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Castañeda-Casasola CC, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Soares A, Padilla-Padilla EA, Anducho-Reyes MA, Brown C, Soth S, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Hampton J, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Unveiling a Microexon Switch: Novel Regulation of the Activities of Sugar Assimilation and Plant-Cell-Wall-Degrading Xylanases and Cellulases by Xlr2 in Trichoderma virens. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5172. [PMID: 38791210 PMCID: PMC11121469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional microexons have not previously been described in filamentous fungi. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation in Trichoderma requiring the inclusion of a microexon from the Xlr2 gene. In low-glucose environments, a long mRNA including the microexon encodes a protein with a GAL4-like DNA-binding domain (Xlr2-α), whereas in high-glucose environments, a short mRNA that is produced encodes a protein lacking this DNA-binding domain (Xlr2-β). Interestingly, the protein isoforms differ in their impact on cellulase and xylanase activity. Deleting the Xlr2 gene reduced both xylanase and cellulase activity and growth on different carbon sources, such as carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, glucose, and arabinose. The overexpression of either Xlr2-α or Xlr2-β in T. virens showed that the short isoform (Xlr2-β) caused higher xylanase activity than the wild types or the long isoform (Xlr2-α). Conversely, cellulase activity did not increase when overexpressing Xlr2-β but was increased with the overexpression of Xlr2-α. This is the first report of a novel transcriptional regulation mechanism of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzyme activity in T. virens. This involves the differential expression of a microexon from a gene encoding a transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Coccet Castañeda-Casasola
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Laboratorio de AgroBiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún, km 20, ExHacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala 43830, Mexico;
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Tecamac 55740, Mexico
| | | | - Amanda Soares
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Emir Alejandro Padilla-Padilla
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Anducho-Reyes
- Laboratorio de AgroBiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún, km 20, ExHacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala 43830, Mexico;
| | - Chris Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Sereyboth Soth
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - John Hampton
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
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Adnan M, Liu G. Promoters and Synthetic Promoters in Trichoderma reesei. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2844:47-68. [PMID: 39068331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4063-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei holds immense promise for large-scale protein production, rendering it an excellent subject for deeper exploration using genetic engineering methods to achieve a comprehensive grasp of its cellular physiology. Understanding the genetic factors governing its intrinsic regulatory network is crucial, as lacking this knowledge could impede the expression of target genes. Prior and ongoing studies have concentrated on advancing new expression systems grounded in synthetic biology principles. These methodologies involve utilizing established potent promoters or engineered variations. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have played a pivotal role in identifying robust promoters and expression systems, including light-responsive, copper-inducible, L-methionine-inducible, and Tet-On systems, among others. This chapter seeks to highlight various research endeavors focusing on tunable and constitutive promoters, the impact of different promoters on both native and foreign protein expression, the discovery of fresh promoters, and strategies conducive to future research aimed at refining and enhancing protein expression in T. reesei. Characterizing new promoters and adopting innovative expression systems hold the potential to significantly expand the molecular toolkit accessible for genetically engineering T. reesei strains. For instance, modifying potent inducible promoters such as Pcbh1 by replacing transcriptional repressors (cre1, ace1) with activators (xyr1, ace2, ace3, hap2/3/5) and integrating synthetic expression systems can result in increased production of crucial enzymes such as endoglucanases (EGLs), β-glucosidases (BGLs), and cellobiohydrolases (CBHs). Similarly, robust constitutive promoters such as Pcdna1 can be converted into synthetic hybrid promoters by incorporating activation elements from potent inducible promoters, facilitating cellulase induction and expression even under repressive conditions. Nevertheless, further efforts are necessary to uncover innovative promoters and devise novel expression strategies to enhance the production of desired proteins on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Zhao Q, Yang Z, Xiao Z, Zhang Z, Xing J, Liang H, Gao L, Zhao J, Qu Y, Liu G. Structure-guided engineering of transcriptional activator XYR1 for inducer-free production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in Trichoderma reesei. