1
|
Hu Y, Feng Y, Yao L, Wu C, Chen M, Zhang H, Li Q. Destabilization mechanisms of Semi-aerobic aged refuse biofilters under harsh treatment conditions: Evidence from fluorescence and microbial characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174436. [PMID: 38964403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Semi-aerobic aged refuse biofilters (SAARB) are commonly-used biotechnologies for treating landfill leachate. In actual operation, SAARB often faces harsh conditions characterized by high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Cl-, as well as a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), which can disrupt the microbial community within SAARB, leading to operational instability. Maintaining the stable operation of SAARB is crucial for the efficient treatment of landfill leachate. However, the destabilization mechanism of SAARB under harsh conditions remains unclear. To address this, the study simulated the operation of SAARB under three harsh conditions, namely, high COD loading (H-COD), high chloride ion (Cl-) concentration environment (H-Cl-), and low C/N ratio environment (L-C/N). The aim is to reveal the destabilization mechanism of SAARB under harsh conditions by analyzing the fluorescence characteristics of effluent DOM and the microbial community in aged refuse. The results indicate that three harsh conditions have different effects on SAARB. H-COD leads to the accumulation of proteins; H-Cl- impedes the reduction of nitrite nitrogen; L-C/N inhibits the degradation of humic substances. These outcomes are attributed to the specific effects of different factors on the microbial communities in different zones of SAARB. H-COD and L-C/N mainly affect the degradation of organic matter in aerobic zone, while H-Cl- primarily impedes the denitrification process in the anaerobic zone. The abnormal enrichment of Corynebacterium, Castellaniella, and Sporosarcina can indicate the instability of SAARB under three harsh conditions, respectively. To maintain the steady operation of SAARB, targeted acclimation of the microbial community in SAARB should be carried out to cope with potentially harsh operating conditions. Besides, timely mitigation of loads should be implemented when instability characteristics emerge, and carbon sources and electron donors should be provided to restore treatment performance effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuansi Hu
- School of Environmental Science an Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- School of Environmental Science an Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Li Yao
- School of Environmental Science an Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Chuanwei Wu
- Three Gorges Group Sichuan Energy Investment Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- School of Environmental Science an Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Environmental Science an Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Qibin Li
- School of Environmental Science an Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li YQ, Zhang CM, Wang Q, Jiao XR. Metagenomic insights into effects of carbon/nitrogen ratio on microbial community and antibiotic resistance in moving bed biofilm reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131007. [PMID: 38901747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio on microbial community in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) using metagenomic analysis, and the dynamic changes of relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were also analyzed. The results showed that under low C/N ratio, MBBR exhibited average removal rates of 98.41 % for ammonia nitrogen and 75.79 % for total nitrogen. Metagenomic analysis showed low C/N ratio altered the structure of biofilm and water microbiota, resulting in the detachment of bacteria such as Actinobacteria from biofilm into water. Furthermore, sulfamethazine (SMZ)-resistant bacteria and related ARGs were released into water under low C/N ratio, which lead to the increase of SMZ resistance rate to 90%. Moreover, most dominant genera are potential hosts for both nitrogen cycle related genes and ARGs. Specifically, Nitrosomonas that carried gene sul2 might be released from biofilm into water. These findings implied the risks of antibiotic resistance dissemination in MBBR under low C/N ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Chong-Miao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xuan-Ru Jiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mishra S, Cheng L, Lian Y. Response of biofilm-based systems for antibiotics removal from wastewater: Resource efficiency and process resiliency. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139878. [PMID: 37604340 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-based systems have efficient stability to cope-up influent shock loading with protective and abundant microbial assemblage, which are extensively exploited for biodegradation of recalcitrant antibiotics from wastewater. The system performance is subject to biofilm types, chemical composition, growth and thickness maintenance. The present study elaborates discussion on different type of biofilms and their formation mechanism involving extracellular polymeric substances secreted by microbes when exposed to antibiotics-laden wastewater. The biofilm models applied for estimation/prediction of biofilm-based systems performance are explored to classify the application feasibility. Further, the critical review of antibiotics removal efficiency, design and operation of different biofilm-based systems (e.g. rotating biological contactor, membrane