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Yu KL, Ong HC, Zaman HB. Integrated energy informatics technology on microalgae-based wastewater treatment to bioenergy production: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122085. [PMID: 39142099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The production of renewable biofuel through microalgae and green technology can be a promising solution to meet future energy demands whilst reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and recovering energy for a carbon-neutral bio-economy and environmental sustainability. Recently, the integration of Energy Informatics (EI) technology as an emerging approach has ensured the feasibility and enhancement of microalgal biotechnology and bioenergy applications. Integrating EI technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), predictive modelling systems and life cycle analysis (LCA) in microalgae field applications can improve cost, efficiency, productivity and sustainability. With the approach of EI technology, data-driven insights and decision-making, resource optimization and a better understanding of the environmental impact of microalgae cultivation could be achieved, making it a crucial step in advancing this field and its applications. This review presents the conventional technologies in the microalgae-based system for wastewater treatment and bioenergy production. Furthermore, the recent integration of EI in microalgal technology from the AI application to the modelling and optimization using predictive control systems has been discussed. The LCA and techno-economic assessment (TEA) in the environmental sustainability and economic point of view are also presented. Future challenges and perspectives in the microalgae-based wastewater treatment to bioenergy production integrated with the EI approach, are also discussed in relation to the development of microalgae as the future energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Yu
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Tan Sri Leo Moggie Distinguished Chair in Energy Informatics, Institute of Informatics and Computing in Energy (IICE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Halimah Badioze Zaman
- Tan Sri Leo Moggie Distinguished Chair in Energy Informatics, Institute of Informatics and Computing in Energy (IICE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Jonynaite K, Stirke A, Gerken H, Frey W, Gusbeth C. Influence of growth medium on the species-specific interactions between algae and bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13321. [PMID: 39168352 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a species-specific algal-bacterial co-culture that has recently attracted worldwide scientific attention as a novel approach to enhancing algal growth rate. We report that the type of interaction between Chlorella vulgaris and bacteria of the genus Delftia is not solely determined by species specificity. Rather, it is a dynamic process of adaptation to the surrounding conditions, where one or the other microorganism dominates (temporally) depending on the growth conditions, in particular the medium. Under laboratory conditions, we found that Delftia sp. had a negative effect on C. vulgaris growth when co-cultured in a TAP medium. However, the co-culture of algae and bacteria under BG-11 and BG-11 + acetic acid resulted in an increase in algal concentration compared to algal cultures without bacteria under the same conditions. Additional chemical analysis revealed that the presence of different carbon (the main organic carbon source-acetic acid in TAP or BG-11 + acetic acid medium and inorganic carbon source-Na2CO3 in BG-11 or BG-11 + acetic acid medium) and nitrogen (NH4Cl in TAP medium and NaNO3 in BG-11 or BG-11 + acetic acid medium) species in the growth medium was one of the main factors driving the shift in interaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamile Jonynaite
- Laboratory of Bioelectrics, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Stirke
- Laboratory of Bioelectrics, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Henri Gerken
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Gusbeth
- Institute for Pulsed Power and Microwave Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Ezhumalai G, Arun M, Manavalan A, Rajkumar R, Heese K. A Holistic Approach to Circular Bioeconomy Through the Sustainable Utilization of Microalgal Biomass for Biofuel and Other Value-Added Products. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:61. [PMID: 38662080 PMCID: PMC11045622 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Emissions from transportation and industry primarily cause global warming, leading to floods, glacier melt, and rising seas. Widespread greenhouse gas emissions and resulting global warming pose significant risks to the environment, economy, and society. The need for alternative fuels drives the development of third-generation feedstocks: microalgae, seaweed, and cyanobacteria. These microalgae offer traits like rapid growth, high lipid content, non-competition with human food, and growth on non-arable land using brackish or waste water, making them promising for biofuel. These unique phototrophic organisms use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce biofuels, biochemicals, and more. This review delves into the realm of microalgal biofuels, exploring contemporary methodologies employed for lipid extraction, significant value-added products, and the challenges inherent in their commercial-scale production. While the cost of microalgae bioproducts remains high, utilizing wastewater nutrients for cultivation could substantially cut production costs. Furthermore, this review summarizes the significance of biocircular economy approaches, which encompass the utilization of microalgal biomass as a feed supplement and biofertilizer, and biosorption of heavy metals and dyes. Besides, the discussion extends to the in-depth analysis and future prospects on the commercial potential of biofuel within the context of sustainable development. An economically efficient microalgae biorefinery should prioritize affordable nutrient inputs, efficient harvesting techniques, and the generation of valuable by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Ezhumalai
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
| | - Renganathan Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133791, Republic of Korea.
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Soudagar MEM, Kiong TS, Jathar L, Nik Ghazali NN, Ramesh S, Awasarmol U, Ong HC. Perspectives on cultivation and harvesting technologies of microalgae, towards environmental sustainability and life cycle analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141540. [PMID: 38423144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of algae is seen as a potential and ecologically sound approach to address the increasing demands in multiple sectors. However, successful implementation of processes is highly dependent on effective growing and harvesting methods. The present study provides a complete examination of contemporary techniques employed in the production and harvesting of algae, with a particular emphasis on their sustainability. The review begins by examining several culture strategies, encompassing open ponds, closed photobioreactors, and raceway ponds. The analysis of each method is conducted in a systematic manner, with a particular focus on highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for expansion. This approach ensures that the conversation is in line with the objectives of sustainability. Moreover, this study explores essential elements of algae harvesting, including the processes of cell separation, dewatering, and biomass extraction. Traditional methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation are examined in conjunction with novel, environmentally concerned strategies including flocculation, electro-coagulation, and membrane filtration. It evaluates the impacts on the environment that are caused by the cultivation process, including the usage of water and land, the use of energy, the production of carbon dioxide, and the runoff of nutrients. Furthermore, this study presents a thorough examination of the current body of research pertaining to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) studies, presenting a perspective that emphasizes sustainability in the context of algae harvesting systems. In conclusion, the analysis ends up with an examination ahead at potential areas for future study in the cultivation and harvesting of algae. This review is an essential guide for scientists, policymakers, and industry experts associated with the advancement and implementation of algae-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248002, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq.