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:732-740. [PMID: 38187093 PMCID: PMC10770280 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is widely used for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in industry. XYR1 is the major transcriptional activator of cellulases and hemicellulases in T. reesei. However, rational engineering of XYR1 for improved lignocellulolytic enzymes production has been limited by the lack of structure information. Here, alanine 873 was identified as a new potential target for the engineering of XYR1 based on its structure predicted by AlphaFold2. The mutation of this residue to tyrosine enabled significantly enhanced production of xylanolytic enzymes in the medium with cellulose as the carbon source. Moreover, xylanase and cellulase production increased by 56.7- and 3.3-fold, respectively, when glucose was used as the sole carbon source. Under both conditions, the improvements of lignocellulolytic enzyme production were higher than those in the previously reported V821F mutant. With the enriched hemicellulases and cellulases, the crude enzymes secreted by the A873Y mutant strain produced 51 % more glucose and 52 % more xylose from pretreated corn stover than those of the parent strain. The results provide a novel strategy for engineering the lignocellulolytic enzyme-producing capacity of T. reesei, and would be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanisms of XYR1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zezheng Yang
- Taishan College, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ziyang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huiqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Taishan College, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Mou L, Pan R, Liu Y, Jiang W, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Xin F, Jiang M. Isolation of a newly Trichoderma asperellum LYS1 with abundant cellulase-hemicellulase enzyme cocktail for lignocellulosic biomass degradation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 171:110318. [PMID: 37683573 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant and renewable natural resource in the world, lignocellulose is a promising alternative to fossil energy to relieve environmental concerns and resource depletion. However, due to its recalcitrant structure, strains with efficient degradation capability still need exploring. In this study, a fungus was successfully isolated from decayed wood and named as Trichoderma asperellum LYS1 by phylogenetic and draft genomic analysis. The further investigations showed that strain LYS1 had an outstanding performance on lignocellulose degradation, especially for hemicellulose-rich biomass. After the analysis of encoded CAZymes, mainly on GH family, a large amount of genes coding β-glucosidase and xylanase may contribute to the high degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. Collectively, the results generated in this study demonstrated that T. asperellum LYS1 is a potential cell factory for lignocellulose biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Runze Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yansong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu Academy of Chemical Inherent Safety, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu Academy of Chemical Inherent Safety, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu Academy of Chemical Inherent Safety, Nanjing 211800, PR China
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Singh V, Raheja Y, Basotra N, Sharma G, Tsang A, Chadha BS. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing of transcription factor ACE1 for enhanced cellulase production in thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:18. [PMID: 37658430 PMCID: PMC10472679 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous fungus Rasamsonia emersonii has immense potential to produce biorefinery relevant thermostable cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes using lignocellulosic biomass. Previously in our lab, a hyper-cellulase producing strain of R. emersonii was developed through classical breeding and system biology approaches. ACE1, a pivotal transcription factor in fungi, plays a crucial role in negatively regulating the expression of cellulase genes. In order to identify the role of ACE1 in cellulase production and to further improve the lignocellulolytic enzyme production in R. emersonii, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated disruption of ACE1 gene was employed. RESULTS A gene-edited ∆ACE1 strain (GN11) was created, that showed 21.97, 20.70 and 24.63, 9.42, 18.12%, improved endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase (CBHI), β-glucosidase, FPase, and xylanase, activities, respectively, as compared to parental strain M36. The transcriptional profiling showed that the expression of global regulator (XlnR) and different CAZymes genes including endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolase, β-xylosidase, xylanase, β-glucosidase and lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases (LPMOs) were significantly enhanced, suggesting critical roles of ACE1 in negatively regulating the expression of various key genes associated with cellulase production in R. emersonii. Whereas, the disruption of ACE1 significantly down-regulated the expression of CreA repressor gene as also evidenced by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) resistance phenotype exhibited by edited strain GN11 as well as appreciably higher constitutive production of cellulases in the presence of glucose and mixture of glucose and disaccharide (MGDs) both in batch and flask fed batch mode of culturing. Furthermore, ∆ACE1 strains were evaluated for the hydrolysis of biorefinery relevant steam/acid pretreated unwashed rice straw slurry (Praj Industries Ltd; 15% substrate loading rate) and were found to be significantly superior when compared to the benchmark enzymes produced by parent strain M36 and Cellic Ctec3. CONCLUSIONS Current work uncovers the crucial role of ACE1 in regulating the expression of the various cellulase genes and carbon catabolite repression mechanism in R. emersonii. This study represents the first successful report of utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to disrupt the ACE1 gene in the thermophlic fungus R. emersonii. The improved methodologies presented in this work might be applied to other commercially important fungal strains for which genetic manipulation tools are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Yashika Raheja
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Basotra
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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Li J, Alamdari NE, Aksoy B, Parit M, Jiang Z. Integrated enzyme hydrolysis assisted cellulose nanofibril (CNF) fabrication: A sustainable approach to paper mill sludge (PMS) management. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:138966. [PMID: 37220796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The landfilling of paper mill sludge (PMS) has been restricted or even banned in many countries due to the raised concern about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contamination of the soil and water, calling for a sustainable PMS management approach. The potential valorization of PMS to nanomaterials combined with traditional biorefinery was examined in this work. Three types of PMS-derived cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were prepared and evaluated: enzymatically assisted CNF (AU: with in-house produced enzyme and CT: with commercial enzyme), mechanically pretreated CNF (BT), and chemically pretreated CNF by TEMPO oxidation (TEMPO). It was found that enzyme-assisted mechanical fibrillation-derived CNFs had a comparable average diameter (27.9 nm for AU and 22.7 nm for CT) with that produced from mechanical pretreatment (26.5 nm for BT) and TEMPO oxidation pretreatment (20.0 nm for TEMPO), and they showed the best drainage properties among the three types of CNF. The CNFs resulting from enzymatic pretreatment reduced 15% of energy consumption compared to the mechanical method and had better thermostability than TEMPO oxidation method. In addition, the on-site produced enzyme showed similar performance to the commercial enzymes towards the CNF properties. These findings provide new insights into a promising integrated strategy in engineering CNF from PMS with on-site enzyme production as a novel and sustainable approach for PMS management and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States
| | - Navid E Alamdari
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States
| | - Burak Aksoy
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States
| | - Mahesh Parit
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, United States.
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Pavlović J, Puškárová A, Planý M, Farkas Z, Rusková M, Kvalová K, Kraková L, Bučková M, Pangallo D. Colored stains: Microbial survey of cellulose-based and lignin rich papers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124456. [PMID: 37085082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
During the centuries diverse types of paper were produced and were characterized by a different ratio of natural macromolecules, mainly lignin and cellulose. Handmade paper has a higher content of cellulose respect to the early machine-made paper, where the lignin is the other important component. Microorganisms are able to colonize and deteriorate both types of papers. They can release on their surfaces pigments and colorants which produced anesthetic stains. The microbiota colonising 17 stains on handmade and machine-made paper surfaces together with that in library and archive environments was analyzed. Combination of microbiological and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches were applied. The culture-dependent methodology comprised: isolation, DNA identification, hydrolytic and paper staining assays. The HTS was performed by MinION platform and for the mycobiome a more suitable bioinformatics analysis pipeline, MetONTIIME based on QIIME2 framework, was applied. The paper model staining assay permitted the direct recognition of colorizing isolates which in combination with sequencing data evidenced a complex microbial community able to stain the two types of paper. Staining abilities were confirmed by frequently isolated and detected fungi and also by new ones such as Roussoella euonymi and Achaetomium. We have also evidenced the staining ability of several bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlović
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Planý
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Farkas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Magdaléna Rusková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Kvalová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 85101 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Integrating 1G with 2G Bioethanol Production by Using Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as the Feedstock for Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
First-generation (1G) bioethanol is one of the most used liquid biofuels in the transport industry. It is generated by using sugar- or starch-based feedstocks, while second-generation (2G) bioethanol is generated by using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of first-generation bioethanol production with a current annual production of 22.6 million tons in the USA. DDGS is rich in fiber and valuable nutrients contents, which can be used to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases for 2G bioethanol production. However, DDGS needs a pretreatment method such as dilute acid, ammonia soaking, or steam hydrolysis to release monosaccharides and short-length oligosaccharides as fermentable sugars for use in microbial media. These fermentable sugars can then induce microbial growth and enzyme production compared to only glucose or xylose in the media. In addition, selection of one or more suitable microbial strains, which work best with the DDGS for enzyme production, is also needed. Media optimization and fermentation process optimization strategies can then be applied to find the optimum conditions for the production of cellulases and hemicellulases needed for 2G bioethanol production. Therefore, in this review, a summary of all such techniques is compiled with a special focus on recent findings obtained in previous pieces of research conducted by the authors and by others in the literature. Furthermore, a comparison of such techniques applied to other feedstocks and process improvement strategies is also provided. Overall, dilute acid pretreatment is proven to be better than other pretreatment methods, and fermentation optimization strategies can enhance enzyme production by considerable folds with a suitable feedstock such as DDGS. Future studies can be further enhanced by the technoeconomic viability of DDGS as the on-site enzyme feedstock for the manufacture of second-generation bioethanol (2G) in first-generation (1G) ethanol plants, thus bridging the two processes for the efficient production of bioethanol using corn or other starch-based lignocellulosic plants.
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Wang L, Lin X, Zhou Y, Chen H. Porous inert material as promising carrier enhanced cellulase production from Trichoderma reesei in solid-state fermentation. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mattam AJ, Chaudhari YB, Velankar HR. Factors regulating cellulolytic gene expression in filamentous fungi: an overview. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:44. [PMID: 35317826 PMCID: PMC8939176 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for biofuels such as bioethanol has led to the need for identifying alternative feedstock instead of conventional substrates like molasses, etc. Lignocellulosic biomass is a relatively inexpensive feedstock that is available in abundance, however, its conversion to bioethanol involves a multistep process with different unit operations such as size reduction, pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, distillation, etc. The saccharification or enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose involves a complex family of enzymes called cellulases that are usually fungal in origin. Cellulose hydrolysis requires the synergistic action of several classes of enzymes, and achieving the optimum secretion of these simultaneously remains a challenge. The expression of fungal cellulases is controlled by an intricate network of transcription factors and sugar transporters. Several genetic engineering efforts have been undertaken to modulate the expression of cellulolytic genes, as well as their regulators. This review, therefore, focuses on the molecular mechanism of action of these transcription factors and their effect on the expression of cellulases and hemicellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Jose Mattam
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R and D Centre (HPGRDC), KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagundi, Hoskote, Bangalore, 560067, India
| | - Yogesh Babasaheb Chaudhari
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R and D Centre (HPGRDC), KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagundi, Hoskote, Bangalore, 560067, India
| | - Harshad Ravindra Velankar
- Hindustan Petroleum Green R and D Centre (HPGRDC), KIADB Industrial Area, Tarabanahalli, Devanagundi, Hoskote, Bangalore, 560067, India.
