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Kim JH, Kim M, Park G, Kim E, Song H, Jung S, Park YK, Tsang YF, Lee J, Kwon EE. Chemicals and fuels from lipid-containing biomass: A comprehensive exploration. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108418. [PMID: 39067778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In response to address the climate crisis, there has been a growing focus on substituting conventional refinery-derived products with those derived from biorefineries. The utilization of lipids as primary materials or intermediates for the synthesis of chemicals and fuels, which are integral to the existing chemical and petrochemical industries, is a key step in this transition. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the production of sustainable chemicals (acids and alcohols), biopolymers, and fuels (including gasoline, kerosene, biodiesel, and heavy fuel oil) from lipids derived from terrestrial and algal biomass. The production of chemicals from lipids involves diverse methods, including polymerization, epoxidation, and separation/purification. Additionally, the transformation of lipids into biofuels can be achieved through processes such as catalytic cracking, hydroprocessing, and transesterification. This review also suggests future research directions that further advance the lipid valorization processes, including enhancement of catalyst durability at harsh conditions, development of deoxygenation process with low H2 consumption, investigation of precise separation of target compounds, increase in lipid accumulation in algal biomass, and development of methods that utilize residues and byproducts generated during lipid extraction and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hun Kim
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongnam Park
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Song
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City & School of Civil, Architectural Engineering, and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Ganesha T, Prakash S, Sheela Rani S, Ajith B, Manjunath Patel G, Samuel OD. Biodiesel yield optimization from ternary (animal fat-cotton seed and rice bran) oils using response surface methodology and grey wolf optimizer. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2023; 206:117569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
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Kipkoech R, Takase M. Production of Biodiesel from Nonedible Parkia biglobosa Oil under Acidic Condition. ScientificWorldJournal 2023; 2023:3892348. [PMID: 38058746 PMCID: PMC10696471 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3892348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, biodiesel was produced from Parkia biglobosa oil via optimization of transesterification reaction conditions, (methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time) under sulphuric acid catalyst (H2SO4). The oil was first extracted from Parkia biglobosa seeds using the Soxhlet extraction method. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were analysed and then compared to international standards. Subsequently, the oil was then used to produce biodiesel at optimized transesterification reaction conditions. The free fatty acid (FFA) content of the oil was 1.61% w/w, while the saponification value (mgKOH/g) was 191.65. The maximum yield (percentage weight) of the biodiesel produced was 93.4% at the maximum transesterification conditions of methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6 : 1, sulphuric acid catalyst amount of 3 wt%, reaction temperature of 65°C, and reaction time of 1.5 h. The biodiesel produced was within the limits of international standards as per the specification by ASTM D6751 (American standard), EN 14241 (European standard), and Ghana Standard Authority. It was therefore recommended that biodiesel from Parkia biglobosa seed oil under acidic catalytic condition is a potential new substitute for petroleum diesel for commercialization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogers Kipkoech
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mohammed Takase
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Vickram S, Manikandan S, Deena SR, Mundike J, Subbaiya R, Karmegam N, Jones S, Kumar Yadav K, Chang SW, Ravindran B, Kumar Awasthi M. Advanced biofuel production, policy and technological implementation of nano-additives for sustainable environmental management - A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129660. [PMID: 37573978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This review article critically evaluates the significance of adopting advanced biofuel production techniques that employ lignocellulosic materials, waste biomass, and cutting-edge technology, to achieve sustainable environmental stewardship. Through the analysis of conducted research and development initiatives, the study highlights the potential of these techniques in addressing the challenges of feedstock supply and environmental impact and implementation policies that have historically plagued the conventional biofuel industry. The integration of state-of-the-art technologies, such as nanotechnology, pre-treatments and enzymatic processes, has shown considerable promise in enhancing the productivity, quality, and environmental performance of biofuel production. These developments have improved conversion methods, feedstock efficiency, and reduced environmental impacts. They aid in creating a greener and sustainable future by encouraging the adoption of sustainable feedstocks, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and accelerating the shift to cleaner energy sources. To realize the full potential of these techniques, continued collaboration between academia, industry representatives, and policymakers remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaram Vickram
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S R Deena
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105. Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jhonnah Mundike
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Mines & Mineral Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside Jambo Drive, PO Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - R Subbaiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, Riverside, Jambo Drive, P O Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - N Karmegam
- PG and Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem 636007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumathi Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea; Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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Alsaiari M, Dawood S, Ahmad M, Alsaiari RA, Rizk MA, Asif S. Methyl esters synthesis from Luffa cylindrica seeds oil using green copper oxide nanoparticle catalyst in membrane reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139349. [PMID: 37385480 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the potential role of Juglans sp. root extract-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles of Luffa cylindrica seed oil (LCSO) into methyl esters. The synthesized green nanoparticle was characterized by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopies to find out the crystalline size (40 nm), surface morphology (rod shape), particle size (80-85 nm), and chemical composition (Cu = 80.25% & O = 19.75%), accordingly. The optimized protocol for the transesterification reaction was adjusted as oil to methanol molar ratio (1:7), copper oxide nano-catalyst concentration (0.2 wt %), and temperature (90 °C) corresponding to the maximum methyl esters yield of 95%. The synthesized methyl esters were characterized by GC-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR studies to know and identify the chemical composition of newly synthesized Lufa biodiesel. The fuel properties of Luffa cylindrica seed oil biofuel were checked and compared with the American Biodiesel standards (ASTM) (D6751-10). Finally, it is commendable to use biodiesel made from wild, uncultivated, and non-edible Lufa cylindrica to promote and adopt a cleaner and sustainable energy method. The acceptance and implementation of the green energy method may result in favourable environmental effects, which in turn may lead to better societal and economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabkhoot Alsaiari
- Science and Engineering Research Center, Empty Quarter Research Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Art at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumreen Dawood
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Biofuel & Biodiversity Lab., Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Raiedhah A Alsaiari
- Science and Engineering Research Center, Empty Quarter Research Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Art at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustafa A Rizk
- Science and Engineering Research Center, Empty Quarter Research Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Art at Sharurah, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Saira Asif
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, 46300, Pakistan.