| | - Tiong Sieh Kiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Laxmikant Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - S Ramesh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Umesh Awasarmol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Hosseini H, Saadaoui I, Cherif M, Amir Siddiqui S, Sayadi S. Exploring the dynamics of algae-associated microbiome during the scale-up process of Tetraselmis sp. microalgae: A metagenomics approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:129991. [PMID: 37949148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have become a key source of valuable compounds, promoting commercial scale applications. However, biological contamination is one of the most critical problems associated with large scale algal production, especially in open systems such as raceway ponds. The current research is the first to assess the effectiveness of open raceway ponds in maintaining a pure culture of Tetraselmis sp., starting from 20 L culture up to 10,000 L culture. Microbial profiling of each successive stage revealed lower abundance of eukaryotic organisms, whereas bacterial abundance increased notably resulting in a significant decrease in Tetraselmis sp. abundance. Furthermore, several bacteria with algae growth-promoting properties were found throughout the various culture stages including Balneola, Roseovarius, and Marinobacter. However, some algae-suppressive bacteria were evidenced at later stages such as Ulvibacter, Aestuariicoccus, and Defluviimonas. Overall, due to the increasing bacterial concentration, considerations limiting bacterial contamination need to be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Hosseini
- Biotechnology Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Imen Saadaoui
- Biotechnology Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Maroua Cherif
- Biotechnology Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Simil Amir Siddiqui
- Biotechnology Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Biotechnology Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Venugopal V, Sasidharan A, Rustad T. Green Chemistry to Valorize Seafood Side Streams: An Ecofriendly Roadmap toward Sustainability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17494-17509. [PMID: 37938980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge facing sustainable seafood production is the voluminous amounts of nutrient-rich seafood side streams consisting of by-catch, processing discards, and process effluents. There is a lack of a comprehensive model for optimal valorization of the side streams. Upcoming green chemistry-based processing has the potential to recover diverse valuable compounds from seafood side streams in an ecofriendly manner. Microbial and enzymatic bioconversions form major green processes capable of releasing biomolecules from seafood matrices under mild conditions. Novel green solvents, because of their low toxicity and recyclable nature, can extract bioactive compounds. Nonthermal technologies such as ultrasound, supercritical fluid, and membrane filtration can complement green extractions. The extracted proteins, peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, chitin, chitosan, and others function as nutraceuticals, food supplements, additives, etc. Green processing can address environmental, economic, and technological challenges of valorization of seafood side streams, thereby supporting sustainable seafood production. Green processing can also encourage bioenergy production. Multiple green processes, integrated in a marine biorefinery, can optimize valorization on a zero-waste trade-off, for a circular blue economy. A green chemistry-based valorization framework has the potential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vazhiyil Venugopal
- Formerly of Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India 400085
| | - Abhilash Sasidharan
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kerala, India 682506
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway 7491
| | - Turid Rustad
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway 7491
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7
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Kanna Dasan Y, Lam MK, Chai YH, Lim JW, Ho YC, Tan IS, Lau SY, Show PL, Lee KT. Unlocking the potential of microalgae bio-factories for carbon dioxide mitigation: A comprehensive exploration of recent advances, key challenges, and energy-economic insights. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129094. [PMID: 37100295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising alternatives to mitigate atmospheric CO2 owing to their fast growth rates, resilience in the face of adversity and ability to produce a wide range of products, including food, feed supplements, chemicals, and biofuels. However, to fully harness the potential of microalgae-based carbon capture technology, further advancements are required to overcome the associated challenges and limitations, particularly with regards to enhancing CO2 solubility in the culture medium. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the biological carbon concentrating mechanism and highlights the current approaches, including species selection, optimization of hydrodynamics, and abiotic components, aimed at improving the efficacy of CO2 solubility and biofixation. Moreover, cutting-edge strategies such as gene mutation, bubble dynamics and nanotechnology are systematically outlined to elevate the CO2 biofixation capacity of microalgal cells. The review also evaluates the energy and economic feasibility of using microalgae for CO2 bio-mitigation, including challenges and prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaleeni Kanna Dasan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Ho Chai
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yeek Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Inn Shi Tan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sie Yon Lau
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Keat Teong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Penang, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia
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Microalgal Feedstock for Biofuel Production: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspective. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, nations are trying to address environmental issues such as global warming and climate change, along with the burden of declining fossil fuel reserves. Furthermore, countries aim to reach zero carbon emissions within the existing and rising global energy crisis. Therefore, bio-based alternative sustainable feedstocks are being explored for producing bioenergy. One such renewable energy resource is microalgae; these are photosynthetic microorganisms that grow on non-arable land, in extreme climatic conditions, and have the ability to thrive even in sea and wastewater. Microalgae have high photosynthetic efficiencies and biomass productivity compared to other terrestrial plants. Whole microalgae biomass or their extracted metabolites can be converted to various biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biocrude oil, pyrolytic bio-oil, biomethane, biohydrogen, and bio jet fuel. However, several challenges still exist before faster and broader commercial application of microalgae as a sustainable bioenergy feedstock for biofuel production. Selection of appropriate microalgal strains, development of biomass pre-concentrating techniques, and utilization of wet microalgal biomass for biofuel production, coupled with an integrated biorefinery approach for producing value-added products, could improve the environmental sustainability and economic viability of microalgal biofuel. This article will review the current status of research on microalgal biofuels and their future perspective.
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Agro-Industrial Wastewaters for Algal Biomass Production, Bio-Based Products, and Biofuels in a Circular Bioeconomy. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling bioresources is the only way to sustainably meet a growing world population’s food and energy needs. One of the ways to do so is by using agro-industry wastewater to cultivate microalgae. While the industrial production of microalgae requires large volumes of water, existing agro-industry processes generate large volumes of wastewater with eutrophicating nutrients and organic carbon that must be removed before recycling the water back into the environment. Coupling these two processes can benefit the flourishing microalgal industry, which requires water, and the agro-industry, which could gain extra revenue by converting a waste stream into a bioproduct. Microalgal biomass can be used to produce energy, nutritional biomass, and specialty products. However, there are challenges to establishing stable and circular processes, from microalgae selection and adaptation to pretreating and reclaiming energy from residues. This review discusses the potential of agro-industry residues for microalgal production, with a particular interest in the composition and the use of important primary (raw) and secondary (digestate) effluents generated in large volumes: sugarcane vinasse, palm oil mill effluent, cassava processing waster, abattoir wastewater, dairy processing wastewater, and aquaculture wastewater. It also overviews recent examples of microalgae production in residues and aspects of process integration and possible products, avoiding xenobiotics and heavy metal recycling. As virtually all agro-industries have boilers emitting CO2 that microalgae can use, and many industries could benefit from anaerobic digestion to reclaim energy from the effluents before microalgal cultivation, the use of gaseous effluents is also discussed in the text.
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Han F, Zhou W. Nitrogen recovery from wastewater by microbial assimilation - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127933. [PMID: 36100188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increased nitrogen (N) input with low utilization rate in artificial N management has led to massive reactive N (Nr) flows, putting the Earth in a high-risk state. It is essential to recover and recycle Nr during or after Nr removal from wastewater to reduce N input while simultaneously mitigate Nr pollution in addressing the N stress. However, mechanisms for efficient Nr recovery during or after Nr removal remain unclear. Here, the occurrence of N risk and progress in wastewater treatment in recent years as well as challenges of the current technologies for N recovery from wastewater were reviewed. Through analyzing N conversion fluxes in biogeochemical N-cycling networks, microbial N assimilation through photosynthetic and heterotrophic microorganisms was highlighted as promising alternative for synergistic N removal and recovery in wastewater treatment. In addition, the prospects and gaps of Nr recovery from wastewater through microbial assimilation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Weizhi Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250002, China.