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Promoter regulation and genetic engineering strategies for enhanced cellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei. Microbiol Res 2022; 259:127011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Xu W, Fang Y, Ding M, Ren Y, Meng X, Chen G, Zhang W, Liu W. Elimination of the Sugar Transporter GAT1 Increased Xylanase I Production in Trichoderma reesei. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:810066. [PMID: 35154055 PMCID: PMC8825865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.810066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei secretes large quantities of cellulases and hemicellulases that have found wide applications in industry. Compared with extensive studies on the mechanism controlling cellulase gene expression, less is known about the regulatory mechanism behind xylanase gene expression. Herein, several putative sugar transporter encoding genes that showed significant upregulation on xylan were identified in T. reesei. Deletion of one such gene, gat1, resulted in increased xylanase production but hardly affected cellulase induction. Further analyses demonstrated that deletion of gat1 markedly increased XYNI production at the transcriptional level and only exerted a minor effect on XYNII synthesis. In contrast, overexpressing gat1 caused a continuous decrease in xyn1 expression. Deletion of gat1 also affected the expression of xyn1 and pectinase genes when T. reesei was cultivated with galacturonic acid as the sole carbon source. Transcriptome analyses of Δgat1 and its parental strain identified 255 differentially expressed genes that are enriched in categories of glycoside hydrolases, lipid metabolism, transporters, and transcriptional factors. The results thus implicate a repressive role of the sugar transporter GAT1 in xyn1 expression and reveal that distinct regulatory mechanisms may exist in controlling the expression of different xylanase genes in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingyang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Alphonsa Jose A, Pugazhendhi A, Binod P, Sirohi R, Reshmy R, Kumar Awasthi M. Engineering interventions in industrial filamentous fungal cell factories for biomass valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126209. [PMID: 34715339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess versatile capabilities for synthesizing a variety of valuable bio compounds, including enzymes, organic acids and small molecule secondary metabolites. The advancements of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques and the availability of sequenced genomes discovered their potential as expression hosts for recombinant protein production. Remarkably, plant-biomass degrading filamentous fungi show the unique capability to decompose lignocellulose, an extremely recalcitrant biopolymer. The basic biochemical approaches have motivated several industrial processes for lignocellulose biomass valorisation into fermentable sugars and other biochemical for biofuels, biomolecules, and biomaterials. The review gives insight into current trends in engineering filamentous fungi for enzymes, fuels, and chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. This review describes the variety of enzymes and compounds that filamentous fungi produce, engineering of filamentous fungi for biomass valorisation with a special focus on lignocellulolytic enzymes and other bulk chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India.
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Anju Alphonsa Jose
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | | | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy & Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001. Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, PR China
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14
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Galic M, Cilerdzic J, Stajic M. Degradation of pretreated agroforestry residues by selected micromycetes. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn2243089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there are huge amounts of lignocellulosic materials left in
agroforestry practice, which can be transformed into useful products.
Biomass exploitation could be aiming not only at replacing conventional
energy sources but also at preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems.
Five micromycetes were studied with goal to determine their potential to
produce active cellulases as well as the ability to decompose pretreated
wheat straw and oak sawdust after seven days of solid-state fermentation.
Wheat straw was better lignocellulosic substrate than oak sawdust for the
production of cellulases in all five micromycetes. Thus, Penicillium solitum
BEOFB 1190m has shown to be the best producer of highly active forms of
xylanases (7532.36 ? 89.37 U/L). The most active endo- and exocellulases
(2299.70 ? 72.17 U/L and 195.66 ? 4.64 U/L, respectively) were produced by
Trichoderma harzianum BEOFB 1230m, while the maximal value of ?-glucosidase
activity (215.69 ? 3.13 U/L) was detected after Fusarium graminearum BEOFB
820m cultivation. T. harzianum also showed high efficiency in wheat straw
cellulose and hemicellulose depolymerization (23.90% and 33.00%,
respectively), which resulted in the highest dry matter loss (36.25%). The
results of the study showed great potential of tested micromycetes to
synthesize cellulolytic enzymes and consequently transform abundant,
low-cost plant residues such as wheat straw into useful products including
biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Galic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mirjana Stajic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Peng ZQ, Li C, Lin Y, Wu SS, Gan LH, Liu J, Yang SL, Zeng XH, Lin L. Cellulase production and efficient saccharification of biomass by a new mutant Trichoderma afroharzianum MEA-12. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:219. [PMID: 34809676 PMCID: PMC8607671 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulase plays a key role in converting cellulosic biomass into fermentable sugar to produce chemicals and fuels, which is generally produced by filamentous fungi. However, most of the filamentous fungi obtained by natural breeding have low secretory capacity in cellulase production, which are far from meeting the requirements of industrial production. Random mutagenesis combined with adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategy is an effective method to increase the production of fungal enzymes. RESULTS This study obtained a mutant of Trichoderma afroharzianum by exposures to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS), Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) and ALE with high sugar stress. The T. afroharzianum mutant MEA-12 produced 0.60, 5.47, 0.31 and 2.17 IU/mL FPase, CMCase, pNPCase and pNPGase, respectively. These levels were 4.33, 6.37, 4.92 and 4.15 times higher than those of the parental strain, respectively. Also, it was found that T. afroharzianum had the same carbon catabolite repression (CCR) effect as other Trichoderma in liquid submerged fermentation. In contrast, the mutant MEA-12 can tolerate the inhibition of glucose (up to 20 mM) without affecting enzyme production under inducing conditions. Interestingly, crude enzyme from MEA-12 showed high enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency against three different biomasses (cornstalk, bamboo and reed), when combined with cellulase from T. reesei Rut-C30. In addition, the factors that improved cellulase production by MEA-12 were clarified. CONCLUSIONS Overall, compound mutagenesis combined with ALE effectively increased the production of fungal cellulase. A super-producing mutant MEA-12 was obtained, and its cellulase could hydrolyze common biomasses efficiently, in combination with enzymes derived from model strain T. reesei, which provides a new choice for processing of bioresources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Peng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Sheng-Shan Wu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Li-Hui Gan
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shu-Liang Yang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xian-Hai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
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16
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Hu S, Wang Z, Wang D, Wang J, Hong J. The development of a heterologous gene expression system in thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:414. [PMID: 34485007 PMCID: PMC8374019 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoascus aurantiacus is a thermophilic fungus that belongs to the ascomycetous class and has attracted increasing interest for its ability to produce thermostable cellulolytic enzymes and growth at elevated temperatures. However, studies on this organism have been limited because of the lack of a genetic manipulation system. Here, we developed a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation system for T. aurantiacus based on an orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (pyrG)-deficient mutant, with this method achieving a transformation efficiency of 33 ± 3 transformants per microgram of DNA. Intracellular or secretory expression of heterologous proteins, including green fluorescent protein, β-galactosidase and α-amylase, in T. aurantiacus was successful under the inducible endogenous cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase gene promoter or the constitutive heterologous pyruvate decarboxylase and enolase gene promoter from Trichoderma reesei. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on PEG-mediated transformation of T. aurantiacus, which sets the foundation for strain improvement for biotechnological applications and functional genomic studies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02963-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Hu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science At the Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230026 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhefan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jichao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiong Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science At the Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230026 People’s Republic of China
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17
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Valladares-Diestra KK, Porto de Souza Vandenberghe L, Soccol CR. A biorefinery approach for enzymatic complex production for the synthesis of xylooligosaccharides from sugarcane bagasse. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125174. [PMID: 33892428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of low-cost feedstock for enzyme production is an environmental and economic solution. Sugarcane bagasse and soybean meal are employed in this study for optimised xylanase production with the concomitant synthesis of proteases. The enzymatic complex is produced by submerged fermentation by Aspergillus niger. Optimisation steps lead to a 2.16-fold increase in enzymatic activity. The fermentation kinetics are studied in Erlenmeyer flasks, a stirred tank reactor and a bubble column reactor, with the xylanase activities reaching 52.9; 33.7 and 60.5 U.mL-1, respectively. The protease production profile is also better in the bubble column reactor, exceeding 7 U.mL-1. The enzyme complex is then evaluated for the synthesis of xylooligosaccharides from sugarcane extracted xylan with a production of 3.1 g.L-1 where xylotriose is the main product. Excellent perspectives are observed for the developed process with potential applications in the animal feed, prebiotics and paper industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kley Valladares-Diestra