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Nabila, Ahmad M, Althobaiti AT, Ali W, Masood K, Ramadan MF, Chaudhary B, Zafar M, Akhtar MS, Sultana S, Zahmatkesh S, Mehmood T, Azam M, Asif S. Membrane-processed honey samples for pollen characterization with health benefits. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137994. [PMID: 36720415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Better processing techniques must be utilized widely due to the rising demand for honey. The most common honey processing techniques are applied to melissopalynomorphs to check the quality and quantity of valuable honey using microporous ultrafiltration membranes. It is essential to have the ability to selectively filter out sugars from honey using ultrafiltration. This study authenticated 24 honey samples using membrane reactors ultrafiltration protocol to describe the pollen spectrum of dominant vegetation. The purpose of this study was also to explore nutritional benefits as well as the active phytochemical constituents of honey samples. Honey samples were collected and labeled Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Ziziphus species based on plant resources provided by local beekeepers. A variety of honeybee flora was collected around the apiaries between 2020 and 2021. Honey analysis revealed that the pollen extraction of 24 bee foraging species belonging to 14 families. The honey membrane technology verified the identities of honey and nectar sources. Also, pollen identified using honey ultrafiltration membranes revealed dominant resources: Acacia spp. (69%), Eucalyptus spp. (52%) and Ziziphus spp. Honey filtration using a membrane technology classified 14 samples as unifloral, represented by six dominant pollen types. The absolute pollen count in the honey sample revealed that 58.33% (n = 14) belong to Maurizio's class I. Scanning ultrasculpturing showed diverse exine patterns: reticulate, psilate, scabrate-verrucate, scabrate-gemmate, granulate, perforate, microechinate, microreticulate, and regulate to fossulate for correct identification of honey pollen types. Honey ultrafiltration should be utilized to validate the botanical sources of honey and trace their biogeographic authenticity. Thus, it is imperative to look at the alternative useful method to identify the botanical origin of filtered honey. It is critical to separate honey from adulteration by a standardized protocol. Membrane technology has yielded significant outcomes in the purification of honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ashwaq T Althobaiti
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wahid Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology (CAIT), Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khansa Masood
- School of Professional Advancement, University of Management and Technology, 54770 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bisha Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mudassar Azam
- Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54800, Pakistan
| | - Saira Asif
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, 46300, Pakistan.
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Hasanudin H, Asri WR, Putri FR, Riyanti F, Fanani Z, Rachmat A, Novia N, Agustina TE. Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Diesel Blends Produced from Free Fatty Acid in Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.47836/pjst.31.2.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This research, biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO), was conducted using a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst from molasses. The biodiesel product would be blended with diesel fuel with various volume variations to see its fuel properties. The catalyst was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and acidity analysis using the titration method. The effect of the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon was also evaluated. The process of esterification reaction was optimized using the response surface methodology with a central composite design (RSM-CCD). The study showed that the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 generated the highest acidity of 9.79 mmol/g with a prominent enhanced surface area and was further employed to optimize the esterification reaction. The optimum condition was obtained at a reaction temperature of 78.12°C, catalyst weight of 2.98 g, and reaction time of 118.27 with an FFA conversion of 74.101%. The optimum condition for the mixture of FAME and diesel fuel was achieved at the composition of the B20 blend, which met the FAME standard. The reusability study revealed that the catalyst had adequate stability at three consecutive runs, with a reduced performance was 18.60%. The reduction of FFA conversion was due to the leaching of the catalyst’s active site. This study disclosed that the FAME generated from the esterification of FFA on WCO-catalyzed montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon had a promising option as biodiesel blends for increasing the quality of commercial diesel.
