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Elsayad RM, Sharshir SW, Khalil A, Basha AM. Recent advancements in wastewater treatment via anaerobic fermentation process: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121724. [PMID: 38971071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript delves into the realm of wastewater treatment, with a particular emphasis on anaerobic fermentation processes, especially dark, photo, and dark-photo fermentation processes, which have not been covered and overviewed previously in the literature regarding the treatment of wastewater. Moreover, the study conducts a bibliometric analysis for the first time to elucidate the research landscape of anaerobic fermentation utilization in wastewater purification. Furthermore, microorganisms, ranging from microalgae to bacteria and fungi, emphasizing the integration of these agents for enhanced efficiency, are all discussed and compared. Various bioreactors, such as dark and photo fermentation bioreactors, including tubular photo bioreactors, are scrutinized for their design and operational intricacies. The results illustrated that using clostridium pasteurianum CH4 and Rhodopseudomonas palustris WP3-5 in a combined dark-photo fermentation process can treat wastewater to a pH of nearly 7 with over 90% COD removal. Also, integrating Chlorella sp and Activated sludge can potentially treat synthetic wastewater to COD, P, and N percentage removal rates of 99%,86%, and 79%, respectively. Finally, the paper extends to discuss the limitations and future prospects of dark-photo fermentation processes, offering insights into the road ahead for researchers and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma M Elsayad
- Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt; Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kafrelsheikh, KFS-HIET, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Swellam W Sharshir
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Ali M Basha
- Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
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Mostafa A, Elsamadony M, Khalil TE, Elhusseiny AF, Tawfik A, Fujii M, El-Dissouky A, Pant D. Bioelectrochemical system for enhancing anaerobic digestion of pharmaceutical-containing domestic wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139766. [PMID: 37562503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented recent expansion in usage of paracetamol (AAP) has increased the need for suitable wastewater treatment technology. Furthermore, direct interspecies electron transfer promotion (DIET) offers simple and efficient approach for enhancing anaerobic digestion (AD). In this work, using AAP-containing domestic wastewater as feed, control AD reactor (RC) was operated, besides three DIET-promoted AD reactors (REV, RMC and REVMC, referring to electrical voltage "EV"-applied, nFe3O4-multiwall carbon nanotube (MCNT)-supplemented, and "EV applied + MCNT supplemented" reactor, respectively). Maximal treatable organic loading rates by RC, REV, RMC and REVMC were 3.9, 3.9, 7.8 and 15.6 g COD/L/d, corresponding to AAP loading rate of 26, 78, 156 and 312 μg/L/d, respectively. Methane production rate generated by RC, REV, RMC and REVMC reached 0.80 ± 0.01, 0.86 ± 0.04, 1.40 ± 0.07, and 3.01 ± 0.17 L/L/d, respectively. AAP expectedly followed hydroquinone degradation pathway, causing AD failure by acetate accumulation. However, this performance deterioration could be mitigated by DIET-promoted microbes with higher methanogenic activity and advanced electric conductivity. Economic evaluation revealed the favourability of MCNT addition over EV application, since payback periods for RC, REV, RMC and REVMC were 6.2, 7.7, 4.2 and 5.0 yr, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsayed Mostafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Elsamadony
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan; Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 31521, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Tarek E Khalil
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amel F Elhusseiny
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ali El-Dissouky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium
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Samy M, Gar Alalm M, Abodlal RS, El-Dissouky A, Khalil MN, El-Helow ER, E Khalil T, Tawfik A. A novel Corchorus olitorius-derived biochar/Bi 12O 17Cl 2 photocatalyst for decontamination of antibiotic wastewater containing tetracycline under natural visible light. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13190. [PMID: 37580319 PMCID: PMC10425469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel composite of Corchorus olitorius-derived biochar and Bi12O17Cl2 was fabricated and utilized for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in a solar photo-oxidation reactor. The morphology, chemical composition, and interaction between the composite components were studied using various analyses. The biochar showed a TC removal of 52.7% and COD mineralization of 59.6% using 150 mg/L of the biochar at a pH of 4.7 ± 0.5, initial TC concentration of 163 mg/L, and initial COD of 1244 mg/L. The degradation efficiency of TC increased to 63% and the mineralization ratio to 64.7% using 150 mg/L of bare Bi12O17Cl2 at a pH of 4.7 ± 0.5, initial TC concentration of 178 mg/L, and COD of 1034 mg/L. In the case of biochar/Bi12O17Cl2 composite, the degradation efficiency of TC and COD mineralization ratio improved to 85.8% and 77.7% due to the potential of biochar to accept electrons which retarded the recombination of electrons and holes. The synthesized composite exhibited high stability over four succeeding cycles. According to the generated intermediates, TC could be degraded to caprylic acid and pentanedioic acid via the frequent attack by the reactive species. The prepared composite is a promising photocatalyst and can be applied in large-scale systems due to its high degradation and mineralization performance in a short time besides its low cost and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Samy
- Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gar Alalm
- Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ribh S Abodlal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ali El-Dissouky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N Khalil
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ehab R El-Helow
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tarek E Khalil
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Giza, Egypt.