biofilm bioreactor etc.) is performed. Extending the information on effect of various process parameters (e.g. hydraulic retention time, pH, biocarrier filling ratio etc.), the microbial community dynamics responsible of antibiotics biodegradation in biofilms, the technological problems, related prospective and key future research directions are demonstrated. The biofilm-based system with biocarriers filling ratio of ∼50-70% and predominantly enriched with bacterial species of phylum Proteobacteria protected under biofilm thickness of ∼1600 μm is effectively utilized for antibiotic biodegradation (>90%) when operated at DO concentration ≥3 mg/L. The C/N ratio ≥1 is best suitable condition to eliminate antibiotic pollution from biofilm-based systems. Considering the significance of biofilm-based systems, this review study could be beneficial for the researchers targeting to develop sustainable biofilm-based technologies with feasible regulatory strategies for treatment of mixed antibiotics-laden real wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Water Science and Technology, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liu Cheng
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210098, China
| | - Yanqing Lian
- Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nkoh JN, Oderinde O, Etafo NO, Kifle GA, Okeke ES, Ejeromedoghene O, Mgbechidinma CL, Oke EA, Raheem SA, Bakare OC, Ogunlaja OO, Sindiku O, Oladeji OS. Recent perspective of antibiotics remediation: A review of the principles, mechanisms, and chemistry controlling remediation from aqueous media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163469. [PMID: 37061067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic pollution is an ever-growing concern that affects the growth of plants and the well-being of animals and humans. Research on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media has grown over the years and previous reviews have highlighted recent advances in antibiotics remediation technologies, perspectives on antibiotics ecotoxicity, and the development of antibiotic-resistant genes. Nevertheless, the relationship between antibiotics solution chemistry, remediation technology, and the interactions between antibiotics and adsorbents at the molecular level is still elusive. Thus, this review summarizes recent literature on antibiotics remediation from aqueous media and the adsorption perspective. The review discusses the principles, mechanisms, and solution chemistry of antibiotics and how they affect remediation and the type of adsorbents used for antibiotic adsorption processes. The literature analysis revealed that: (i) Although antibiotics extraction and detection techniques have evolved from single-substrate-oriented to multi-substrates-oriented detection technologies, antibiotics pollution remains a great danger to the environment due to its trace level; (ii) Some of the most effective antibiotic remediation technologies are still at the laboratory scale. Thus, upscaling these technologies to field level will require funding, which brings in more constraints and doubts patterning to whether the technology will achieve the same performance as in the laboratory; and (iii) Adsorption technologies remain the most affordable for antibiotic remediation. However, the recent trends show more focus on developing high-end adsorbents which are expensive and sometimes less efficient compared to existing adsorbents. Thus, more research needs to focus on developing cheaper and less complex adsorbents from readily available raw materials. This review will be beneficial to stakeholders, researchers, and public health professionals for the efficient management of antibiotics for a refined decision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Nkoh Nkoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China; Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Olayinka Oderinde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Nelson Oshogwue Etafo
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Ing. J. Cárdenas Valdez S/N Republica, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Ghebretensae Aron Kifle
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Mai Nefhi College of Science, National Higher Education and Research Institute, Asmara 12676, Eritrea
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science & Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Onome Ejeromedoghene
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, PR China
| | - Chiamaka Linda Mgbechidinma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Development Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State 200243, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel A Oke
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat 395007, India
| | - Saheed Abiola Raheem
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Omonike Christianah Bakare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa O Ogunlaja