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Daimary N, Eldiehy KSH, Bora N, Boruah P, Rather MA, Mandal M, Bora U, Deka D. Towards integrated sustainable biofuel and chemical production: An application of banana pseudostem ash in the production of biodiesel and recovery of lignin from bamboo leaves. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137625. [PMID: 36572360 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated an integrated approach to the biowaste transformation and valorization of byproducts. Biochar obtained from the banana pseudostem was calcined to synthesize a heterogeneous catalyst and sustainably prepare a highly alkaline solution. The ash was utilized directly as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. At the same time, an alkaline solution prepared from the ash was used for delignification and recovery of lignin from bamboo leaves by the hydrothermal reaction. Techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were applied to characterized the catalyst. The alkaline solution was analyzed with Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The Response surface methodology (RSM) technique was considered for the optimization of different parameters in the transesterification and hydrothermal reaction. Under the optimized condition, waste cooking oil (WCO) to Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion was 97.56 ± 0.11%, and lignin recovery was 43.20 ± 0.45%. While at the best operating pyrolysis temperature, the liquid fraction yield from the banana pseudostem (500 °C) was 38.10 ± 0.31 wt%. This integrated study approach encourages the inexpensive, sustainable, and environment-friendly pathway for synthesizing catalysts and preparing a highly alkaline solution for the valorization of biowaste into biofuel and biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Daimary
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India.
| | - Khalifa S H Eldiehy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut Branch, Egypt; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Neelam Bora
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj Boruah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Muzamil Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Manabendra Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Utpal Bora
- Department of Chemical Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Dhanapati Deka
- Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Napaam, 784028, Assam, India
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Li F, Li Y, Novoselov KS, Liang F, Meng J, Ho SH, Zhao T, Zhou H, Ahmad A, Zhu Y, Hu L, Ji D, Jia L, Liu R, Ramakrishna S, Zhang X. Bioresource Upgrade for Sustainable Energy, Environment, and Biomedicine. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:35. [PMID: 36629933 PMCID: PMC9833044 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We conceptualize bioresource upgrade for sustainable energy, environment, and biomedicine with a focus on circular economy, sustainability, and carbon neutrality using high availability and low utilization biomass (HALUB). We acme energy-efficient technologies for sustainable energy and material recovery and applications. The technologies of thermochemical conversion (TC), biochemical conversion (BC), electrochemical conversion (EC), and photochemical conversion (PTC) are summarized for HALUB. Microalgal biomass could contribute to a biofuel HHV of 35.72 MJ Kg-1 and total benefit of 749 $/ton biomass via TC. Specific surface area of biochar reached 3000 m2 g-1 via pyrolytic carbonization of waste bean dregs. Lignocellulosic biomass can be effectively converted into bio-stimulants and biofertilizers via BC with a high conversion efficiency of more than 90%. Besides, lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to a current density of 672 mA m-2 via EC. Bioresource can be 100% selectively synthesized via electrocatalysis through EC and PTC. Machine learning, techno-economic analysis, and life cycle analysis are essential to various upgrading approaches of HALUB. Sustainable biomaterials, sustainable living materials and technologies for biomedical and multifunctional applications like nano-catalysis, microfluidic and micro/nanomotors beyond are also highlighted. New techniques and systems for the complete conversion and utilization of HALUB for new energy and materials are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Li
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Li
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - K S Novoselov
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jiashen Meng
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, 14014, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Yinlong Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Liangxing Hu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Litao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Hassanzadeh-Afruzi F, Amiri-Khamakani Z, Saeidirad M, Salehi MM, Taheri-Ledari R, Maleki A. Facile synthesis of pyrazolopyridine pharmaceuticals under mild conditions using an algin-functionalized silica-based magnetic nanocatalyst (Alg@SBA-15/Fe 3O 4) †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:10367-10378. [PMID: 37020883 PMCID: PMC10068431 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolopyridines are common scaffolds in various bioactive compounds, which have several therapeutic effects and unique pharmacological properties. In this study, we fabricated a novel environmentally friendly silica-based nanocomposite as a multifunctional catalytic system for the synthesis of pyrazolopyridine derivatives. This novel heterogeneous nanocomposite named Alg@SBA-15/Fe3O4 (Alg stands for alginic acid), was prepared in several steps. In this regard, SBA-15 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Next, it was magnetized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles via an in situ co-precipitation process. Then, SBA-15/Fe3O4 particles were functionalized with 3-minopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Afterward, Alg@SBA-15/Fe3O4 was obtained by a nucleophilic substitution reaction between SBA-15/Fe3O4–NH2 and an as-synthesized methyl-esterified alginic. Different analyses such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning-electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) have been used to confirm the structure of the fabricated catalyst. The magnetic properties of the Alg@SBA-15/Fe3O4 catalytic system imparted by Fe3O4 MNPs enable it to be conveniently isolated from the reaction mixture by using an external magnet. According to the obtained results, the prepared nanocatalyst has high thermal stability and it lost approximately 26% of its weight up to 800 °C. Interestingly, a small amount of prepared nanocatalyst (0.02 g) has shown excellent catalytic performance in the synthesis of pyrazolopyridine derivatives (90–97%) in a short reaction time (20–30 min) at room temperature which can be attributed to its porous structure and large surface area, and the presence of many acidic and basic functional groups. In general, it can be argued that the Alg@SBA-15/Fe3O4 nanocomposite deserves more attention due to its non-toxicity, ease of preparation, good recyclability, and its high catalytic efficiency. Pyrazolopyridines are common scaffolds in various bioactive compounds, which have several therapeutic effects and unique pharmacological properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Hassanzadeh-Afruzi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and TechnologyTehran 16846-13114Iran+98-21-73021584+98-21-73228313