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11
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Viswanathan K, Huang JM, Tsai TH, Chang JS, Wu W. Exploration of algal biorefinery frameworks: Optimization, quantification of environmental impacts and economics. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Díaz V, Leyva-Díaz JC, Almécija MC, Poyatos JM, Del Mar Muñío M, Martín-Pascual J. Microalgae bioreactor for nutrient removal and resource recovery from wastewater in the paradigm of circular economy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127968. [PMID: 36115507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Every day, large quantities of wastewater are discharged from various sources that could be reused. Wastewater contains nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorus, which can be recovered. Microalgae-based technologies have attracted attention in this sector, as they are able to bioremediate wastewater, harnessing its nutrients and generating algal biomass useful for different downstream uses, as well as having other advantages. There are multiple species of microalgae capable of growing in wastewater, achieving nutrient removal efficiencies surpassing 70%. On the other hand, microalgae contain lipids that can be extracted for energy recovery in biodiesel. Currently, there are several methods of lipid extraction from microalgae. Other biofuels can also be obtained from microalgae biomass, such as bioethanol, biohydrogen or biogas. This review also provides information on bioenergy products and products in the agri-food industry as well as in the field of human health based on microalgae biomass within the concept of circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Díaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Leyva-Díaz
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain; Institute of Water Research, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - José Manuel Poyatos
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain; Institute of Water Research, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Muñío
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín-Pascual
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain; Institute of Water Research, University of Granada 18071, Granada, Spain
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Yadav K, Vasistha S, Nawkarkar P, Kumar S, Rai MP. Algal biorefinery culminating multiple value-added products: recent advances, emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:244. [PMID: 36033914 PMCID: PMC9402873 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal biorefinery is rising as a prominent solution to economically fulfill the escalating global requirement for nutrition, feed, fuel, and medicines. In recent years, scientific productiveness associated with microalgae-based studies has elaborated in multiplied aspects, while translation to the commercial level continues to be missing. The present microalgal biorefinery has a challenge in long-term viability due to escalated market price of algal-mediated biofuels and bioproducts. Advancements are required in a few aspects like improvement in algae processing, energy investment, and cost analysis of microalgae biorefinery. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the modern work by understanding the knowledge gaps and hotspots driving business scale up. The microalgae biorefinery integrated with energy-based products, bioactive and green compounds, focusing on a circular bioeconomy, is urgently needed. A detailed investigation of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) is important to increase the market value of algal products. This review discusses the valorization of algal biomass for the value-added application that holds a sustainable approach and cost-competitive algal biorefinery. The current industries, policies, technology transfer trends, challenges, and future economic outlook are discussed. This study is an overview through scientometric investigation attempt to describe the research development contributing to this rising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushi Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313 India
| | - Shrasti Vasistha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313 India
| | - Prachi Nawkarkar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Monika Prakash Rai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313 India
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14
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Zheng S, Zou S, Wang H, Feng T, Sun S, Chen H, Wang Q. Reducing culture medium nitrogen supply coupled with replenishing carbon nutrient simultaneously enhances the biomass and lipid production of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019806. [PMID: 36225359 PMCID: PMC9549070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model strain to explore algal lipid metabolism mechanism, and exhibits great potentials in large-scale production of lipids. Completely lacking nitrogen is an efficient strategy to trigger the lipid synthesis in microalgal cells, while it always leads to the obvious reduction in the biomass. To illustrate the optimal culture substrate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) levels to simultaneously stimulate the growth and lipid production of C. reinhardtii, cells were cultivated under altered C and N concentrations. Results showed that replenishing 6 g/L sodium acetate (NaAc) could increase 1.50 and 1.53 times biomass and lipid productivity compared with 0 g/L NaAc treatment (the control), but total lipid content slightly decreased. Reducing 75% of basic medium (TAP) N level (0 g/L NaAc + 0.09 g/L NH4Cl treatment) could promote 21.57% total lipid content in comparison with the control (containing 0.38 g/L NH4Cl), but decrease 44.45% biomass and 34.15% lipid productivity. The result of the central composite design (CCD) experiment suggested the optimum total lipid content together with higher biomass and lipid productivity could be obtained under the condition of 4.12 g/L NaAc and 0.20 g/L NH4Cl. They reached 32.14%, 1.68 g/L and 108.21 mg/L/d, and increased by 36.77%, 93.10% and 1.75 times compared with the control, respectively. It suggests moderately increasing C supply and decreasing N levels could synchronously improve the biomass and lipid content of C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shangyun Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shourui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Wang,
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15
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Khaw YS, Yusoff FM, Tan HT, Noor Mazli NAI, Nazarudin MF, Shaharuddin NA, Omar AR, Takahashi K. Fucoxanthin Production of Microalgae under Different Culture Factors: A Systematic Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100592. [PMID: 36286416 PMCID: PMC9604996 DOI: 10.3390/md20100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin is one of the light-harvesting pigments in brown microalgae, which is increasingly gaining attention due to its numerous health-promoting properties. Currently, the production of microalgal fucoxanthin is not yet feasible from an economic perspective. However, the cultivation of microalgae at favourable conditions holds great potential to increase the viability of this fucoxanthin source. Hence, this study aimed to review the fucoxanthin production of microalgae under different conditions systematically. A literature search was performed using the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases. A total of 188 articles were downloaded and 28 articles were selected for the current review by two independent authors. Microalgae appeared to be a more reliable fucoxanthin source compared to macroalgae. Overall, a consensus fucoxanthin production condition was obtained and proposed: light intensity ranging from 10 to 100 µmol/m2/s could achieve a higher fucoxanthin content. However, the optimal light condition in producing fucoxanthin is species-specific. The current review serves as an antecedent by offering insights into the fucoxanthin-producing microalgae response to different culture factors via a systematic analysis. With the current findings and recommendations, the feasibility of producing fucoxanthin commercially could be enhanced and possibly achieve practical and sustainable fucoxanthin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Sim Khaw
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Port Dickson 71050, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-89408311
| | - Hui Teng Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amirah Izyan Noor Mazli
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutic, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kazutaka Takahashi
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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16
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Ubando AT, Anderson S Ng E, Chen WH, Culaba AB, Kwon EE. Life cycle assessment of microalgal biorefinery: A state-of-the-art review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127615. [PMID: 35840032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biorefineries represent an opportunity to economically and environmentally justify the production of bioproducts. The generation of bioproducts within a biorefinery system must quantitatively demonstrate its viability in displacing traditional fossil-based refineries. To this end, several works have conducted life cycle analyses on microalgal biorefineries and have shown technological bottlenecks due to energy-intensive processes. This state-of-the-art review covers different studies that examined microalgal biorefineries through life cycle assessments and has identified strategic technologies for the sustainable production of microalgal biofuels through biorefineries. Different metrics were introduced to supplement life cycle assessment studies for the sustainable production of microalgal biofuel. Challenges in the comparison of various life cycle assessment studies were identified, and the future design choices for microalgal biorefineries were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotle T Ubando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Thermomechanical Laboratory, De La Salle University, Laguna Campus, LTI Spine Road, Laguna Blvd, Biñan, Laguna 4024, Philippines
| | - Earle Anderson S Ng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
| | - Alvin B Culaba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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17
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Venugopal V, Sasidharan A. Functional proteins through green refining of seafood side streams. Front Nutr 2022; 9:974447. [PMID: 36091241 PMCID: PMC9454818 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.974447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Scarcity of nutritive protein is a major global problem, the severity of which is bound to increase with the rising population. The situation demands finding additional sources of proteins that can be both safe as well as acceptable to the consumer. Food waste, particularly from seafood is a plausible feedstock of proteins in this respect. Fishing operations result in appreciable amounts of bycatch having poor food value. In addition, commercial processing results in 50 to 60% of seafood as discards, which consist of shell, head, fileting frames, bones, viscera, fin, skin, roe, and others. Furthermore, voluminous amounts of protein-rich effluents are released during commercial seafood processing. While meat from the bycatch can be raw material for proteinous edible products, proteins from the process discards and effluents can be recovered through biorefining employing upcoming, environmental-friendly, low-cost green processes. Microbial or enzyme treatments release proteins bound to the seafood matrices. Physico-chemical processes such as ultrasound, pulse electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, green solvent extractions and others are available to recover proteins from the by-products. Cultivation of photosynthetic microalgae in nutrient media consisting of seafood side streams generates algal cell mass, a rich source of functional proteins. A zero-waste marine bio-refinery approach can help almost total recovery of proteins and other ingredients from the seafood side streams. The recovered proteins can have high nutritive value and valuable applications as nutraceuticals and food additives.