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Tawfik A, Mostafa A, Elsamadony M, Pant D, Fujii M. Unraveling the metabolic shift in anaerobic digestion pathways associated with the alteration of onion skin waste concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113494. [PMID: 35660404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Onion skin waste (OSW) is common waste in developing countries, which can cause severe environmental pollution when not properly treated. Value-added products can be chemically extracted from OSW; however, that process is not economically feasible. Alternatively, dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) of OSW is a promising approach for both energy recovery and environment protection. The main hurdles during DAD of OSW can be the hydrolysis and acidification. In batch tests, sludge digestate (SD) rich with methanogens was co-digested with different fractions of OSW for enhancing hydrolysis and raising biogas productivity. The cumulative biogas production (CBP) was 36.6 ± 0.3 mL for sole DAD of SD (100% SD) and increased up to 281.9 ± 14.1 mL for (50% SD: 50% OSW) batch. Self-delignification of OSW took place by SD addition, where the lignin removal reached 75.3 ± 10.5% for (85% SD: 15% OSW) batch. Increasing the fraction of OSW (45% SD: 55% OSW) reduced the delignification by a value of 68.8%, where initial lignin concentration was 9.48 ± 1.6% in dry weight. Lignin breaking down resulted a high fraction of phenolic compounds (345.6 ± 58.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) in the fermentation medium, causing CBP drop (219.0 ± 28.5 mL). The presence of elements (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, S and P) in OSW improved the enzymatic activity, facilitated phenolic compounds degradation, shifted the metabolism towards acetate fermentation pathway, and raised biogas productivity. Acidogenesis was less affected by phenolic compounds than methanogenesis, causing higher H2 contents and lower CH4 contents, at batches with high share of OSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alsayed Mostafa
- Department of Smart-city Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inharo, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Mohamed Elsamadony
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 31521 Tanta City, Egypt; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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Nashat M, Mossad M, El-Etriby HK, Gar Alalm M. Optimization of electrochemical activation of persulfate by BDD electrodes for rapid removal of sulfamethazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131579. [PMID: 34311399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond electrodes have been employed for the removal of sulfamethazine (SMZ) from water by electrochemical activation of persulfate (EO/BDD-PS). A set of experiments with a central composite design (CCD) was conducted to optimize the operating parameters such as persulfate dose, solution pH, and current density by response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental results indicated a rapid degradation of SMZ even at high initial concentrations. For instance, complete degradation of 50 mg L-1 of SMZ was attained after 15 min at the optimum operating conditions (persulfate loading = 0.40 g L-1, pH = 4, and current density = 21 mA cm-2). The oxidation mechanism of EO/BDD-PS process was studied based on the reactive oxidant species (ROS) revealing that both (OH) and contributed to the degradation of SMZ in the EO/BDD-PS system. Furthermore, the oxidation pathway has been proposed by the suspect screening and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The performance of EO/BDD-PS showed faster SMZ degradation than electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes using the same BDD electrochemical reactor under the same conditions. Furthermore, we provided a cost estimation study revealing that a full-scale application of the EO/BDD-PS system for the treatment of similar contaminated water costs about $2.23 m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nashat
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mossad
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hisham Kh El-Etriby
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gar Alalm
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Montréal, H3C 3A7, Québec, Canada.