| | - Zeinab Amiri-Khamakani
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and TechnologyTehran 16846-13114Iran+98-21-73021584+98-21-73228313
| | - Mahdi Saeidirad
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and TechnologyTehran 16846-13114Iran+98-21-73021584+98-21-73228313
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Salehi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and TechnologyTehran 16846-13114Iran+98-21-73021584+98-21-73228313
| | - Reza Taheri-Ledari
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and TechnologyTehran 16846-13114Iran+98-21-73021584+98-21-73228313
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and TechnologyTehran 16846-13114Iran+98-21-73021584+98-21-73228313
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11
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Ajeng AA, Rosli NSM, Abdullah R, Yaacob JS, Qi NC, Loke SP. Resource recovery from hydroponic wastewaters using microalgae-based biorefineries: A circular bioeconomy perspective. J Biotechnol 2022; 360:11-22. [PMID: 36272573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As the world's population grows, it is necessary to rethink how countries throughout the world produce food in order to replace the conventional and unsustainable agricultural techniques. Microalgae cultivation using a nutrient-rich solution from hydroponic systems not only presents a novel approach to solving problems pertaining to the impact of the discharges on the natural environment but also provides a plethora of other biotechnological applications particularly in the productions of high value-added products and plants growth stimulants, which can be potentially assimilated into the circular bioeconomy (CBE) in the hydroponic sector. In this review, the potential and practicability of microalgae to be merged into hydroponics CBE are reviewed. Overall, the integration of microalgal biorefineries in hydroponics systems can be realized after considering their Technology Readiness Level and System Readiness Level beforehand. Several suggestions on strains and hydroponics system improvement using existing biotechnological tools, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nanobiotechnology in support of the CBE will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaronn Avit Ajeng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Sharina Mohd Rosli
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rosazlin Abdullah
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jamilah Syafawati Yaacob
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ng Cai Qi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Show Pau Loke
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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12
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Ullah N, Ali Z, Ullah S, Khan AS, Adalat B, Nasrullah A, Alsaadi M, Ahmad Z. Synthesis of activated carbon-surfactant modified montmorillonite clay-alginate composite membrane for methylene blue adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136623. [PMID: 36183883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this research work, a novel composite membrane was synthesized from activated carbon (AC) derived from sesban, sodium benzyl dodycyel sulphate (SBDS) treated montmorillonite (MMT) clay and alginate (alg) for the adsorption of methylene-blue (MB) dye. The AC-MMT-alg composite membranes were characterized using analytical characterizations such as FTIR, SEM, EDX and TGA analysis. Several important factors like initial solution pH, contact time, membrane dose, MB concentrations and temperature effect on the adsorption efficiency of membrane were investigated. MB dye adsorption on the synthesized membrane was explained well by pseudo second order equation. Isotherm study showed that MB adsorption data followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption capacity of membrane for MB was 1429 mg/g from aqueous solution. Thermodynamic study confirmed endothermic and spontaneous MB adsorption on the adsorbent. The mechanistic path way indicated that electrostatic forces were involved in this adsorption process. The synthesized membrane proved an efficient adsorbent for MB adsorption from aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zarshad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Saadat Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Amir Sada Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Bannu-28100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Bushra Adalat
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Asma Nasrullah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Bannu-28100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Alsaadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Haq F, Farid A, Ullah N, Kiran M, Khan RU, Aziz T, Mehmood S, Haroon M, Mubashir M, Bokhari A, Chuah LF, Show PL. A study on the uptake of methylene blue by biodegradable and eco-friendly carboxylated starch grafted polyvinyl pyrrolidone. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114241. [PMID: 36100100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study is based on the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution by cost effective and biodegradable adsorbent carboxymethyl starch grafted polyvinyl pyrolidone (Car-St-g-PVP). The Car-St-g-PVP was synthesized by grafting vinyl pyrolidone onto carboxymethyl starch by free radical polymerization reaction. The structure and different properties of Car-St-g-PVP were determined by 1H NMR, FT-IR, XRD, TGA and SEM. A series of batch experiments were conducted for the removal of MB, The adsorption affecting factors such as temperature, contact time, initial concentration of MB dye, dose of Car-St-g-PVP and pH were studied in detail. The other parameters like the thermodynamic study, kinetics and isothermal models were fitted to the experimental data. The results showed that pseudo 2nd order kinetics and Langmuir's adsorption isotherms were best fitted to experimental data with regression coefficient R2 viz. 0.99 and 0.97. The kinetic study showed that the adsorption mechanism favored chemisorption. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) for the adsorption process was found to be -7.31 kJ/mol, -8.23 kJ/mol, -9.00 kJ/mol and -10.10 kJ/mol at 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C respectively. The negative values of ΔG° suggested the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Similarly, the positive values of entropy (ΔS°) and enthalpy (ΔH°) 91.27 J/k.mol and 19.90 kJ/mol showed the increasing randomness and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The value of separation factor (RL) was found to be less than one (RL < 1), which supported the feasibility of the adsorption process. The maximum MB removal percentage (% R) was found to be 98.6%. So, these findings show that Car-St-g-PVP can be meritoriously used for the treatment of MB from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29220, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Kiran
- Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Aziz
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Sahid Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turbat, Balochistan, 92600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Punjab, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory - SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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14
