface for Enhanced Bacterial Adhesion and Reactions: A Review on Recent Approaches. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5809-5838. [PMID: 35006924 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of bacterial adhesion and its consequences has great significance in different fields such as marine science, renewable energy sectors, soil and plant ecology, food industry, and the biomedical field. Generally, the adverse effects of microbial surface interactions have attained wide visibility. However, herein, we present distinct approaches to highlight the beneficial aspects of microbial surface interactions for various applications rather than deal with the conventional negative aspects or prevention strategies. The surface microbial reactions can be tuned for useful biochemical or bio-electrochemical applications, which are otherwise unattainable through conventional routes. In this context, the present review is a comprehensive approach to highlight the basic principles and signature parameters that are responsible for the useful microbial-electrode interactions. It also proposes various surface tuning strategies, which are useful for tuning the electrode characteristics particularly suitable for the enhanced bacterial adhesion and reactions. The tuning of surface characteristics of electrodes is discussed with a special reference to the Microbial Fuel Cell as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Ratheesh
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581, India
| | - Liju Elias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581, India
| | - Sheik Muhammadhu Aboobakar Shibli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581, India.,Centre for Renewable Energy and Materials, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 581, India
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17
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Gao X, Qiu S, Lin Z, Xie X, Yin W, Lu X. Carbon-Based Composites as Anodes for Microbial Fuel Cells: Recent Advances and Challenges. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1322-1341. [PMID: 34363342 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the low price, chemical stability and good conductivity, carbon-based materials have been extensively applied as the anode in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this review, apart from the charge storage mechanism and anode requirements, the major work focuses on five categories of carbon-based anode materials (traditional carbon, porous carbon, nano-carbon, metal/carbon composite and polymer/carbon composite). The relationship is demonstrated in depth between the physicochemical properties of the anode surface/interface/bulk (porosity, surface area, hydrophilicity, partical size, charge, roughness, etc.) and the bioelectrochemical performances (electron transfer, electrolyte diffusion, capacitance, toxicity, start-up time, current, power density, voltage, etc.). An outlook for future work is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyuan Gao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China.,MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem &, Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Qiu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Ziting Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjuan Xie
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Material Science, Engineering Technology Development Center of Advanced Materials &, Energy Saving and Emission Reduction, in Guangdong Colleges and Universities, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, 510303, P. R. China
| | - Xihong Lu
- MOE of the Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, The Key Lab of Low-carbon Chem &, Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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18
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Self-assembled oil palm biomass-derived modified graphene oxide anode: An efficient medium for energy transportation and bioremediating Cd (II) via microbial fuel cells. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Ma J, Shi N, Jia J. Fe3O4 nanospheres decorated reduced graphene oxide as anode to promote extracellular electron transfer efficiency and power density in microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Promoting electricity generation of shewanella putrefaciens in a microbial fuel cell by modification of porous poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid) film on carbon anode. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Yang W, Chen S. Biomass-Derived Carbon for Electrode Fabrication in Microbial Fuel Cells: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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22
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Rethinasabapathy M, Lee JH, Roh KC, Kang SM, Oh SY, Park B, Lee GW, Cha YL, Huh YS. Silver grass-derived activated carbon with coexisting micro-, meso- and macropores as excellent bioanodes for microbial colonization and power generation in sustainable microbial fuel cells. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 300:122646. [PMID: 31896046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, highly biocompatible three-dimensional hierarchically porous activated carbon from the low-cost silver grass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus) has been fabricated through a facile carbonization approach and tested it as bioanode in microbial fuel cell (MFC) using Escherichia coli as biocatalyst. This silver grass-derived activated carbon (SGAC) exhibited an unprecedented specific surface area of 3027 m2 g-1 with the coexistence of several micro-, meso-, and macropores. The synergistic effect from pore structure (macropores - hosting E. coli to form biofilm and facilitates internal mass transfer; mesopores - favors fast electron transfer; and micropores - promotes nutrient transport to the biofilm) with very high surface area facilitates excellent extracellular electron transfer (EET) between the anode and biofilm which resulted in higher power output of 963 mW cm-2. Based on superior biocompatibility, low cost, environment-friendliness, and facile fabrication, the proposed SGAC bioanode could have a great potential for high-performance and cost-effective sustainable MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muruganantham Rethinasabapathy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Han Lee
- Energy & Environmental Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, 101, Soho-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 660-031, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Roh
- Energy & Environmental Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, 101, Soho-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 660-031, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Seo Yeong Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Woon Lee
- Platform Technology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lok Cha
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Moan-ro 199, Jeon-Nam 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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