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18
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Li C, Sun Y, Ping W, Ge J, Lin Y. Screening of symbiotic Streptomyces spp. and optimization of microalgal growth in a microalgae-actinomycetes co-culture system. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:500-510. [PMID: 35981049 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biodiesel as a substitute for fossil energy has attracted extensive attention. However, the high cost of microalgae cultivation limits the industrial production of microalgal biodiesel. The co-culture system may offer a means to increase microalgae's biomass production. In this study, Streptomyces strains were selected to construct and optimize co-culture systems with Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11 and the algal cell biomass, lipid content, phycocyanin content, starch content, and fatty acid composition were determined. The results showed that Streptomyces nojiriensis significantly promoted Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11 growth and a co-culture system were established. Orthogonal experiments showed that the Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11 biomass was further increased when the initial culture pH was 7.5, the inoculation time of Streptomyces strain supernatants was 36 h, the volume ratio of microalgal actinomycetes was 1:1, and no additional acetic acid was added. Under these conditions, compared with monocultured Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11, the cell biomass and lipid productivity of the co-culture system increased by 525.8 and 155.1%, respectively. These results suggest that S. nojiriensis supernatant potentially enhances microalgae biomass and may represent a new method to improve microalgae growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxiang Ping
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingping Ge
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Yimeng Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
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19
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Kant Bhatia S, Ahuja V, Chandel N, Gurav R, Kant Bhatia R, Govarthanan M, Kumar Tyagi V, Kumar V, Pugazendhi A, Rajesh Banu J, Yang YH. Advances in algal biomass pretreatment and its valorisation into biochemical and bioenergy by the microbial processes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 358:127437. [PMID: 35680087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and pollution are the major issues of the current time own to the exhaustive consumption of fossil fuels which have a detrimental effect on the nation's economies and air quality due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and shortage of energy reserves. Algae, an autotrophic organism provides a green substitute for energy as well as commercial products. Algal extracts become an efficient source for bioactive compounds having anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous potential. Besides the conventional approach, residual biomass from any algal-based process might act as a renewable substrate for fermentation. Likewise, lignocellulosic biomass, algal biomass can also be processed for sugar recovery by different pre-treatment strategies like acid and alkali hydrolysis, microwave, ionic liquid, and ammonia fiber explosion, etc. Residual algal biomass hydrolysate can be used as a feedstock to produce bioenergy (biohydrogen, biogas, methane) and biochemicals (organic acids, polyhydroxyalkanoates) via microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Vishal Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Neha Chandel
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Ranjit Gurav
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Environmental Hydrology Division National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Arivalagan Pugazendhi
- Emerging Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Wood EE, Ross ME, Jubeau S, Montalescot V, Stanley MS. Progress towards a targeted biorefinery of Chromochloris zofingiensis: a review. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022; 14:8127-8152. [PMID: 38510795 PMCID: PMC10948469 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Biorefinery approaches offer the potential to improve the economics of the microalgae industry by producing multiple products from a single source of biomass. Chromochloris zofingiensis shows great promise for biorefinery due to high biomass productivity and a diverse range of products including secondary carotenoids, predominantly astaxanthin; lipids such as TAGs; carbohydrates including starch; and proteins and essential amino acids. Whilst this species has been demonstrated to accumulate multiple products, the development of an integrated downstream process to obtain these is lacking. The objective of this review paper is to assess the research that has taken place and to identify the steps that must be taken to establish a biorefinery approach for C. zofingiensis. In particular, the reasons why C. zofingiensis is a promising species to target for biorefinery are discussed in terms of cellular structure, potential products, and means to accumulate desirable components via the alteration of culture conditions. Future advances and the challenges that lie ahead for successful biorefinery of this species are also reviewed along with potential solutions to address them. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-022-02955-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor E. Wood
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
- Xanthella Ltd, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunstaffnage, Argyll, Oban PA37 1SZ Scotland, UK
| | - Michael E. Ross
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
| | - Sébastien Jubeau
- Xanthella Ltd, Malin House, European Marine Science Park, Dunstaffnage, Argyll, Oban PA37 1SZ Scotland, UK
| | | | - Michele S. Stanley
- University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI); Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA UK
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21
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Wang Y, Akbarzadeh A, Chong L, Du J, Tahir N, Awasthi MK. Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil production: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134181. [PMID: 35248592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic pyrolysis has been widely explored for bio-oil production from lignocellulosic biomass owing to its high feasibility and large-scale production potential. The aim of this review was to summarize recent findings on bio-oil production through catalytic pyrolysis using lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock. Lignocellulosic biomass, structural components and fundamentals of biomass catalytic pyrolysis were explored and summarized. The current status of bio-oil yield and quality from catalytic fast pyrolysis was reviewed and presented in the current review. The potential effects of pyrolysis process parameters, including catalysts, pyrolysis conditions, reactor types and reaction modes on bio-oil production are also presented. Techno-economic analysis of full-scale commercialization of bio-oil production through the catalytic pyrolysis pathway was reviewed. Further, limitations associated with current practices and future prospects of catalytic pyrolysis for production of high-quality bio-oils were summarized. This review summarizes the process of bio-oil production from catalytic pyrolysis and provides a general scientific reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Li Chong
- Biomass Energy Engineering Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinyu Du
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450011, China
| | - Nadeem Tahir
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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22
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Wang S, Mukhambet Y, Esakkimuthu S, Abomohra AELF. Integrated microalgal biorefinery – Routes, energy, economic and environmental perspectives. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2022; 348:131245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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23
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Sun Y, Chang H, Zhang C, Xie Y, Ho SH. Emerging biological wastewater treatment using microalgal-bacterial granules: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127089. [PMID: 35358672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at deepening the understanding of the formation and evolution of emerging microalgal-bacterial granule (MBG)-based wastewater treatment systems, the recent advances regarding the formation processes, transfer phenomena, innovative bioreactors development and wastewater treatment performance of MBG-based systems are comprehensively reviewed in this work. Particularly, the successful establishments of MBG-based systems with various inocula are summarized. Besides, as the indispensable factors for biochemical reactions in MBGs, the light and substrates (organic matters, inorganic nutrients, etc) need to undergo complicated and multi-scale transfer processes before being assimilated by microorganisms within MBGs. Therefore, the involved transfer phenomena and mechanisms in MBG-based bioreactors are critically discussed. Subsequently, some recent advances of MBG-based bioreactors, the application of MBG-based systems in treating various synthetic and real wastewater, and the future development directions are discussed. In short, this review helps in promoting the development of MBG-based systems by presenting current research status and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Sun
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haixing Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Youping Xie