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Fatima B, Bibi F, Ishtiaq Ali M, Woods J, Ahmad M, Mubashir M, Shariq Khan M, Bokhari A, Khoo KS. Accompanying effects of sewage sludge and pine needle biochar with selected organic additives on the soil and plant variables. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:197-208. [PMID: 36108538 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of synthetic fertilizer and nutrient leaching are causing serious problems impacting soil function and its fertility. Mitigation of nutrient leaching and use of chemical fertilizer is crucial as fertile land adds up sustainability to climate changes. Biochar produced from agricultural bio-waste and municipal solid waste has been used for crop production and when applied in combination with organic nutrients may support mitigation of nutrient loss and adverse effects of chemical fertilizers. Different types of biochar and their application for soil enhancement have been observed, pine needle and sewage sludge derived low-temperature biochar along with compost, organic fertilizer in the form of manure and microalgal biomass may interact with soil chemistry and plant growth to impact nutrient loss and compensate the hazardous effect of chemical fertilizer, but it has not been investigated yet. This present study elaborates application of sewage sludge and pine needle biochar produced at 400 °C in an application rate of 5 % w/w and 10 t h-1 in combination with compost, manure and microalgal biomasses of Closteriopsis acicularis (BM1) and Tetradesmus nygaardi (BM2) on the growth of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) crop assessed in a pot experiment over a two crop (Chickpea - Fenugreek) cycle in Pakistan. Results depict that the pine needle biochar with additives has increased plant height by 104.1 ± 2.76 cm and fresh biomass by 49.9 ± 1.02 g, buffered the soil pH to 6.5 for optimum growth of crops and enhance carbon retention by 36 %. This study highlights the valorization of sewage sludge and pine needle into biochar and the effect of biochar augmentation, its impact on soil nutrients and plant biomass enhancement. The greener approach also mitigates and helps in the sustainable management of solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Fatima
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhana Bibi
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Jeremy Woods
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shariq Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Punjab, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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15
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Karim SS, Farrukh S, Matsuura T, Ahsan M, Hussain A, Shakir S, Chuah LF, Hasan M, Bokhari A. Model analysis on effect of temperature on the solubility of recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136050. [PMID: 35977561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The massive increase in the use of PET plastic bottles has raised the challenge of accumulated waste plastics disposal and its related environmental concerns. Reusing this plastic waste through a solvent-based recycling process seems to be an eco-friendly solution for eliminating waste plastic and converting them into high quality products. The selection of solvent with its temperature requirement for the dissolution of polymeric materials is crucial in the solvent-based recycling process. Therefore, an innovative MATLAB program named HSPs-TPT was designed and constructed in this work to evaluate the dissolving power of solvents. Through this program, the solubility of the waste PET polymer was examined in thirteen (13) different solvents at different temperatures. As a results, the degree of waste PET polymer dissolution in the solvents was presented as the polymer-solvent solubility diagram, which provided the information about the relative energy difference (RED) change with the temperature rise. The program also provided the temperature range effective for the dissolution of PET by indicating the minimum and maximum solubility point for each solvent, which was further validated by the experimental data found in the literature. The proposed MATLAB program can numerically analyse the solubility of a polymer in different solvents in a short time for the recycling process and fabrication of different value-added plastic products such as polymer monoliths and membrane filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shujaat Karim
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah Farrukh
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Takeshi Matsuura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Muhammad Ahsan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Department of Chemical, Mechanical, Materials, and Mining Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule, Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Sehar Shakir
- U.S.- Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Mudassir Hasan
- College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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Javed F, Rizwan M, Asif M, Ali S, Aslam R, Akram MS, Zimmerman WB, Rehman F. Intensification of Biodiesel Processing from Waste Cooking Oil, Exploiting Cooperative Microbubble and Bifunctional Metallic Heterogeneous Catalysis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:533. [PMID: 36290501 PMCID: PMC9598422 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste resources are an attractive option for economical the production of biodiesel; however, oil derived from waste resource contains free fatty acids (FFA). The concentration of FFAs must be reduced to below 1 wt.% before it can be converted to biodiesel using transesterification. FFAs are converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using acid catalysis, which is the rate-limiting reaction (~4000 times slower than transesterification), with a low conversion as well, in the over biodiesel production process. The study is focused on synthesizing and using a bifunctional catalyst (7% Sr/ZrO2) to carry out esterification and transesterification simultaneously to convert waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel using microbubble-mediated mass transfer technology. The results reveal that a higher conversion of 85% is achieved in 20 min using 7% Sr/ZrO2 for biodiesel production. A comprehensive kinetic model is developed for the conversion of WCO in the presence of a 7% Sr/ZrO2 catalyst. The model indicates that the current reaction is pseudo-first-order, controlled by the vapor-liquid interface, which also indicates the complex role of microbubble interfaces due to the presence of the bifunctional catalyst. The catalyst could be recycled seven times, indicating its high stability during biodiesel production. The heterogeneous bifunctional catalyst is integrated with microbubble-mediated mass transfer technology for the first time. The results are unprecedented; furthermore, this study might be the first to use microbubble interfaces to "host" bifunctional metallic catalysts. The resulting one-step process of esterification and transesterification makes the process less energy-intensive and more cost-efficient, while also reducing process complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahed Javed
- Microfluidics Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Asif
- Microfluidics Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Microfluidics Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rabya Aslam
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz Akram
