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De Bhowmick G, Plouviez M, Reis MG, Guieysse B, Everett DW, Agnew MP, Maclean P, Thum C. Evaluation of Extraction Techniques for Recovery of Microalgal Lipids under Different Growth Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27976-27986. [PMID: 38973871 PMCID: PMC11223222 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Microalgal lipids contain a wide array of liposoluble bioactive compounds, but lipid extraction remains a critical limitation for their commercial use. An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used to extract lipids from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), and Chlorella vulgaris grown under either standard or nitrogen depletion conditions. Under standard growth conditions, ASE using methanol:chloroform (2:1), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE):methanol:water, and ethanol at 100 °C resulted in the highest recovery of total lipids (352 ± 30, 410 ± 32, and 127 ± 15 mg/g biomass from C. reinhardtii, C. vulgaris, and A. platensis, respectively). Similarly, the highest total lipid and triacylglycerols (TAGs) recovery from biomass cultivated under nitrogen depletion conditions was found at 100 °C using methanol:chloroform, for C. reinhardtii (total, 550 ± 21; TAG, 205 ± 2 mg/g biomass) and for C. vulgaris (total, 612 ± 29 mg/g; TAG, 253 ± 7 mg/g biomass). ASE with MTBE:methanol:water at 100 °C yielded similar TAG recovery for C. reinhardtii (159 ± 6 mg/g) and C. vulgaris (200 ± 4 mg/g). Thus, MTBE:methanol:water is suggested as an alternative substitute to replace hazardous solvent mixtures for TAGs extraction with a much lower environmental impact. The extracted microalgal TAGs were rich in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1,9), linoleic (C18:2n6), and α-linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. Under nitrogen depletion conditions, increased palmitic acid (C16:0) recovery up to 2-fold was recorded from the biomasses of C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris. This study demonstrates a clear linkage between the extraction conditions applied and total lipid and TAG recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldy De Bhowmick
- AgResearch
Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Maxence Plouviez
- School
of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private
Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Mariza Gomes Reis
- AgResearch
Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Benoit Guieysse
- School
of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private
Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - David W. Everett
- AgResearch
Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
- Riddet
Institute, Private Bag
11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Michael P. Agnew
- AgResearch
Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Paul Maclean
- AgResearch
Ltd., Grasslands Campus, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Thum
- AgResearch
Ltd., Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
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2
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Berzal G, García-García P, Señoráns FJ. Integrated Process for Schizochytrium Oil Extraction, Enzymatic Modification of Lipids and Concentration of DHA Fatty Acid Esters Using Alternative Methodologies. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:146. [PMID: 38667763 PMCID: PMC11051022 DOI: 10.3390/md22040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine microalgae Schizochytrium sp. have a high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid that is attracting interest since it prevents certain neurodegenerative diseases. The obtention of a bioactive and purified DHA fatty acid ester using a whole-integrated process in which renewable sources and alternative methodologies are employed is the aim of this study. For this reason, lyophilized Schizochytrium biomass was used as an alternative to fish oil, and advanced extraction techniques as well as enzymatic modification were studied. Microalgal oil extraction was optimized via a surface-response method using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) obtaining high oil yields (29.06 ± 0.12%) with a high concentration of DHA (51.15 ± 0.72%). Then, the enzymatic modification of Schizochytrium oil was developed by ethanolysis using immobilized Candida antarctica B lipase (Novozym® 435) at two reaction temperatures and different enzymatic loads. The best condition (40 °C and 200 mg of lipase) produced the highest yield of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) (100%) after 8 h of a reaction attaining a cost-effective and alternative process. Finally, an enriched and purified fraction containing DHA-FAEE was obtained using open-column chromatography with a remarkably high concentration of 93.2 ± 1.3% DHA. The purified and bioactive molecules obtained in this study can be used as nutraceutical and active pharmaceutical intermediates of marine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Javier Señoráns
- Healthy-Lipids Group, Food Science Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.B.); (P.G.-G.)