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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López-Sánchez A, Silva-Gálvez AL, Aguilar-Juárez Ó, Senés-Guerrero C, Orozco-Nunnelly DA, Carrillo-Nieves D, Gradilla-Hernández MS. Microalgae-based livestock wastewater treatment (MbWT) as a circular bioeconomy approach: Enhancement of biomass productivity, pollutant removal and high-value compound production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114612. [PMID: 35149401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensive livestock activities that are carried out worldwide to feed the growing human population have led to significant environmental problems, such as soil degradation, surface and groundwater pollution. Livestock wastewater (LW) contains high loads of organic matter, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). These compounds can promote cultural eutrophication of water bodies and pose environmental and human hazards. Therefore, humanity faces an enormous challenge to adequately treat LW and avoid the overexploitation of natural resources. This can be accomplished through circular bioeconomy approaches, which aim to achieve sustainable production using biological resources, such as LW, as feedstock. Circular bioeconomy uses innovative processes to produce biomaterials and bioenergy, while lowering the consumption of virgin resources. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment (MbWT) has recently received special attention due to its low energy demand, the robust capacity of microalgae to grow under different environmental conditions and the possibility to recover and transform wastewater nutrients into highly valuable bioactive compounds. Some of the high-value products that may be obtained through MbWT are biomass and pigments for human food and animal feed, nutraceuticals, biofuels, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins and fertilizers. This article reviews recent advances in MbWT of LW (including swine, cattle and poultry wastewater). Additionally, the most significant factors affecting nutrient removal and biomass productivity in MbWT are addressed, including: (1) microbiological aspects, such as the microalgae strain used for MbWT and the interactions between microbial populations; (2) physical parameters, such as temperature, light intensity and photoperiods; and (3) chemical parameters, such as the C/N ratio, pH and the presence of inhibitory compounds. Finally, different strategies to enhance nutrient removal and biomass productivity, such as acclimation, UV mutagenesis and multiple microalgae culture stages (including monocultures and multicultures) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaid López-Sánchez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Silva-Gálvez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Óscar Aguilar-Juárez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carolina Senés-Guerrero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Singh M, Mal N, Mohapatra R, Bagchi T, Parambath SD, Chavali M, Rao KM, Ramanaiah SV, Kadier A, Kumar G, Chandrasekhar K, Kim SH. Recent biotechnological developments in reshaping the microalgal genome: A signal for green recovery in biorefinery practices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133513. [PMID: 34990720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of renewable energy sources as a substitute for nonrenewable fossil fuels is urgently required. Algae biorefinery platform provides an excellent alternate to overcome future energy problems. However, to let this viable biomass be competent with existing feedstocks, it is necessary to exploit genetic manipulation and improvement in upstream and downstream platforms for optimal bio-product recovery. Furthermore, the techno-economic strategies further maximize metabolites production for biofuel, biohydrogen, and other industrial applications. The experimental methodologies in algal photobioreactor promote high biomass production, enriched in lipid and starch content in limited environmental conditions. This review presents an optimization framework combining genetic manipulation methods to simulate microalgal growth dynamics, understand the complexity of algal biorefinery to scale up, and identify green strategies for techno-economic feasibility of algae for biomass conversion. Overall, the algal biorefinery opens up new possibilities for the valorization of algae biomass and the synthesis of various novel products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Navonil Mal
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Reecha Mohapatra
- Department of Life Sciences, NIT Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Trisha Bagchi
- Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, 700126, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Murthy Chavali
- Office of the Dean (Research) & Division of Chemistry, Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Technology, Alliance University (Central Campus), Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Bengaluru, 562106, Karnataka, India; NTRC-MCETRC and 109 Nano Composite Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Guntur District, 522201, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kummara Madhusudana Rao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Joyeong-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, South Korea; Department of Automotive Lighting Convergence Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Joyeong-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, South Korea
| | - S V Ramanaiah
- Food and Biotechnology Research Lab, South Ural State University (National Research University), 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Center of Material and Opto-electronic Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - K Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Abd El-Malek F, Rofeal M, Zabed HM, Nizami AS, Rehan M, Qi X. Microorganism-mediated algal biomass processing for clean products manufacturing: Current status, challenges and future outlook. FUEL 2022; 311:122612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Igbokwe VC, Ezugworie FN, Onwosi CO, Aliyu GO, Obi CJ. Biochemical biorefinery: A low-cost and non-waste concept for promoting sustainable circular bioeconomy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114333. [PMID: 34952394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition from a fossil-based linear economy to a circular bioeconomy is no longer an option but rather imperative, given worldwide concerns about the depletion of fossil resources and the demand for innovative products that are ecocompatible. As a critical component of sustainable development, this discourse has attracted wide attention at the regional and international levels. Biorefinery is an indispensable technology to implement the blueprint of the circular bioeconomy. As a low-cost, non-waste innovative concept, the biorefinery concept will spur a myriad of new economic opportunities across a wide range of sectors. Consequently, scaling up biorefinery processes is of the essence. Despite several decades of research and development channeled into upscaling biorefinery processes, the commercialization of biorefinery technology appears unrealizable. In this review, challenges limiting the commercialization of biorefinery technologies are discussed, with a particular focus on biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. To counteract these challenges, various process intensification strategies such as consolidated bioprocessing, integrated biorefinery configurations, the use of highly efficient bioreactors, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, have been explored. This study also includes an overview of biomass pretreatment-generated inhibitory compounds as platform chemicals to produce other essential biocommodities. There is a detailed examination of the technological, economic, and environmental considerations of a sustainable biorefinery. Finally, the prospects for establishing a viable circular bioeconomy in Nigeria are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Igbokwe
- Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64012, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Flora N Ezugworie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Godwin O Aliyu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonye J Obi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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28
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Zheng S, Zou S, Feng T, Sun S, Guo X, He M, Wang C, Chen H, Wang Q. Low temperature combined with high inoculum density improves alpha-linolenic acid production and biochemical characteristics of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126746. [PMID: 35065224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grows fast and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. To explore whether the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content can be further enhanced, the cultures were incubated under different culture temperatures, light intensities and inoculum densities. Results showed that temperature exhibited more great impact on ALA synthesis of C. reinhardtii than light intensity and inoculum size. The changes of light intensity and inoculum size displayed non-significant effects on ALA content. The optimal ALA proportion in cells was obtained under the condition of 10 °C, 50 μE/m2/s and 5% inoculum density, which reached ∼ 39%.The augmented initial inoculum density could markedly improve the biomass of C. reinhardtii under 10 °C. The maximum ALA productivity (16.42 mg/L/d) was gained under 10 °C coupled with 25% inoculum size, where higher intracellular sugar and protein yield were observed. These results suggest C. reinhardtii would be an alternative feedstock for the industrial production of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shangyun Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shourui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiangxu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Meilin He
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changhai Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Li P, Wang X, Luo Y, Yuan X. Sustainability evaluation of microalgae biodiesel production process integrated with nutrient close-loop pathway based on emergy analysis method. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126611. [PMID: 34954351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To make comprehensive assessment on sustainability of microalgae biofuel production process integrated with nutrient close-loop pathways, Emergy Analysis methodology was adopted based on case studies: microalgae biodiesel production integrated with Nutrient Recycling Pathway in Case A and microalgae biodiesel production integrated with Protein Production as By-Product Pathway in Case B. Emergy results show that microalgae biodiesel system integrated with Nutrient Recycling Pathway is more sustainable, and factor analysis shows that water source with higher unit emergy value and electricity with lower one are more favorable to improve sustainability performance of the integrated process. Besides, different generations of biofuel are also assessed by Emergy Analysis method, and the third-generation biodiesel shows the most sustainable potentials than the previous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiqing Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Chemical Engineering Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xigang Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Chemical Engineering Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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30
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Venkata Subhash G, Rajvanshi M, Raja Krishna Kumar G, Shankar Sagaram U, Prasad V, Govindachary S, Dasgupta S. Challenges in microalgal biofuel production: A perspective on techno economic feasibility under biorefinery stratagem. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126155. [PMID: 34673195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly exhausting fossil fuels combined with the ever-increasing demand for energy led to an ongoing search for alternative energy sources to meet the transportation, manufacturing, domestic and other energy demands of the grown population. Microalgae are at the forefront of alternative energy research due to their significant potential as a renewable feedstock for biofuels. However, microalgae platforms have not found a way into industrial-scale bioenergy production due to various technical and economic constraints. The present review provides a detailed overview of the challenges in microalgae production processes for bioenergy purposes with supporting techno-economic assessments related to microalgae cultivation, harvesting and downstream processes required for crude oil or biofuel production. In addition, biorefinery approaches that can valorize the by-products or co-products in microalgae production and enhance the techno-economics of the production process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkata Subhash
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India.