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - William B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Fahad Rehman
- Microfluidics Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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17
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Dharmegowda IY, Muniyappa LM, Siddalingaiah P, Suresh AB, Gowdru Chandrashekarappa MP, Prakash C. MgO Nano-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Waste Coconut Oil and Fish Oil Using Response Surface Methodology and Grasshopper Optimization. SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 14:11132. [DOI: 10.3390/su141811132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
In India, a densely populated country, fossil fuel depletion affects the energy sector that fulfils the industrial and human needs. Concerning greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants, and sustainability, there is a great demand to search for alternate feedstocks to produce alternate fuels at a low cost. The present work focuses on waste coconut and fish oil as potential inexpensive feedstock for biodiesel production. Two-stage transesterification processes for biodiesel production from hybrid oils mixed in a 1:1 volume ratio by employing solid nano-catalyst Magnesium Oxide (MgO). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effects of the physics of transesterification variables, such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio (M:O), MgO catalyst concentration (MgO CC), and reaction temperature (RT), on biodiesel yield, based on experimental data gathered in accordance with the matrices of central composite design (CCD). MgO CC showed the highest contribution, followed by M:O and RT, to maximize biodiesel yield. All interaction factors showed a significant effect except the M:O with RT. Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) determined optimal conditions (M:O: 10.65; MgO CC: 1.977 wt.%; RT: 80 °C) based on empirical equations, resulting in maximum biodiesel yield conversion experimentally equal to 96.8%. The physical stability of the MgO nano-catalyst and reactivity up to 5 successive cycles can yield 91.5% biodiesel yield, demonstrating its reusability for sustainable biodiesel production at low cost. The optimized biodiesel yield showed better physicochemical properties (tested according to ASTM D6751-15C) to use practically in diesel engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Impha Yalagudige Dharmegowda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Kushalnagara 571234, India
| | - Lakshmidevamma Madarakallu Muniyappa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Kushalnagara 571234, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Challakere 577522, India
| | - Parameshwara Siddalingaiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNN College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Shivamogga 577204, India
| | - Ajith Bintravalli Suresh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Mangalore 575007, India
| | | | - Chander Prakash
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
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18
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Ullah Z, Khan M, Khan I, Jamil A, Sikandar U, Mehran MT, Mubashir M, Tham PE, Khoo KS, Show PL. Recent Progress in Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Alkane (C2–C4) to Alkenes in a Fluidized Bed Reactor Under Mixed Metallic Oxide Catalyst. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Khan IU, Haleem A, Khan AU. Non-edible plant seeds of Acacia farnesiana as a new and effective source for biofuel production. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21223-21234. [PMID: 35975044 PMCID: PMC9345019 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the energy crisis is a hot topic for researchers because we are facing serious problems due to overpopulation and natural energy sources are vanishing day-by-day. To overcome the energy crisis, biofuel production from non-edible plant seeds is the best solution for the present era. In the present study, we select the non-edible seeds of Acacia farnesiana for biofuel production from different areas of Pakistan with better oil production results. Different kinds of analytical method, like the American Standard for Testing and Materials and techniques like Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, were used to evaluate the chemical compositions. The maximum oil extraction rate (23%) was produced by petroleum ether. Potassium hydroxide exhibited the best conversion result of 96% fatty acid methyl ester. The transesterification method was used for the preparation of fatty acid methyl ester (96%) using potassium hydroxide and methanol. The viscosity and density of Acacia farnesiana seed oil biodiesel was comparable to American Standard for Testing Material biodiesel standards. By using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, five fatty acids were detected comprising palmitic acid (6.85%), stearic acid (2.36%), oleic acid (12.13%), linoleic acid (46.85%), and α-linolenic acid (1.23%). This study concludes that Acacia farnesiana seed oil biodiesel could be an intriguing raw material for yielding Acacia farnesiana seed oil methyl ester as an alternative fuel source. Currently, the energy crisis is a hot topic for researchers because we are facing serious problems due to overpopulation and natural energy sources are vanishing day-by-day.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Inam Ullah Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Haleem
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, The University of Haripur Haripur KPK 22620 Pakistan
| | - Assad Ullah Khan
- Department of Economics, University of Science and Technology Bannu Bannu KPK 28100 Pakistan
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20
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Prospects of Catalysis for Process Sustainability of Eco-Green Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification: A State-Of-The-Art Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by conventional petro-diesel initiates at time of crude oil extraction and continues until its consumption. The resulting emission of poisonous gases during the combustion of petroleum-based fuel has worsened the greenhouse effect and global warming. Moreover, exhaustion of finite fossil fuels due to extensive exploitation has made the search for renewable resources indispensable. In light of this, biodiesel is a best possible substitute for the regular petro-diesel as it is eco-friendly, renewable, and economically viable. For effective biodiesel synthesis, the selection of potential feedstock and choice of efficient catalyst is the most important criteria. The main objective of this bibliographical review is to highlight vital role of different catalytic systems acting on variable feedstock and diverse methods for catalysis of biodiesel synthesis reactions. This paper further explores the effects of optimized reaction parameters, modification in chemical compositions, reaction operating parameters, mechanism and methodologies for catalysts preparation, stability enhancement, recovery, and reusability with the maximum optimum activity of catalysts. In future, the development of well-planned incentive structures is necessary for systematic progression of biodiesel process. Besides this, the selection of accessible and amended approaches for synthesis and utilization of specific potential catalysts will ensure the sustainability of eco-green biodiesel.