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Akonjuen BM, Onuh JO, Aryee ANA. Bioactive fatty acids from non-conventional lipid sources and their potential application in functional food development. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5689-5700. [PMID: 37823172 PMCID: PMC10563685 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that bioactive fatty acids (BFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6-3), and conjugated fatty acids offer multiple biological benefits and constitute ingredients in functional food development. Despite their potential, novel and alternative/nonconventional sources with unique bioactive properties to meet growing demand remain largely unexplored, poorly characterized, and their effects are not well understood. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify studies on alternative sources of BFAs, their functions, extraction, and application in the food and nutraceutical industry. Twenty studies delved into alternate sources such as plants, bacteria, and algae. Six studies found EPA and DHA as the dominant FA in algal sources, while ten studies reported several BFAs from plant sources. Five studies assessed the health benefits of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), EPA, γ-linolenic acid (GLA), and linoleic acid (LA). Eleven studies compared the quality of oil recovered by green solvents, pressurized liquid, supercritical fluid, and assisted extraction methods. Three studies assessed the effects of assisted extraction methods and reported that these approaches improved oil yield and quality, but the findings may have limited applicability to other lipid sources. The quality of nonconventional lipids largely depends on extraction techniques. Four studies suggested methods like 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS; however, their analytical differences make accurate comparison inadequate. Five studies found that the incorporation of algal and seafood biolipids during product development increased EHA and DHA contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessem M. Akonjuen
- Department of Human Ecology, Food Science & Biotechnology ProgramCollege of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
| | - John O. Onuh
- Department of Food and Nutritional SciencesCollege of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Science, Tuskegee UniversityTuskegeeAlabamaUSA
| | - Alberta N. A. Aryee
- Department of Human Ecology, Food Science & Biotechnology ProgramCollege of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State UniversityDoverDelawareUSA
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Kong T, Liu S, Feng Y, Fan Y, Yu J, Zhang H, Cai M, Ma H, Duan Y. Slit dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted pulping of Lycium barbarum fresh fruit to improve the dissolution of polysaccharides and in situ real-time monitoring. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106509. [PMID: 37406542 PMCID: PMC10422114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the slit dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted pulping of fresh Lycium barbarum fruit was optimized to improve the dissolution of polysaccharides. The microscopic mechanism of polysaccharide dissolution was explored through establishing polysaccharides dissolution kinetics model and visualizing the multi-physical fields during ultrasonic process, and an in situ real-time monitoring model was established by the relationship between the chemical value and spectral information collected by near-infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that, under optimal conditions, treatment with ultrasound (28-33 kHz, 250 W, 30 min) not only significantly promoted the dissolution rate of polysaccharides in Lycium barbarum pulp (LBPPs, increased by 43.64 %, p < 0.01), reduced its molecular weight, but also improved the arabinose molar ratio, the uniformity of polysaccharide particles, and the antioxidant activity of LBPPs. Correlation analysis indicated that ultrasonic treatment is closely related to LBPPs content, particle size and scavenging capacity against superoxide anion radicals (ptotal sugar content < 0.01, pparticle size < 0.05 and psuperoxide anion scavenging < 0.05). Moreover, the in situ real-time monitoring model for the pulping process could quantitatively predict LBPPs dissolution rate and its superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity with good calibration and prediction performance (Rc = 0.9841, RMSECV = 0.0873, Rp = 0.9772, RMSEP = 0.0530; Rc = 0.9874, RMSECV = 0.1246, Rp = 0.9868, RMSEP = 0.0665). These results indicated that slit dual-frequency ultrasound has great potential in improving the quality of Lycium barbarum pulp, which may provide theoretical support for the industrial development of intelligent systems for polysaccharides preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Kong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuqin Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanli Fan
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Junwei Yu
- Ningxia Zhongning Goji Industry Innovation Research Institute Co., Ltd, Zhongning 755100, China
| | - Haihui Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Meihong Cai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Nourse Pet Nutrition Jiangsu Research Institute, Zhenjiang 212009, China.