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Omotayo Sindiku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Sunday Oladeji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li C, Du X, Huang C, Zhang Z. Effects of High Pharmaceutical Concentrations in Domestic Wastewater on Membrane Bioreactor Treatment Systems: Performance and Microbial Community. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:650. [PMID: 37505016 PMCID: PMC10383461 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite pharmaceuticals being widely detected in water-bodies worldwide, what remain unclear are the effects of high pharmaceutical concentrations on the treatment efficiency of biological wastewater treatment processes, such as membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems. This study investigated the efficiency of MBR technology in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing a mixture of five typical pharmaceuticals (ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethylthiadiazole, carbamazepine and naproxen) with a total concentration of 500 µg/L. Both the control MBR (MBRc) without pharmaceutical dosing and the MBR operated with high influent pharmaceutical concentrations (MBRe) were operated under room temperature with the same hydraulic retention time of 11 h and the same sludge retention time of 30 d. The removal efficiency rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 83.2% vs. 90.1% and 72.6% vs. 57.8% in the MBRc vs. MBRe systems, and both MBRs achieved >98% removal of organics for a 180-day period. The floc size decreased, and membrane fouling became more severe in the MBRe system. Microbial diversity increased in the MBRe system and the relative abundances of functional microbe differed between the two MBRs. Furthermore, the total relative abundances of genes involved in glycolysis, assimilating nitrate reduction and nitrification processes increased in the MBRe system, which could account for the higher organics and nitrogen removal performance. This work provides insights for MBR operation in wastewater treatment with high pharmaceutical concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Li
- Membrane & Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Du
- Membrane & Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuyi Huang
- Membrane & Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Membrane & Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Centre for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh A, Chaurasia D, Khan N, Singh E, Chaturvedi Bhargava P. Efficient mitigation of emerging antibiotics residues from water matrix: Integrated approaches and sustainable technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121552. [PMID: 37075921 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of antibiotic traces in the aquatic matrices is a concern due to the emanation of antibiotic resistance which requires a multifaceted approach. One of the potential sources is the wastewater treatment plants with a lack of advance infrastructure leading to the dissemination of contaminants. Continuous advancements in economic globalization have facilitated the application of several conventional, advanced, and hybrid techniques for the mitigation of rising antibiotic traces in the aquatic matrices that have been thoroughly scrutinized in the current paper. Although the implementation of existing mitigation techniques is associated with several limiting factors and barriers which require further research to enhance their removal efficiency. The review further summarizes the application of the microbial processes to combat antibiotic persistence in wastewater establishing a sustainable approach. However, hybrid technologies are considered as most efficient and environmental-benign due to their higher removal efficacy, energy-efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. A brief elucidation has been provided for the mechanism responsible for lowering antibiotic concentration in wastewater through biodegradation and biotransformation. Overall, the current review presents a comprehensive approach for antibiotic mitigation using existing methods however, policies and measures should be implemented for continuous monitoring and surveillance of antibiotic persistence in aquatic matrices to reduce their potential risk to humans and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepshi Chaurasia
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nawaz Khan
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ekta Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi Bhargava
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
James SN, Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Investigating the biodegradability of iodinated X-ray contrast media in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131196. [PMID: 36940530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the biodegradation of three iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), namely, iopamidol, iohexol, and iopromide, in simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) system maintained in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results showed that variable aeration patterns (anoxic-aerobic-anoxic) and micro-aerobic condition were most effective in the biotransformation of ICM while achieving organic carbon and nitrogen removal. The highest removal efficiencies of iopamidol, iohexol, and iopromide were 48.24%, 47.75%, and 57.46%, respectively, in micro-aerobic condition. Iopamidol was highly resistant to biodegradation and possessed the lowest Kbio value, followed by iohexol and iopromide, regardless of operating conditions. The removal of iopamidol and iopromide was affected by the inhibition of nitrifiers. The transformation products after hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and deiodination of ICM were detected in the treated effluent. Due to the addition of ICM, the abundance of denitrifier genera Rhodobacter and Unclassified Comamonadaceae increased, and the abundance of class TM7-3 decreased. The presence of ICM affected the microbial dynamics, and the diversity of microbes in SND resulted in improving the biodegradability of the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan N James