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21
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Sanjeevannavar MB, Banapurmath NR, Soudagar MEM, Atgur V, Hossain N, Mujtaba MA, Khan TMY, Rao BN, Ismail KA, Elfasakhany A. Performance indicators for the optimal BTE of biodiesels with additives through engine testing by the Taguchi approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132450. [PMID: 34624353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel commercialization is questionable due to poor brake thermal efficiency. Biodiesel utilization should be improved with the addition of fuel additives. Hydrogen peroxide is a potential fuel additive due to extra hydrogen and oxygen content, which improves the combustion process. In this experimental study, biodiesel has been produced from Jatropha oil employing catalyzed transesterification homogeneously to examine its influence on the performance and emissions at engine loads with 1500 rpm utilizing a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine. D60B40 (having 60% diesel and 40% biodiesel) and D60B30A10 (60% diesel, 30% biodiesel and 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), are the fuel mixtures in the current study. The addition of H2O2 reduces emissions and enhances the combustion process. This effect occurred due to the micro-explosion of the injected fuel particles (which increases in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR)). An increase of 20% in BTE and 25% reduction in BSFC for D60B30A10 was observed compared to D60B40. Significant reduction in emissions of HC up to 17.54%, smoke by 24.6% CO2 by 3.53%, and an increase in NOx was noticed when the engine is operated with D60B30A10. The HRR increased up to 18.6%, ID reduced by 10.82%, and in-cylinder pressure increased by 8.5%. Test runs can be minimized as per Taguchi's design of experiments. It is possible to provide the estimates for the full factorial design of experiments. Exhaust gas temperature standards are evaluated and examined for all fuel blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh B Sanjeevannavar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.L.E. Dr. M S Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, 590008, Karnataka, India
| | - N R Banapurmath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.V. B. College of Engineering and Technology, K.L.E. Technological University, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Glocal University, Delhi-Yamunotri Marg, SH-57, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh 247121, India.
| | - Vinay Atgur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram - 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nazia Hossain
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - M A Mujtaba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - T M Yunus Khan
- Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O.Box 9004, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - B Nageswar Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram - 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Khadiga Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Elfasakhany
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Duangdee B, Rattanaphra D, Nuchdang S, Thanapimmetha A, Saisriyoot M, Srinophakun P. Bifunctional mixed rare earth solid catalyst for biodiesel production from acid palm oil. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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The Impact of Alternative Fuels on Ship Engine Emissions and Aftertreatment Systems: A Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine engines often use diesel as an alternative fuel to improve the economy. In recent years, waste oil, biodiesel and alcohol fuel are the most famous research directions among the alternative fuels for diesel. With the rapid development of the shipping industry, the air of coastal areas is becoming increasingly polluted. It is now necessary to reduce the emission of marine engines to meet the strict emission regulations. There are many types of alternative fuels for diesel oil and the difference of the fuel may interfere with the engine emissions; however, PM, HC, CO and other emissions will have a negative impact on SCR catalyst. This paper reviews the alternative fuels such as alcohols, waste oils, biodiesel made from vegetable oil and animal oil, and then summarizes and analyzes the influence of different alternative fuels on engine emissions and pollutant formation mechanism. In addition, this paper also summarizes the methods that can effectively reduce the emissions of marine engines; it can provide a reference for the study of diesel alternative fuel and the reduction of marine engine emissions.
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24
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Nawaz S, Ahmad M, Asif S, Klemeš JJ, Mubashir M, Munir M, Zafar M, Bokhari A, Mukhtar A, Saqib S, Khoo KS, Show PL. Phyllosilicate derived catalysts for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic derived biomass to biodiesel: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126068. [PMID: 34626762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efforts have been made to review phyllosilicate derived (clay-based) heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production via lignocellulose derived feedstocks. These catalysts have many practical and potential applications in green catalysis. Phyllosilicate derived heterogeneous catalysts (modified via any of these approaches like acid activated clays, ion exchanged clays and layered double hydroxides) exhibits excellent catalytic activity for producing cost effective and high yield biodiesel. The combination of different protocols (intercalated catalysts, ion exchanged catalysts, acidic activated clay catalysts, clay-supported catalysts, composites and hybrids, pillared interlayer clay catalysts, and hierarchically structured catalysts) was implemented so as to achieve the synergetic effects (acidic-basic) in resultant material (catalyst) for efficient conversion of lignocellulose derived feedstock (non-edible oils) to biodiesel. Utilisation of these Phyllosilicate derived catalysts will pave path for future researchers to investigate the cost-effective, accessible and improved approaches in synthesising novel catalysts that could be used for converting lignocellulosic biomass to eco-friendly biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumra Nawaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saira Asif
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mamoona Munir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic; Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Saqib
- Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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25