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5
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Pradhan N, Kumar S, Selvasembian R, Rawat S, Gangwar A, Senthamizh R, Yuen YK, Luo L, Ayothiraman S, Saratale GD, Mal J. Emerging trends in the pretreatment of microalgal biomass and recovery of value-added products: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128395. [PMID: 36442602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising source of raw material (i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, pigments, and micronutrients) for various value-added products and act as a carbon sink for atmospheric CO2. The rigidity of the microalgal cell wall makes it difficult to extract different cellular components for its applications, including biofuel production, food and feed supplements, and pharmaceuticals. To improve the recovery of products from microalgae, pretreatment strategies such as biological, physical, chemical, and combined methods have been explored to improve whole-cell disruption and product recovery efficiency. However, the diversity and uniqueness of the microalgal cell wall make the pretreatment process more species-specific and limit its large-scale application. Therefore, advancing the currently available technologies is required from an economic, technological, and environmental perspective. Thus, this paper provides a state-of-art review of the current trends, challenges, and prospects of sustainable microalgal pretreatment technologies from a microalgae-based biorefinery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirakar Pradhan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, U.P. 221005 India
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shweta Rawat
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, U.P. 221005 India
| | - Agendra Gangwar
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, U.P. 221005 India
| | - R Senthamizh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yuk Kit Yuen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Seenivasan Ayothiraman
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem - 534101, West Godavari Dist, Andhra Prdesh, India
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido, Seoul 10326, Korea
| | - Joyabrata Mal
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Isochrysis sp. cultivation in pilot-scale to concurrently produce sustainable triacylglycerols for human milk fat substitutes and fucoxanthin. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Jothibasu K, Muniraj I, Jayakumar T, Ray B, Dhar D, Karthikeyan S, Rakesh S. Impact of microalgal cell wall biology on downstream processing and nutrient removal for fuels and value-added products. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Mehta D, Shivhare US, Yadav SK. A statistical and neural network-assisted sustainable integrated process-based on ‘zero solid waste’ for the extraction of polyphenols, dietary fiber and xylooligosaccharide from de-oiled rice and corn bran. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Liu Q, Zhao J, Liu Y, Qiao W, Jiang T, Liu Y, Yu X, Chen L. Advances in analysis, metabolism and mimicking of human milk lipids. Food Chem 2022; 393:133332. [PMID: 35661604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk lipids differ from the milk lipids of other mammals in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids. Analysis and detection technology of lipids is key to understanding milk lipids, and thus the concentrations, compositions and distribution characteristics of milk lipids are discussed. Differences between human milk lipids and their substitutes in form, composition and structure affect their digestion, absorption and function in infants. Characteristics and mimicking of human milk lipids have been intensively studied with the objective of narrowing the gap between human milk and infant formulae. Based on the existing achievements, further progress may be made by improving detection techniques, deepening knowledge of metabolic pathways and perfecting fat substitutes. This review detailed the characteristics of human milk lipids and related detection technologies with a view towards providing a clear direction for research on mimicking human milk lipids in formulae to further improve infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Dairy Health for Maternal and Child, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy, Beijing Technical Innovation Center of Human Milk Research, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China.
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10
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Cai G, Katsumata W, Okajima I, Sako T, Funazukuri T, Kong CY. Determination of diffusivities of triolein in pressurized liquids and in supercritical CO2. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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High-Pressure Technologies for the Recovery of Bioactive Molecules from Agro-Industrial Waste. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of food waste are produced each year. These residues require appropriate management to reduce their environmental impact and, at the same time, economic loss. However, this waste is still rich in compounds (e.g., colorants, antioxidants, polyphenols, fatty acids, vitamins, and proteins) that can find potential applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Conventional extraction techniques suffer some drawbacks when applied to the exploitation of food residues, including large amounts of polluting solvents, increased time of extraction, possible degradation of the active molecules during extraction, low yields, and reduced extraction selectivity. For these reasons, advanced extraction techniques have emerged in order to obtain efficient residue exploitation using more sustainable processes. In particular, performing extraction under high-pressure conditions, such as supercritical fluids and pressurized liquid extraction, offers several advantages for the extraction of bioactive molecules. These include the reduced use of toxic solvents, reduced extraction time, high selectivity, and the possibility of being applied in combination in a cascade of progressive extractions. In this review, an overview of high-pressure extraction techniques related to the recovery of high added value compounds from waste generated in food industries is presented and a critical discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each process is reported. Furthermore, the possibility of combined multi-stage extractions, as well as economic and environmental aspects, are discussed in order to provide a complete overview of the topic.