| | - Meghna Rajvanshi
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - G Raja Krishna Kumar
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Uma Shankar Sagaram
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Venkatesh Prasad
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Sridharan Govindachary
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Corporate Park, Thane-Belapur Road, NaviMumbai 400701, India
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31
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Caxiano IN, Mello PA, Alijó PHR, Teixeira LV, Cano RF, Maia JGSS, Bastos JBV, Pavão MSG. Continuous design and economic analysis of a Sargassum muticum biorefinery process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126152. [PMID: 34699961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses scale effects in designing a biorefinery from Sargassum muticum seaweed by applying a detailed process modeling methodology. Two process conversion units were simulated: one considering anaerobic digestion steps for producing biogas and generating electricity (base project), and the other with residual seaweed solids sold as fertilizer (alternative project). A comprehensive economic analysis was performed to estimate the minimum selling price of the process's main product (fucoidan extract). Results indicated that capital expenditures are up to 12.7% times higher in the base project. Minimum selling prices of the fucoidan extract product demonstrate the biorefinery's economies of scale for both projects. Seaweed's low methane potential reduces the economic attractiveness of electricity generation from biogas in the base project. Conversely, organic fertilizer price was more influential in the alternative project. Nonetheless, risk analyses show similar results for both scenarios, mainly due to fucoidan extract selling price and CAPEX estimates uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor N Caxiano
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-857, Brazil
| | - Pedro A Mello
- SENAI CETIQT College, Rua Magalhães de Castro, 174, Riachuelo, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20961-020, Brazil
| | - Pedro H R Alijó
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro /RJ 20550-900, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo V Teixeira
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-857, Brazil; School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Cano
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-857, Brazil; Glycobiology Program, Institute of Medical Biochemistry (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Jeiveison G S S Maia
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-857, Brazil
| | - João B V Bastos
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Biosynthetics and Fibers, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-857, Brazil; School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Mauro S G Pavão
- Glycobiology Program, Institute of Medical Biochemistry (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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Figueiredo D, Ferreira A, Quelhas P, Schulze PSC, Gouveia L. Nannochloropsis oceanica harvested using electrocoagulation with alternative electrodes - An innovative approach on potential biomass applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126222. [PMID: 34715333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation is a promising technology to harvest microalgal biomass. However, the commonly used aluminum electrodes release undesired salts that decrease biomass value. In this study, alternative iron, zinc, and magnesium electrodes and operational parameters pH, time and current density were studied to harvest Nannochloropsis oceanica. For recovery efficiency and concentration factor the initial pH was most important using iron electrodes, while time and current density were more relevant using zinc and magnesium electrodes. Optimal parameters resulted in biomass recovery efficiencies > 95%, biomass was concentrated 2.8-7.2 times and contained 15.7-29.1% ashes. Elemental analysis revealed metal salts in harvested biomass resulting from electrode corrosion. Finally, ash contents could be reduced by 65% using EDTA as a chelating agent. The electrocoagulation harvested microalgal biomass enriched in essential metals may be a promising bioresource for agricultural growth inducers, or functional ingredients for feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Figueiredo
- GreenCoLab, Green Ocean Technologies and Products Collaborative Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Alice Ferreira
- LNEG, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology I.P., Bioenergy and Biorefineries Unit, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Quelhas
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A., R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal
| | - Peter S C Schulze
- GreenCoLab, Green Ocean Technologies and Products Collaborative Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luisa Gouveia
- GreenCoLab, Green Ocean Technologies and Products Collaborative Laboratory, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; LNEG, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology I.P., Bioenergy and Biorefineries Unit, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Avila R, Justo Á, Carrero E, Crivillés E, Vicent T, Blánquez P. Water resource recovery coupling microalgae wastewater treatment and sludge co-digestion for bio-wastes valorisation at industrial pilot-scale. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126080. [PMID: 34628008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This case study is part of a circular bioeconomy project for a winery company aiming to integrate a microalgae-based system within the existing facilities of the winery WWTP, promoting nutrient recovery and transformation into valuable products and bioenergy. Microalgae were used for wastewater treatment, removing N-NH4+ (97%) and P-PO4-3 (93%). A pilot anaerobic reactor was used for batch anaerobic mono-digestion of secondary sludge (WAS) and for co-digestion of WAS and algal biomass. The methane yield using WAS from two different wine production seasons was 155.4 and 132.9 NL CH4 kg VS-1. Co-digestion led to the highest methane yield (225.8 NL CH4 kg VS-1). The application of the bio-wastes for fertilization was assessed through plant growth bioassays: mono- and co-digestion digestates and dry algal biomass enhanced plant biomass accumulation (growth indexes of 163%, 155% and 121% relative to those of the control - commercial amendment, respectively), demonstrating a lack of phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Avila
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Justo
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Miguel Torres S.A., Miquel Torres i Carbó 6, 08720, Villafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Carrero
- Miguel Torres S.A., Miquel Torres i Carbó 6, 08720, Villafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eudald Crivillés
- Miguel Torres S.A., Miquel Torres i Carbó 6, 08720, Villafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Vicent
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paqui Blánquez
- Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Gondi R, Kavitha S, Yukesh Kannah R, Parthiba Karthikeyan O, Kumar G, Kumar Tyagi V, Rajesh Banu J. Algal-based system for removal of emerging pollutants from wastewater: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126245. [PMID: 34743994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bioremediation of emerging pollutants in wastewater via algal biotechnology has been emerging as a cost-effective and low-energy input technological solution. However, the algal bioremediation technology is still not fully developed at a commercial level. The development of different technologies and new strategies to cater specific needs have been studied. The existence of multiple emerging pollutants and the selection of microalgal species is a major concern. The rate of algal bioremediation is influenced by various factors, including accidental contaminations and operational conditions in the pilot-scale studies. Algal-bioremediation can be combined with existing treatment technologies for efficient removal of emerging pollutants from wastewater. This review mainly focuses on algal-bioremediation systems for wastewater treatment and pollutant removal, the impact of emerging pollutants in the environment, selection of potential microalgal species, mechanisms involved, and challenges in removing emerging pollutants using algal-bioremediation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gondi
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kavitha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Yukesh Kannah
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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de Carvalho Silvello MA, Severo Gonçalves I, Patrícia Held Azambuja S, Silva Costa S, Garcia Pereira Silva P, Oliveira Santos L, Goldbeck R. Microalgae-based carbohydrates: A green innovative source of bioenergy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126304. [PMID: 34752879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle through photosynthesis. Given their ability to efficiently convert solar energy and atmospheric carbon dioxide into chemical compounds, such as carbohydrates, and generate oxygen during the process, microalgae represent an excellent and feasible carbohydrate bioresource. Microalgae-based biofuels are technically viable and, delineate a green and innovative field of opportunity for bioenergy exploitation. Microalgal polysaccharides are one of the most versatile groups for biotechnological applications and its content can be increased by manipulating cultivation conditions. Microalgal carbohydrates can be used to produce a variety of biofuels, including bioethanol, biobutanol, biomethane, and biohydrogen. This review provides an overview of microalgal carbohydrates, focusing on their use as feedstock for biofuel production, highlighting the carbohydrate metabolism and approaches for their enhancement. Moreover, biofuels produced from microalgal carbohydrate are showed, in addition to a new bibliometric study of current literature on microalgal carbohydrates and their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta de Carvalho Silvello
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Igor Severo Gonçalves
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Suéllen Patrícia Held Azambuja
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Sharlene Silva Costa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Garcia Pereira Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Lucielen Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Rosana Goldbeck
- Bioprocess and Metabolic Engineering Laboratory, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil.