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Fate and removal of iodinated X-ray contrast media in membrane bioreactor: Microbial dynamics and effects of different operational parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161827. [PMID: 36708825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are mainly used in medical sector, and their presence in environmental waters is a cause of concern as they are capable of forming highly toxic iodinated disinfection byproducts. In the present study, the removal mechanisms of the three ICM- iohexol, iopromide, and iopamidol were elucidated in a lab-scale aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR). At steady-state operation (solids retention time (SRT)- 70 days, organic loading rate (OLR)- 0.80 KgCOD/m3-day, nitrogen loading rate (NLR)- 0.08 KgNH4-N/m3-day, hydraulic retention time (HRT)- 12 h), the average removal of iohexol and iopromide was found to be 34.9 and 45.2 %, respectively, whereas iopamidol proved to be highly recalcitrant in aerobic conditions of the MBR (removal <10 % in all phases of the MBR operation). Further, through batch kinetic studies and mass balance analysis, it was observed that ICM were primarily biotransformed in the MBR system and biosorption (Kd < 10 L/Kg) was negligible. The biodegradation rate coefficient values (Kbiol) of the ICM were found to be <0.65 L/g-d which indicate that biotransformation rate of ICM was slow. Increased OLR (1.60 KgCOD/m3-day) and reduced SRT (20 days) were found to negatively affect the removal of the ICM. Further, the removal of ICM was found to depend on its initial concentration, and the increment in the ammonium loading (0.16 KgNH4-N/m3-day) did not favor its removal. The dosing of ICM altered the microbial dynamics of the mixed liquor and reduced the microbial diversity and richness. Bdellovibrio, Zoogloea, and bacteria belonging to TM7-3 class, Cryomorphaceae and Hyphomonadaceae families may contribute in ICM biotransformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saidulu D, Srivastava A, Gupta AK. Elucidating the performance of integrated anoxic/oxic moving bed biofilm reactor: Assessment of organics and nutrients removal and optimization using feed forward back propagation neural network. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 371:128641. [PMID: 36681347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A lab-scale integrated anoxic and oxic (A/O) moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was investigated for the removal of organics and nutrients by varying chemical oxygen demand (COD) to NH4-N ratio (C/N ratio: 3.5, 6.75, and 10), hydraulic retention time (HRT: 6 h, 15 h, and 24 h), and recirculation ratio (R: 1, 2, and 3). The use of activated carbon coated carriers prepared from waste polyethylene material and polyurethane sponges attached to a cylindrical frame in the integrated A/O MBBR increased the attached growth biomass significantly. >95 % of COD removal was observed under the C/N ratio of 10 at an HRT of 24 h. While the low C/N ratio favored the removal of NH4-N (∼98 %) and PO43--P (∼90 %) with an optimal R of 1.75. Using the experimental dataset, to predict and forecast the performance of integrated A/O MBBR, a feed-forward-backpropagation-neural-network model was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duduku Saidulu
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Analysis of the Comparative Growth Kinetics of Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens YL1 in the Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Based on Substituent Structures and Substrate Toxicity. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The high consumption and emission of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) have a considerable threat to humans and ecosystems, so there is a need to develop safer and more effective methods than conventional strategies for the optimal removal of these compounds. In this study, four SAs with different substituents, sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were removed by a pure culture of Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens YL1. The effect of the initial SAs concentration on the growth rate of strain YL1 was investigated. The results showed that the strain YL1 effectively removed various SAs in the concentration range of 0.05–2.4 mmol·L−1. The Haldane model was used to perform simulations of the experimental data, and the regression coefficient of the model indicated that the model had a good predictive ability. During SAs degradation, the maximum specific growth rate of strain YL1 was ranked as SMX > SDZ > SMR > SMZ with constants of 0.311, 0.304, 0.302, and 0.285 h−1, respectively. In addition, the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) with a five-membered substituent was the fastest, while the six-membered substituent of SMZ was the slowest based on the parameters of the kinetic equation. Also, density functional theory (DFT) calculations such as frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and molecular electrostatic potential map analysis were performed. It was evidenced that different substituents in SAs can affect the molecular orbital distribution and their stability, which led to the differences in the growth rate of strain YL1 and the degradation rate of SAs. Furthermore, the toxicity of P. ureafaciens is one of the crucial factors affecting the biodegradation rate: the more toxic the substrate and the degradation product are, the slower the microorganism grows. This study provides a theoretical basis for effective bioremediation using microorganisms in SAs-contaminated environments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng Y, Wang H, Deng Z, Wang J, Liu Z, Chen Y, Ma Y, Li B, Yang L, Zhang Z, Wu L. Efficient removal of Imidacloprid and nutrients by algae-bacteria biofilm reactor (ABBR) in municipal wastewater: Performance, mechanisms and the importance of illumination. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135418. [PMID: 35750233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids, such as Imidacloprid (IMI), are frequently detected in water and wastewater, posing a threat on both the environment and the health of living things. In this work, a novel algae-bacteria biofilm reactor (ABBR) was constructed to remove IMI and conventional nutrients from municipal wastewater, aiming to explore the removal effect and advantage of ABBR. Results showed that ABBR achieved 74.9% removal of IMI under 80 μmol m-2·s-1 light, higher than photobioreactor (PBR) without biofilm (61.2%) or ABBR under 40 μmol m-2·s-1 light (48.4%) after 16 days of operation. Moreover, it also showed that ABBR allowed a marked improvement on the removal of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD). ABBR showed different IMI removal efficiencies and bacterial communities under different light conditions, indicating that light played an important role in driving ABBR. The merits of ABBR are including (i) ABBR showed rapid pollutant removal in a short time, (ii) in ABBR, stable consortiums were formed and chlorophyll content in effluent was very low, (iii) compared with PBR, degradation products in ABBR showed lower biological toxicity. Our study highlights the benefits of ABBR on IMI removing from municipal wastewater and provides an effective and environment-friendly engineering application potential of IMI removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhikang Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Jiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yongfei Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Bolin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Lie Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, ABI5 8QH, UK
| | - Li Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Raj Deena S, Kumar G, Vickram AS, Rani Singhania R, Dong CD, Rohini K, Anbarasu K, Thanigaivel S, Ponnusamy VK. Efficiency of various biofilm carriers and microbial interactions with substrate in moving bed-biofilm reactor for environmental wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127421. [PMID: 35690237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a moving bed-biofilm reactor (MBBR), the fluidization efficiency, immobilization of microbial cells, and treatment efficiency are directly influenced by the shape and pores of biofilm carriers. Moreover, the efficacy of bioremediation mainly depends on their interaction interface with microbes and substrate. This review aims to comprehend the role of different carrier properties such as material shapes, pores, and surface area on bioremediation productivity. A porous biofilm carrier with surface ridges containing spherical pores sizes > 1 mm can be ideal for maximum efficacy. It provides diverse environments for cell cultures, develops uneven biofilms, and retains various cell sizes and biomass. Moreover, the thickness of biofilm and controlled scaling shows a significant impact on MBBR performance. Therefore, the effect of these parameters in MBBR is discussed detailed in this review, through which existing literature and technical strategies that focus on the surface area as the primary factor can be critically assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santhana Raj Deena
- Departemnt of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - A S Vickram
- Departemnt of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha University, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Karunakaran Rohini
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Excellence in Biomaterials Engineering (CoEBE), AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - K Anbarasu
- Departemnt of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - S Thanigaivel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- PhD Program of Aquatic Science and Technology & Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Hydrosphere Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology (NKUST), Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Deparment of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng L, Li W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Tai Y, Zhang X, Dai Y, Tao R, Yang Y. Bibliometric analysis of microbial sulfonamide degradation: Development, hotspots and trend directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133598. [PMID: 35033513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial sulfonamide degradation (MSD) is an efficient and safe treatment in both natural and engineered ecosystems. In order to systematically understand the research status and frontier trends of MSD, this study employed CiteSpace to conduct a bibliometric analysis of data from the Web of Science (WoS) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) published from 2000 to 2021. During this time, China, Germany, Spain, the United States and Australia played leading roles by producing numerous high impact publications, while the Chinese Academy of Sciences was the leading research institution in this interdisciplinary research category. The Chemosphere was the top journal in terms of the number of citations. MSD research has gradually progressed from basic laboratory-based experiments to more complex environmental microbial communities and finally to deeper research on molecular mechanisms and engineering applications. Although multi-omics and synthetic community are the key techniques in the frontier research, they are also the current challenges in this field. A summary of published articles shows that Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Burkholderiales and Alcaligenaceae are the most frequently observed MSD phylum, class, order and family, respectively, while Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Achromobacter are the top three MSD genera. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the development and current challenges of MSD research, put forward future perspective, and form a relatively complete list of sulfonamide-degrading microorganisms for reference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zeng