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Tawfik A, Hassan GK, Awad H, Hassan M, Rojas P, Sanz JL, Elsamadony M, Pant D, Fujii M. Strengthen "the sustainable farm" concept via efficacious conversion of farm wastes into methane. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125838. [PMID: 34467888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With escalating global demand for renewable energy, exploitation of farm wastes (i.e., agriculture straw wastes (ASWs), livestock wastewater (LW) and sewage sludge (SS)) has been considered to attain maximum methane yield (MY) via anaerobic digestion (AD). Results pointed that mixture of SS and LW as anaerobes' source with 20 g of ASWs/300 mL of working volume achieved maximum MY and volatile solid (VS) removal efficiency of 0.44 (±0.05) L/gVS and 51.4 (±4.1)%, respectively. This was mainly because of emerging heavy duty bacterial species (i.e., Syntrophorhabdaceae and Synergistaceae) and archaeal community (i.e, Methanosarcina and Methanoculleus) after 70 days of anaerobic incubation. This was acquired along with boosting enzymatic activity, especially xylanase, cellulase and protease up to 71.5(±7.9), 179.3(±14.3) and 207.2(±16.2) U/100 mL, respectively. Furthermore, the digestate contained high concentrations of NH4+ (960.1±(76.8) mg/L), phosphorus (126.3±(10.1) mg/L) and trace metals, making it a good candidate as organic fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Gamal K Hassan
- National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanem Awad
- National Research Centre, Tanning Materials & Proteins Department, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Hassan
- National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Patricia Rojas
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Molecular Biology, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jose L Sanz
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Molecular Biology, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Mohamed Elsamadony
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 31521 Tanta City, Egypt.
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Recent Approaches for the Production of High Value-Added Biofuels from Gelatinous Wastewater. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14164936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gelatin production is the most industry polluting process where huge amounts of raw organic materials and chemicals (HCl, NaOH, Ca2+) are utilized in the manufacturing accompanied by voluminous quantities of end-pipe effluent. The gelatinous wastewater (GWW) contains a large fraction of protein and lipids with biodegradability (BOD/COD ratio) exceeding 0.6. Thus, it represents a promising low-cost substrate for the generation of biofuels, i.e., H2 and CH4, by the anaerobic digestion process. This review comprehensively describes the anaerobic technologies employed for simultaneous treatment and energy recovery from GWW. The emphasis was afforded on factors affecting the biofuels productivity from anaerobic digestion of GWW, i.e., protein concentration, organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), the substrate to inoculum (S0/X0) ratio, type of mixed culture anaerobes, carbohydrates concentration, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia and alkalinity/VFA ratio, and reactor configurations. Economic values and future perspectives that require more attention are also outlined to facilitate further advancement and achieve practicality in this domain.
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Response of anammox bacteria to short-term exposure of 1,4-dioxane: Bacterial activity and community dynamics. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sharma S, Basu S, Shetti NP, Kamali M, Walvekar P, Aminabhavi TM. Waste-to-energy nexus: A sustainable development. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115501. [PMID: 32892013 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An upsurge in global population due to speedy urbanization and industrialization is facing significant challenges such as rising energy-demand, enormous waste-generation and environmental deterioration. The waste-to-energy nexus based on the 5R principle (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recovery, and Restore) is of paramount importance in solving these Gordian knots. This review essentially concentrates on latest advancements in the field of 'simultaneous waste reduction and energy production' technologies. The waste-to-energy approaches (thermal and biochemical) for energy production from the agricultural residues are comprehensively discussed in terms environmental, techno-economic, and policy analysis. The review will assess the loopholes in order to come up with more sophisticated technologies that are not only eco-friendly and cost-effective, but also socially viable. The waste-to-energy nexus as a paradigm for sustainable development of restoring waste is critically discussed considering future advancement plans and agendas of the policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Center for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi, 580 027, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Pavan Walvekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, SET's College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, 580 002, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, SET's College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, 580 002, Karnataka, India.