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Jiménez Callejón MJ, Robles Medina A, Macías Sánchez MD, González Moreno PA, Navarro López E, Esteban Cerdán L, Molina Grima E. Supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction processes applied to eicosapentaenoic acid-rich polar lipid recovery from the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of oil obtained from coconut meal by subcritical ethanol extraction. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Biobased Solvents for Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Nannochloropsis gaditana Omega-3 Lipids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020107. [PMID: 33673060 PMCID: PMC7918423 DOI: 10.3390/md19020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop greener extraction alternatives for microalgae biomass, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with different biobased solvents were investigated, demonstrating that both techniques are useful alternatives for algal lipid extraction. Specifically, Nannochloropsis gaditana lipids were extracted by UAE and PLE at different temperatures and extraction times with sustainable solvents like 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and its mixtures with ethanol and other alcohols. The best oil yields for both PLE and UAE of N. gaditana were achieved with the mixture of 2-MeTHF:ethanol (1:3), reaching yields of up to 16.3%, for UAE at 50 °C and up to 46.1% for PLE at 120 °C. Lipid composition of the extracts was analyzed by HPLC-ELSD and by GC-MS to determine lipid species and fatty acid profile, respectively. Different fractionation of lipid species was achieved with PLE and solvent mixtures of different polarity. Thus, for the extraction of glycolipids, ethanolic extracts contained higher amounts of glycolipids and EPA, probably due to the higher polarity of the solvent. The optimized method was applied to microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chuii showing the potential of mixtures of biobased solvents like 2-methyl-THF and ethanol in different proportions to efficiently extract and fractionate lipids from microalgal biomass.
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15
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Current Pretreatment/Cell Disruption and Extraction Methods Used to Improve Intracellular Lipid Recovery from Oleaginous Yeasts. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020251. [PMID: 33513696 PMCID: PMC7910848 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of lipids from oleaginous yeasts involves several stages starting from cultivation and lipid accumulation, biomass harvesting and finally lipids extraction. However, the complex and relatively resistant cell wall of yeasts limits the full recovery of intracellular lipids and usually solvent extraction is not sufficient to effectively extract the lipid bodies. A pretreatment or cell disruption method is hence a prerequisite prior to solvent extraction. In general, there are no recovery methods that are equally efficient for different species of oleaginous yeasts. Each method adopts different mechanisms to disrupt cells and extract the lipids, thus a systematic evaluation is essential before choosing a particular method. In this review, mechanical (bead mill, ultrasonication, homogenization and microwave) and nonmechanical (enzyme, acid, base digestions and osmotic shock) methods that are currently used for the disruption or permeabilization of oleaginous yeasts are discussed based on their principle, application and feasibility, including their effects on the lipid yield. The attempts of using conventional and “green” solvents to selectively extract lipids are compared. Other emerging methods such as automated pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and simultaneous in situ lipid recovery using capturing agents are also reviewed to facilitate the choice of more effective lipid recovery methods.
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16
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Marsol-Vall A, Aitta E, Guo Z, Yang B. Green technologies for production of oils rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from aquatic sources. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:2942-2962. [PMID: 33480261 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1861426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fish and algae are the major sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). Globally, there is a rapid increase in demand for n-3 PUFA-rich oils. Conventional oil production processes use high temperature and chemicals, compromising the oil quality and the environment. Hence, alternative green technologies have been investigated for producing oils from aquatic sources. While most of the studies have focused on the oil extraction and enrichment of n-3 PUFAs, less effort has been directed toward green refining of oils from fish and algae. Enzymatic processing and ultrasound-assisted extraction with environment-friendly solvents are the most promising green technologies for extracting fish oil, whereas pressurized extractions are suitable for extracting microalgae oil. Lipase-catalysed ethanolysis of fish and algae oil is a promising green technology for enriching n-3 PUFAs. Green refining technologies such as phospholipase- and membrane-assisted degumming deserve investigation for application in fish and algal oils. In the current review, we critically examined the currently existing research on technologies applied at each of the steps involved in the production of oils rich in n-3 PUFAs from fish and algae species. Special attention was placed on assessment of green technologies in comparison with conventional processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Marsol-Vall
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ella Aitta
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Zheng Guo
- Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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17
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Gao F, Teles Cabanelas Itd I, Ferrer-Ledo N, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ. Production and high throughput quantification of fucoxanthin and lipids in Tisochrysis lutea using single-cell fluorescence. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124104. [PMID: 32942095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the accumulation of fucoxanthin and lipids in Tisochrysis lutea during growth (N+) and nitrogen-starvation (N-) and to correlate these products with single-cell emissions using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Fucoxanthin content decreased 52.94% from N+ to N- in batch cultivation; increased 40.53% as dilution rate changed from 0.16 to 0.55 d-1 in continuous cultivation. Total lipids (N-) were constant (~250 mg/g), but the abundance of neutral lipids increased from 4.87% to 40.63%. Nile red can stain both polar and neutral lipids. However, in vivo, this differentiation is limited due to an overlapping of signals between 600 and 660 nm, caused by neutral lipids concentrations above 3.48% (W/W). Chlorophyll autofluorescence (720 nm) was reported for the first time as a proxy for fucoxanthin (R2 = 0.90) and polar lipids (R2 = 0.98). FACS can be used in high throughput quantification of pigments and lipids and to select and sort cells with high-fucoxanthin/lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzheng Gao