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36
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Comprehensive assessment of the microalgae-nitrifying bacteria competition in microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems: Relevant factors, evaluation methods and control strategies. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Su G, Ong HC, Gan YY, Chen WH, Chong CT, Ok YS. Co-pyrolysis of microalgae and other biomass wastes for the production of high-quality bio-oil: Progress and prospective. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126096. [PMID: 34626763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the most prospective raw materials for the production of biofuels, pyrolysis is an effective method to convert biomass into bioenergy. However, biofuels derived from the pyrolysis of microalgae exhibit poor fuel properties due to high content of moisture and protein. Co-pyrolysis is a simple and efficient method to produce high-quality bio-oil from two or more materials. Tires, plastics, and bamboo waste are the optimal co-feedstocks based on the improvement of yield and quality of bio-oil. Moreover, adding catalysts, especially CaO and Cu/HZSM-5, can enhance the quality of bio-oil by increasing aromatics content and decreasing oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds. Consequently, this paper provides a critical review of the production of bio-oil from co-pyrolysis of microalgae with other biomass wastes. Meanwhile, the underlying mechanism of synergistic effects and the catalytic effect on co-pyrolysis are discussed. Finally, the economic viability and prospects of microalgae co-pyrolysis are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Yong Yang Gan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Tung Chong
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Lingang, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Chandrasekhar K, Raj T, Ramanaiah SV, Kumar G, Banu JR, Varjani S, Sharma P, Pandey A, Kumar S, Kim SH. Algae biorefinery: a promising approach to promote microalgae industry and waste utilization. J Biotechnol 2021; 345:1-16. [PMID: 34954289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have a number of intriguing characteristics that make them a viable raw material aimed at usage in a variety of applications when refined using a bio-refining process. They offer unique capabilities that allow them to be used in biotechnology-related applications. As a result, this review explores how to increase the extent to which microalgae may be integrated with various additional biorefinery uses in order to improve their maintainability. In this study, the use of microalgae as potential animal feed, manure, medicinal, cosmeceutical, ecological, and other biotechnological uses is examined in its entirety. It also includes information on the boundaries, openings, and improvements of microalgae and the possibilities of increasing the range of microalgae through techno-economic analysis. According to the findings of this review, financing supported research and shifting the focus of microalgal investigations from biofuels production to biorefinery co-products can help guarantee that they remain a viable resource. Furthermore, innovation collaboration is unavoidable if one wishes to avoid the high cost of microalgae biomass handling. This review is expected to be useful in identifying the possible role of microalgae in biorefinery applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - S V Ramanaiah
- Food and Biotechnology Research Lab, South Ural State University (National Research University), 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382 010, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440020, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and TranslationalResearch, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440020, India
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Chong JWR, Khoo KS, Yew GY, Leong WH, Lim JW, Lam MK, Ho YC, Ng HS, Munawaroh HSH, Show PL. Advances in production of bioplastics by microalgae using food waste hydrolysate and wastewater: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125947. [PMID: 34563823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as an effective dual strategy for bio-valorisation of food processing wastewater and food waste hydrolysate which favours microalgae cultivation into producing value-added by products mainly lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins to the advantages of bioplastic production. Moreover, various microalgae have successfully removed high amount of organic pollutants from food processing wastewater prior discharging into the environment. Innovation of microalgae cultivating in food processing wastewater greatly reduced the cost of wastewater treatment compared to conventional approach in terms of lower carbon emissions, energy consumption, and chemical usage while producing microalgae biomass which can benefit low-cost fertilizer and bioplastic applications. The study on several microalgae species has all successfully grown on food waste hydrolysates showing high exponential growth rate and biomass production rich in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. Multiple techniques have been implemented for the extraction of food wastes to be incorporate into the bioplastic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei Roy Chong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guo Yong Yew
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wai Hong Leong
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia; Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Hui Suan Ng
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudi 229, Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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40
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Ummalyma SB, Sahoo D, Pandey A. Resource recovery through bioremediation of wastewaters and waste carbon by microalgae: a circular bioeconomy approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58837-58856. [PMID: 33527238 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass-based biofuels are a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Microalgal biofuels' major obstacles are the water and carbon sources for their cultivation and biomass harvest from the liquid medium. To date, an economically viable process is not available for algal based biofuels. The circular bioeconomy is an attractive concept for reuse, reduce, and recycle resources. The recovery of nutrients from waste and effluents by microalgae could significantly impact the escalating demands of energy and nutraceutical source to the growing population. Wastewaters from different sources are enriched with nutrients and carbon, and these resources can be recovered and utilized for the circular bioeconomy approach. However, the utilization of wastewaters and waste seems to be an essential strategy for mass cultivation of microalgae to minimizing freshwater consumption, carbon, nutrients cost, nitrogen, phosphorus removal, and other pollutants loads from wastewater and generating sustainable biomass for value addition for either biofuels or other chemicals. Hence, the amalgamation of wastewater treatment with the mass cultivation of microalgae improved the conventional treatment process and environmental impacts. This review provides complete information on the latest progress and developments of microalgae as potential biocatalyst for the remediation of wastewaters and waste carbon to recover resources through biomass with metabolites for various industrial applications and large-scale cultivation in wastewaters, and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
- DBT-Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD) (An Autonomous Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001, India.
| | | | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Lucknow, 226001, India
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41
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Lee JC, Lee B, Kim HW, Jeon BH, Lim H. Techno-economic analysis of livestock urine and manure as a microalgal growth medium. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 135:276-286. [PMID: 34560510 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have the potential to utilize the nutrients in livestock urine and manure (LUM) for the production of useful biomass, which can be used as a source of bioindustry. This study aims to evaluate the economic benefits of LUM feedstock that have not been clearly discussed before. Two types of photobioreactors were designed with a capacity of 200 m3 d-1. Using the experimental data, the economic feasibility of the suggested processes was evaluated via techno-economic analysis. Itemized cost estimation indicated that the submerged membrane photobioreactor has a lower unit production cost (5.4 $ to 5.1 $ kg-1) than the conventional photobioreactor system (14.6 $ to 13.8 $ kg-1). In addition, LUM-based growth is another good option for reducing the unit production cost of biomass. The revenues from lowering the cost of LUM treatment significantly contribute to enhancing the economic profitability, where the break-even prices were 1.18 $ m-3 (photobioreactor) and 0.98 $ m-3 (submerged membrane photobioreactor). Finally, this study provides several emerging suggestions to reduce microalgal biomass production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Division of advanced biology, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Republic of Korea
| | - Boreum Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8286, United States
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy, Division of Civil/Environmental/Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Hankwon Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Behera B, Venkata Supraja K, Paramasivan B. Integrated microalgal biorefinery for the production and application of biostimulants in circular bioeconomy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 339:125588. [PMID: 34298244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Adverse detrimental impacts of environmental pollution over the health regimen of people has driven a shift in lifestyle towards cleaner and natural resources, especially in the aspects of food production and consumption. Microalgae are considered a rich source of high value metabolites to be utilized as plant growth biostimulants. These organisms however, are underrated compared to other microbial counterparts, due to inappropriate knowledge on the technical, enviro-economical constrains leading to low market credibility. Thus, to avert these issues, the present review comprehensively discusses the biostimulatory potential of microalgae interactively combined with circular bio-economy perspectives. The biochemical content and intracellular action mechanism of microalgal biostimulants were described. Furthermore, detailed country-wise market trends along with the description of the existing regulatory policies are included. Enviro-techno-economic challenges are discussed, and the consensus need for shift to biorefinery and circular bio-economy concept are emphasized to achieve sustainable impacts during the commercialization of microalgal biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunushree Behera
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Kolli Venkata Supraja
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Paramasivan
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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43
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A cascade biorefinery for the valorization of microalgal biomass: biodiesel, biogas, fertilizers and high valuable compounds. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Vu HP, Nguyen LN, Emmerton B, Wang Q, Ralph PJ, Nghiem LD. Factors governing microalgae harvesting efficiency by flocculation using cationic polymers. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125669. [PMID: 34339996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms governing the harvesting efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris by flocculation using a cationic polymer. Flocculation efficiency increased as microalgae culture matured (i.e. 35-45, 75, and > 97% efficiency at early, late exponential, and stationary phase, respectively. Unlike the negative impact of phosphate on flocculation in traditional wastewater treatment; here, phosphorous residue did not influence the flocculation efficiency of C. vulgaris. The observed dependency of flocculation efficiency on growth phase was driven by changes in microalgal cell properties. Microalgal extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in both bound and free forms at stationary phase were two and three times higher than those at late and early exponential phase, respectively. Microalgae cells also became more negatively charged as they matured. Negatively charged and high EPS content together with the addition of high molecular weight and positively charged polymer could facilitate effective flocculation via charge neutralisation and bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang P Vu
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin Emmerton
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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45
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A Review of Energy Consumption in the Acquisition of Bio-Feedstock for Microalgae Biofuel Production. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13168873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae biofuel is expected to be an ideal alternative to fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change and the energy crisis. However, the production process of microalgae biofuel is sometimes considered to be energy intensive and uneconomical, which limits its large-scale production. Several cultivation systems are used to acquire feedstock for microalgal biofuels production. The energy consumption of different cultivation systems is different, and the concentration of culture medium (microalgae cells contained in the unit volume of medium) and other properties of microalgae vary with the culture methods, which affects the energy consumption of subsequent processes. This review compared the energy consumption of different cultivation systems, including the open pond system, four types of closed photobioreactor (PBR) systems, and the hybrid cultivation system, and the energy consumption of the subsequent harvesting process. The biomass concentration and areal biomass production of every cultivation system were also analyzed. The results show that the flat-panel PBRs and the column PBRs are both preferred for large-scale biofuel production for high biomass productivity.