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, Centro Politécnico, CP 19011, Curitiba-PR 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, Centro Politécnico, CP 19011, Curitiba-PR 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, Centro Politécnico, CP 19011, Curitiba-PR 81531-980, Brazil
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18
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Sukumaran RK, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Sreeja-Raju A, Mathew RM, Sankar M, Puthiyamadam A, Adarsh VP, Aswathi A, Rebinro V, Abraham A, Pandey A. Addressing challenges in production of cellulases for biomass hydrolysis: Targeted interventions into the genetics of cellulase producing fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124746. [PMID: 33610429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are the favoured feedstock for biorefineries due to their abundant availability and non-completion with food. Biobased technologies for refining these materials are limited mainly by the cost of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes, typically sourced from filamentous fungi. Therefore, considerable efforts have been directed at improving the quantity and quality of secreted lignocellulose degrading enzymes from fungi in order to attain overall economic viability. Process improvements and media engineering probably have reached their thresholds and further production enhancements require modifying the fungal metabolism to improve production and secretion of these enzymes. This review focusses on the types and mechanisms of action of known fungal biomass degrading enzymes, our current understanding of the genetic control exerted on their expression, and possible routes for intervention, especially on modulating catabolite repression, transcriptional regulators, signal transduction, secretion pathways etc., in order to improve enzyme productivity, activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Meera Christopher
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Reshma M Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Velayudhanpillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Aswathi Aswathi
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Valan Rebinro
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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19
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Effects of the Transcription Factor Ace2 from Trichoderma reesei on Cellulase and Hemicellulase Expression in Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2098-2109. [PMID: 33608806 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma orientalis (T. orientalis) EU7-22 has a complete cellulase system and shows a remarkable enzyme activity with high potential in the industry. Ace2 is an important transcriptional factor for cellulase and hemicellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei). However, the ace2 gene cannot be found in the genome of T. orientalis. Researches show that the mechanism of cellulase transcriptional regulation in T. orientalis keeps high similarity with T. reesei up till now. So, in this study, the ace2 of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 was heterologous expressed in T. orientalis EU7-22. As a result, xylanase activity and β-glucosidase activity of ace2 heterogeneous expression strains are improved and total cellulase activity is decreased. The result of qPCR is in accordance with enzyme activities. This study provides a reference for an in-depth study on transcriptional regulation mechanisms of T. orientalis.
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20
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Wei H, Wu M, Fan A, Su H. Recombinant protein production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Ideal Feedstock and Fermentation Process Improvements for the Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of lignocellulosic biomass in energy production for biofuels and other value-added products can extensively decrease the carbon footprint of current and future energy sectors. However, the infrastructure in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass is not well-established as compared to the fossil fuel industry. One of the bottlenecks is the production of the lignocellulolytic enzymes. These enzymes are produced by different fungal and bacterial species for degradation of the lignocellulosic biomass into its reactive fibers, which can then be converted to biofuel. The selection of an ideal feedstock for the lignocellulolytic enzyme production is one of the most studied aspects of lignocellulolytic enzyme production. Similarly, the fermentation enhancement strategies for different fermentation variables and modes are also the focuses of researchers. The implementation of fermentation enhancement strategies such as optimization of culture parameters (pH, temperature, agitation, incubation time, etc.) and the media nutrient amendment can increase the lignocellulolytic enzyme production significantly. Therefore, this review paper summarized these strategies and feedstock characteristics required for hydrolytic enzyme production with a special focus on the characteristics of an ideal feedstock to be utilized for the production of such enzymes on industrial scales.