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wanxuan Li
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yiping Tai
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yunv Dai
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Effects of pharmaceuticals on membrane bioreactor: Review on membrane fouling mechanisms and fouling control strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152132. [PMID: 34863739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have become contaminants of emerging concern due to their toxicity towards aquatic life and pseudo persistent nature in the environment. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is one such technology that has the potential to act as a barrier against the release of pharmaceuticals into the environment. Fouling is the deposition of the constituents of the mixed liquor on the membrane surface and it limit the world-wide applicability of MBRs. To remove foulant layer, aggressive chemicals and extra cost consideration in terms of energy are required. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) are recognized as principal foulants. Presence of pharmaceuticals has been found to increase the fouling in MBRs. Fouling aggravates in proportion to the concentration of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals exert chemical stress in microbes, hence forcing them to secrete more EPS/SMP. Pharmaceuticals alter the composition of the foulants and affect microbial metabolism, thereby inflicting direct/indirect effects on fouling. Pharmaceuticals have been found to increase or decrease the size of sludge flocs, however the exact mechanism that govern the floc size change is yet to be understood. Different techniques such as coupling advanced oxidation processes with MBR, adding activated carbon, bioaugmenting MBR with quorum quenching strains have shown to reduce fouling in MBRs treating pharmaceutical wastewater. These fouling mitigation techniques work on reducing the EPS/SMP concentration, thereby alleviating fouling. The present review provides a comprehensive understanding of the effects induced by pharmaceuticals in the activated sludge characteristics and identifying the fouling mechanism. Furthermore, significant knowledge gaps and recent advances in fouling mitigation strategies are discussed. This review has also made an effort to highlight the positive aspect of the foulant layer in retaining pharmaceuticals and antibiotic resistance genes, thereby suggesting a possible delicate trade-off between the flux decline and enhanced removal of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang T, Jiang L, Cheng L, Zheng X, Bi X, Wang X, Zhou X. Characteristics of size-segregated aerosols emitted from an aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125833. [PMID: 34492791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been associated with health reverberation but studies about characteristics of size-segregated aerosol particulate matter (PM) are scarce. In this study, the measurement of particulate number size distribution in the range of < 10 µm, and the collection of PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1.0 and PM1.0, were conducted from an aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) at a full-scale WWTP. MBBR aerosols showed a unimodal number size distribution, with the majority of particles (>94%) in the ultrafine size range (<100 nm). For toxic metal(loid)s or potential pathogens, significant differences were found within MBBR aerosols (PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1.0, and PM1.0), and also between MBBR aerosols and wastewater. Both wastewater and ambient air had important source contributions for MBBR aerosols. The compositions of toxic metal(loid)s in PM1.0, and the populations of potential bacterial or fungal pathogens in PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-1.0, were dominated by that from wastewater. Compared to PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-1.0, PM1.0 had the highest aerosolization potential for the toxic metal(loid)s of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Li, Mn, Ni, U, and Zn, and the genera of Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Fusarium. Due to the size-segregated specialty, targeted measures should be employed to reduce the health risks. CAPSULE: The compositions of toxic metal(loid)s in PM1.0, and the populations of potential pathogens in PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-1.0, were dominated by that from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tang Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
| | - Lu Jiang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Lihua Cheng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
| | - Xiang Zheng
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China.
| | - Xuejun Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|