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46
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Koyande AK, Chew KW, Show PL, Munawaroh HSH, Chang JS. Liquid triphasic systems as sustainable downstream processing of Chlorella sp. biorefinery for potential biofuels and feed production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125075. [PMID: 33872996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are potential sustainable renewable sources of energy but are highly underutilized due to the expensive and time-consuming downstream processing. This study aims at curbing these obstacles by extracting multiple components with a single processing unit. In this work, an ultrasound-assisted liquid triphasic flotation system was incorporated to extract proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates by phase separation. The parameters involved were optimized and the final recovery efficiency of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates was determined. A control run involving conventional three-phase partitioning and a 15-fold scale-up system with the recycling of phase components were also performed. Gas Chromatograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the potential of extracted products as a source of biofuel. This biorefinery approach is crucial in commercializing microalgae for biodiesel and bioethanol generation with a side product of purified proteins as feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurav Krishna Koyande
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Centre for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Sarma S, Sharma S, Rudakiya D, Upadhyay J, Rathod V, Patel A, Narra M. Valorization of microalgae biomass into bioproducts promoting circular bioeconomy: a holistic approach of bioremediation and biorefinery. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:378. [PMID: 34367870 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for alternative source of fuel has demanded the cultivation of 3rd generation feedstock which includes microalgae, seaweed and cyanobacteria. These phototrophic organisms are unique in a sense that they utilise natural sources like sunlight, water and CO2 for their growth and metabolism thereby producing diverse products that can be processed to produce biofuel, biochemical, nutraceuticals, feed, biofertilizer and other value added products. But due to low biomass productivity and high harvesting cost, microalgae-based production have not received much attention. Therefore, this review provides the state of the art of the microalgae based biorefinery approach to define an economical and sustainable process. The three major segments that need to be considered for economic microalgae biorefinery is low cost nutrient source, efficient harvesting methods and production of by-products with high market value. This review has outlined the use of various wastewater as nutrient source for simultaneous biomass production and bioremediation. Further, it has highlighted the common harvesting methods used for microalgae and also described various products from both raw biomass and delipidified microalgae residues in order to establish a sustainable, economical microalgae biorefinery with a touch of circular bioeconomy. This review has also discussed various challenges to be considered followed by a techno-economic analysis of the microalgae based biorefinery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamali Sarma
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Shaishav Sharma
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Darshan Rudakiya
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Jinal Upadhyay
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Vinod Rathod
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Aesha Patel
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Madhuri Narra
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Post Box No. 2, Anand, Gujarat 388120 India
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48
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Venugopal V. Valorization of Seafood Processing Discards: Bioconversion and Bio-Refinery Approaches. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.611835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The seafood industry generates large volumes of waste. These include processing discards consisting of shell, head, bones intestine, fin, skin, voluminous amounts of wastewater discharged as effluents, and low-value under-utilized fish, which are caught as by-catch of commercial fishing operations. The discards, effluents, and by-catch are rich in nutrients including proteins, amino acids, lipids containing good proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), carotenoids, and minerals. The seafood waste is, therefore, responsible for loss of nutrients and serious environmental hazards. It is important that the waste is subjected to secondary processing and valorization to address the problems. Although chemical processes are available for waste treatment, most of these processes have inherent weaknesses. Biological treatments, however, are environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective. Biological treatments are based on bioconversion processes, which help with the recovery of valuable ingredients from by-catch, processing discards, and effluents, without losing their inherent bioactivities. Major bioconversion processes make use of microbial fermentations or actions of exogenously added enzymes on the waste components. Recent developments in algal biotechnology offer novel processes for biotransformation of nutrients as single cell proteins, which can be used as feedstock for the recovery of valuable ingredients and also biofuel. Bioconversion options in conjunction with a bio-refinery approach have potential for eco-friendly and economical management of seafood waste that can support sustainable seafood production.
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49
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Abdullah MA, Hussein HA. Integrated algal and oil palm biorefinery as a model system for bioenergy co-generation with bioproducts and biopharmaceuticals. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:40. [PMID: 38650258 PMCID: PMC10992906 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a greater call for greener and eco-friendly processes and bioproducts to meet the 2030's core agenda on 17 global sustainable development goals. The challenge lies in incorporating systems thinking with a comprehensive worldview as a guiding principle to develop the economy, whilst taking cognisance of the need to safeguard the environment, and to embrace the socio-cultural diversity dimension as an equal component. Any discussion on climate change, destruction of eco-system and habitat for wildlife, poverty and starvation, and the spread of infectious diseases, must be addressed together with the emphasis on the development of cleaner energy, air and water, better management of resources and biodiversity, improved agro-practices for food production and distribution, and affordable health care, as the outcomes and key performance indicators to be evaluated. Strict regulation, monitoring and enforcement to minimize emission, pollution and wastage must also be put in place. CONCLUSION This review article focuses on the research and development efforts to achieve sustainable bioenergy production, environmental remediation, and transformation of agro-materials into value-added bioproducts through the integrated algal and oil palm biorefinery. Recent development in microalgal research with nanotechnology as anti-cancer and antimicrobial agents and for biopharmaceutical applications are discussed. The life-cycle analysis in the context of palm oil mill processes is evaluated. The way forward from this integrated biorefinery concept is to strive for inclusive development strategies, and to address the immediate and pressing problems facing the Planet and the People, whilst still reaping the Profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Production of Microalgal Biomass in Photobioreactors as Feedstock for Bioenergy and Other Uses: A Techno-Economic Study of Harvesting Stage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cultivation of microalgae has become a viable option to mitigate increase in CO2 in the atmosphere generated by industrial activities since they can capture CO2 as a carbon source for growth. Besides, they produce significant amounts of oils, carbohydrates, proteins, and other compounds of economic interest. There are several investigations related to the process, however, there is still no optimal scenario, since may depend on the final use of the biomass. The objective of this work was to develop a techno-economic evaluation of various technologies in harvesting and drying stages. The techno-economic estimation of these technologies provides a variety of production scenarios. Photobioreactors were used considering 1 ha as a cultivation area and a biomass production of 22.66 g/m2/day and a CO2 capture of 148.4 tons/ha/year was estimated. The production scenarios considered in this study have high energy demand and high operating costs (12.09–12.51 kWh/kg and US $210.05–214.59/kg). These results are mainly a consequence of the use of tubular photobioreactors as a biomass culture system. However, the use of photobioreactors in the production of microalgal biomass allows it to be obtained in optimal conditions for its use in the food or pharmaceutical industry.
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