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Iago Teles Cabanelas Itd
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Narcís Ferrer-Ledo
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands; Faculty Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Maria J Barbosa
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
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18
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Imbimbo P, D'Elia L, Liberti D, Olivieri G, Monti DM. Towards green extraction methods from microalgae learning from the classics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9067-9077. [PMID: 32960292 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae started receiving attention as producers of third generation of biofuel, but they are rich in many bioactive compounds. Indeed, they produce many molecules endowed with benefic effects on human health which are highly requested in the market. Thus, it would be important to fractionate algal biomass into its several high-value compounds: this represents the basis of the microalgal biorefinery approach. Usually, conventional extraction methods have been used to extract a single class of molecules, with many side effects on the environment and on human health. The development of a green downstream platform could help in obtaining different class of molecules with high purity along with low environmental impact. This review is focused on technical advances that have been performed, from classic methods to the newest and green ones. Indeed, it is fundamental to set up new procedures that do not affect the biological activity of the extracted molecules. A comparative analysis has been performed among the conventional methods and the new extraction techniques, i.e., switchable solvents and microwave-assisted and compressed fluid extractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbimbo
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi D'Elia
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Liberti
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Olivieri
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands. .,Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Advanced Extraction of Lipids with DHA from Isochrysis galbana with Enzymatic Pre-Treatment Combined with Pressurized Liquids and Ultrasound Assisted Extractions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143310. [PMID: 32708275 PMCID: PMC7397065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgal biomass is a sustainable and valuable source of lipids with omega-3 fatty acids. The efficient extraction of lipids from microalgae requires fast and alternative extraction methods, frequently combined with biomass pre-treatment by different procedures. In this work, Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was optimized and compared with traditional lipid extraction methods, Folch and Bligh and Dyer, and with a new Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method for lipids from microalgae Isochrysis galbana. To further optimize PLE and UAE, enzymatic pre-treatment of microalga Isochrysis galbana was studied with commercial enzymes Viscozyme and Celluclast. No significant differences were found for lipid yields among different extraction techniques used. However, advanced extraction techniques with or without pre-treatment are a green, fast, and toxic solvent free alternative to traditional techniques. Lipid composition of Isochrysis was determined by HPLC-ELSD and included neutral and polar lipids, showing that each fraction comprised different contents in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The highest polar lipids content was achieved with UAE (50 °C and 15 min) and PLE (100 °C) techniques. Moreover, the highest omega-3 PUFA (33.2%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (3.3%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (12.0%) contents were achieved with the advanced technique UAE, showing the optimized method as a practical alternative to produce valuable lipids for food and nutraceutical applications.
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Hao W, Wang SF, Zhao J, Li SP. Effects of extraction methods on immunology activity and chemical profiles of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Li Q, Kamal R, Chu Y, Wang Q, Yu X, Huang Q. Automated Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Microbial Lipids from Oleaginous Yeasts. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:283-295. [PMID: 32378082 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lipids produced by oleaginous microbes are considered sustainable resources for biofuels. To facilitate controlled lipid production and lipid analysis, more efficient lipid extraction methods are required. This study describes the automated pressurized liquid extraction (APLE) method for lipid extraction from dried cells of the oleaginous yeast species Rhodosporidium toruloides and Cryptococcus curvatus. Cells were mixed with diatomite in a mortar, added to the sample chamber, and treated with a mixture of chloroform and methanol at 105 °C. More than 95% lipids were extracted. Analysis by using high-performance thin-layer chromatography showed that the neutral lipid contents in the obtained samples by APLE method were similar to those by the ball milling-assisted extraction method. The lipids had an essentially identical fatty acid composition compared with lipids extracted with the acid-heating extraction (AHE) method. This demonstrated that lipids can be efficiently extracted from oleaginous yeasts in less time and without harsh pretreatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Lu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rasool Kamal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Lu, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yadong Chu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Yu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qitian Huang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China. .,Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian, 116023, China.
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