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Mostafa A, Tolba A, Gar Alalm M, Fujii M, Afify H, Elsamadony M. Application of magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube composite into fermentative treatment process of ultrasonicated waste activated sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123186. [PMID: 32199401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of supplementing nano-sized magnetite (Fe3O4 NPs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Fe3O4-MWCNTs composite on bioconversion of waste activated sludge to hydrogen, in batch systems. Substrate degradation efficiency (SDE) increased from 28 ± 3.8 (control) to 49 ± 5.9, 46 ± 4.8 and 52 ± 6.3% at optimal doses of 200 (Fe3O4 NPs), 300 (MWCNTs) and 200 mg/L (Fe3O4-MWCNTs), respectively. Based on dissolved iron and sludge conductivity measurements, superior SDE in Fe3O4 and MWCNTs batches have been assigned to enhanced dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) and high sludge conductivity, respectively. Combined impacts for sludge conductivity and DIR were revealed in Fe3O4-MWCNTs system. In 200 mg/L (Fe3O4-MWCNTs) batch, catalytic activities of hydrogenase, protease and α-amylase peaked to 596, 146 and 131% (relative to control), respectively; as well as, highest volumetric H2 production of 607 ± 59 mL/L was acquired. Performance deteriorations at high concentrations of nanoparticles were caused by cellular oxidative stress induced by generated reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsayed Mostafa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Aya Tolba
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 31521 Tanta City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gar Alalm
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hafez Afify
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 31521 Tanta City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elsamadony
- Department of Public Works Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, 31521 Tanta City, Egypt; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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Sharma S, Basu S, Shetti NP, Aminabhavi TM. Waste-to-energy nexus for circular economy and environmental protection: Recent trends in hydrogen energy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136633. [PMID: 32019020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The energy demand has increased exponentially worldwide owing to the continuously growing population and urbanization. The conventional fossil fuels are unable to satiate this requirement causing price inflation and significant environmental damage due to unrestrained emission of greenhouse gases. The focus now has shifted towards alternative, economical, renewable and green sources of energy such as hydrogen to deal with this bottle-neck. Hydrogen is a clean energy-source having high energy content (122 kJ/g). Recently, biological methods for the hydrogen production have attracted much attention because traditional methods are expensive, energy-exhaustive and not eco-friendly. The employment of biological methods promises utilization of waste or low-value materials for producing energy and building waste-to-energy nexus. Around 94% of the waste is discarded precariously in India and waste generation is growing at an alarming rate of 1.3% per year. The "waste-to-energy" techniques follow 'Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, Recovery and Reclamation' system solving three subjects at once; waste-management, energy-demand and environmental concern. Moreover, these methods have easy operability, cost-effectiveness and they help to shift from linear to circular model of economy for sustainable development. Biological processing of waste materials like agricultural discard (lignocellulosic biomass), food-waste and industrial discharge can be used for biohydrogen production. Dark and photo fermentation are the chief biological processes for the transformation of organic substrates to hydrogen. Dark fermentation is the acidogenic fermentation of carbohydrate-rich materials without light and oxygen. Clostridia, Enterobacter and Bacillus spp. are appropriate heterotrophic bacteria for dark fermentation. Various pretreatment methods like heat treatment, acid or base treatment, ultrasonication, aeration, electroporation, etc., can be applied on inoculums to increase H2 producing bacteria eventually improving the hydrogen yield. However, only around 33% of COD in organic materials is transformed to H2 by this method. Photofermentation by the photosynthetic non-sulfur bacteria (PNS) converts organic substrate to H2 and CO2 in the presence of nitrogenase enzyme in ammonium-limited and anoxygenic conditions. Rhodobacter or Rhodopseudomonas strains have been widely examined in this regard. But these methods are only able to produce H2 with a poor yield. Combining dark and photofermentation is a noteworthy alternative for procuring enhanced hydrogen yields. Two-stage sequential method utilizes volatile fatty acids accumulated as byproducts after dark fermentation (in the first stage) for photofermentation by suitable bacteria (in the second stage). A proper investigation of the dark fermenter effluents is required before using them as a substrate for photo-fermentation. In a single-stage dark and photofermentation, co-culture of anaerobic and PNS bacteria in a single reactor is carried out for obtaining improved yield. The single stage system is comparatively inexpensive and less laborious; moreover, a limited requirement for an intermediate dilution stage is necessary. Economic analysis of hydrogen production showed that H2 production by the present methods, save pyrolysis, is reasonably higher than the conventional approaches of fuel production. Probable routes to make H2 production more cost-effective are reducing the cost of photobioreactor, installing proper storage system, etc. A constructive effort in the area of research and development of biological approaches of H2 production technologies is vital. The commercial viability of biohydrogen production is imperative for accomplishment of circular economy system and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sharma
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India.
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Center for Electrochemical Science and Materials, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi 580 030, Karnataka, India.
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, SET's of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580 002, Karnataka, India
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