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22
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Luo Y, Valkonen M, Jackson RE, Palmer JM, Bhalla A, Nikolaev I, Saloheimo M, Ward M. Modification of transcriptional factor ACE3 enhances protein production in Trichoderma reesei in the absence of cellulase gene inducer. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:137. [PMID: 32782473 PMCID: PMC7412840 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is one of the best-known cellulolytic organisms, producing large quantities of a complete set of extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases for the degradation of lignocellulosic substances. Hence, T. reesei is a biotechnically important host and it is used commercially in enzyme production, of both native and foreign origin. Many strategies for producing enzymes in T. reesei rely on the cbh1 and other cellulase gene promoters for high-level expression and these promoters require induction by sophorose, lactose or other inducers for high productivity during manufacturing. RESULTS We described an approach for producing high levels of secreted proteins by overexpression of a transcription factor ACE3 in T. reesei. We refined the ace3 gene structure and identified specific ACE3 variants that enable production of secreted cellulases and hemicellulases on glucose as a sole carbon source (i.e., in the absence of an inducer). These specific ACE3 variants contain a full-length Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster domain at the N-terminus and a defined length of truncations at the C-terminus. When expressed at a moderate level in the fungal cells, the ACE3 variants can induce high-level expression of cellulases and hemicellulases on glucose (i.e., in the absence of an inducer), and further improve expression on lactose or glucose/sophorose (i.e., in the presence of an inducer). Finally, we demonstrated that this method is applicable to industrial strains and fermentation conditions, improving protein production both in the absence and in the presence of an inducer. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that overexpression of ACE3 variants enables a high level of protein production in the absence of an inducer, and boosts protein production in the presence of an inducer. It is an efficient approach to increase protein productivity and to reduce manufacturing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Mari Valkonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Raymond E. Jackson
- DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Palmer
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Igor Nikolaev
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor B.V., Willem Einthovenstraat 4, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
| | - Markku Saloheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Ward
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
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Chen Y, Wang W, Zhou D, Jing T, Li K, Zhao Y, Tang W, Qi D, Zhang M, Zang X, Luo Y, Xie J. Biodegradation of lignocellulosic agricultural residues by a newly isolated Fictibacillus sp. YS-26 improving carbon metabolic properties and functional diversity of the rhizosphere microbial community. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123381. [PMID: 32361643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new isolated cellulolytic bacterium from a soft coral was named as Fictibacillus sp YS-26 based on the morphologic and molecular characteristics. It can degrade different lignocellulosic agricultural residues by producing cellulolytic enzymes, α-amylase, protease, pectinase and xylanase. Especially, Fictibacillus sp. YS-26 exhibited the highest cellulolytic activities in the soybean meal medium. By contrast, the fermentation broth of Fictibacillus sp. YS-26 significantly enhanced utilization efficiency of carboxylic acids and polymers by soil microorganisms as well as the microbial metabolism function and community diversity in rhizosphere soil of banana plantlets. The fermentation broth also improved soil characters and increased the growth of banana plantlets. We found that soil total nitrogen and electrical conductivity had a positive relationship with the increase of microbial diversity. Hence, Fictibacillus sp. YS-26 will be a promising candidate for biodegradating lignocellulosic biomass and improving the soil microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Chen
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dengbo Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Haikou Experimental Station, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wen Tang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Dengfeng Qi
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Miaoyi Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoping Zang
- Haikou Experimental Station, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yanping Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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Wang BT, Hu S, Yu XY, Jin L, Zhu YJ, Jin FJ. Studies of Cellulose and Starch Utilization and the Regulatory Mechanisms of Related Enzymes in Fungi. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030530. [PMID: 32121667 PMCID: PMC7182937 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are biopolymers made up of a large number of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature: Some, such as peptidoglycan and cellulose, are the components that make up the cell walls of bacteria and plants, and some, such as starch and glycogen, are used as carbohydrate storage in plants and animals. Fungi exist in a variety of natural environments and can exploit a wide range of carbon sources. They play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle because of their ability to break down plant biomass, which is composed primarily of cell wall polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Fungi produce a variety of enzymes that in combination degrade cell wall polysaccharides into different monosaccharides. Starch, the main component of grain, is also a polysaccharide that can be broken down into monosaccharides by fungi. These monosaccharides can be used for energy or as precursors for the biosynthesis of biomolecules through a series of enzymatic reactions. Industrial fermentation by microbes has been widely used to produce traditional foods, beverages, and biofuels from starch and to a lesser extent plant biomass. This review focuses on the degradation and utilization of plant homopolysaccharides, cellulose and starch; summarizes the activities of the enzymes involved and the regulation of the induction of the enzymes in well-studied filamentous fungi.
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25
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Effect of VIB Gene on Cellulase Production of Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1444-1455. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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