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Rozina, Ahmad M, Khan AM, Abbas Q, Arfan M, Mahmood T, Zafar M, Raza J, Sultana S, Akhtar MT, Ameen M. Implication of scanning electron microscopy as a tool for identification of novel, nonedible oil seeds for biodiesel production. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1671-1684. [PMID: 34913535 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising, bio-based, renewable, nontoxic, environment friendly, and alternative fuel for petroleum derived fuels which helps to reduce dependency on conventional fossil fuels. In this study, six novel, nonedible seed oil producing feedstock were explored for their potential for sustainable production of biodiesel. It is very important to correctly identify oil yielding plant species. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used as reliable tool for authentic identification of oil yielding seeds. Macromorphological characters of seeds were studied with light microscopy (LM). Outcomes of LM of seeds exposed distinctive variation in seed size from 16.3 to 3.2 mm in length and 12.4 to 0.9 mm in width, shape varied from oval to triangular, and color from black to light brown. Oil content of nonedible seed ranged from 25 to 30% (w/w). Free fatty acid content of seed oil varied from 0.32 to 2.5 mg KOH/g. Moreover, ultra structural study of seeds via SEM showed variation in surface sculpturing, cell arrangement, cell shape, periclinal wall shape, margins, protuberances, and anticlinal wall shape. Surface sculpturing varied from rugged, reticulate, varrucose, papillate, and striate. Periclinal wall arrangements confirmed variation from rough, wavy, raised, depressed, smooth, and elevated whereas, anticlinal walls pattern showed variation from profuse undulating, smooth, raised, grooved, deep, curved, and depressed. It was concluded that SEM could be a latent and advanced technique in unveiling hidden micromorphological characters of nonedible oil yielding seeds which delivers valuable information to researchers and indigenous people for precise and authentic identification and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, Government Girls Degree College Zaida, Swabi, KP, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Department of Botany, University of Education Lahore, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Raza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Tanveer Akhtar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Ameen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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26
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Niazi A, Ahmad M, Elnaggar AY, Zafar M, Sultana S, Rozina, Majeed S, Hussein EE. Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1320-1331. [PMID: 34878709 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC-MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X-ray, and X-ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe3 O4 green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (-13°C), cloud point (-9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Niazi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Y Elnaggar
- Department of Food Nutrition Science, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rozina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Majeed
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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27
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Vuorte M, Kuitunen S, Sammalkorpi M. Physisorption of bio oil nitrogen compounds onto montmorillonite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21840-21851. [PMID: 34554171 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01880a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We assess computationally the adsorption of a series of nitrogen containing heterocycles and fatty acid amides from bio-oil on a model clay surface, Na-montmorillonite. The adsorption energies and conformations predicted by atomistic detail molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are compared against density functional theory (DFT) based molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP) and Hirshfeld, AIM, Merz-Singh-Kollman, and ChelpG charges. MD predicts systematically adsorption via cation bridging with adsorption strength of the heterocycles following purine > pyridine > imidazole > pyrrole > indole > quinoline. The fatty acid amides adsorption strength follows the steric availability and bulkiness of the head group. A comparison against the DFT calculations shows that MEP predicts adsorption geometries and the MD simulations reproduce the conformations for single adsorption site species. However, the DFT derived charge distibutions show that MD force-fields with non-polarizable fixed partial charge representations parametrized for aqueous environments cannot be used in apolar solvent environments without careful accuracy considerations. The overall trends in adsorption energies are reproduced by the Charmm GenFF employed in the MD simulations but the adsorption energies are systematically overestimated in this apolar solvent environment. The work has significance both for revealing nitrogen compound adsorption trends in technologically relevant bio oil environments but also as a methodological assessment revealing the limits of state of the art biomolecular force-fields and simulation protocols in apolar bioenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Vuorte
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Susanna Kuitunen
- Neste Engineering Solutions Oy, P.O. Box 310, FI-06101 Porvoo, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland. .,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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28
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Dawood S, Koyande AK, Ahmad M, Mubashir M, Asif S, Klemeš JJ, Bokhari A, Saqib S, Lee M, Qyyum MA, Show PL. Synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible (Brachychiton populneus) oil in the presence of nickel oxide nanocatalyst: Parametric and optimisation studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130469. [PMID: 33839393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study defines a novel green method for the synthesis of the nickel oxide nanocatalyst by using an aqueous latex extract of the Ficus elastic. The catalyst was examined for the conversion of novel Brachychiton populneus seed oil (BPSO) into biodiesel. The Brachychiton populneus seeds have a higher oil content (41 wt%) and free fatty acid value (3.8 mg KOH/g). The synthesised green nanocatalyst was examined by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results show that the synthesised green nanocatalyst was 22-26 nm in diameter and spherical-cubic in shape with a higher rate of catalytic efficiency. It was utilised further for the conversion of BPSO into biofuel. Due to the high free fatty acid value, the biodiesel was synthesised by the two-step process, i.e., pretreatment of the BPSO by means of acid esterification and then followed by the transesterification reaction. The acidic catalyst (H2SO4) was used for the pretreatment of BPSO. The optimum condition for the transesterification of the pretreated BPSO was 1:9 of oil-methanol molar ratio, 2.5 wt % of prepared nanocatalyst concentration and 85 °C of reaction temperature corresponding to the highest biodiesel yield of 97.5 wt%. The synthesised biodiesel was analysed by the FT-IR and GC-MS technique to determine the chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters. Fuel properties of Brachychiton populneus seed oil biodiesel (BPSOB) were also examined, compared, and it falls in the prescribed range of ASTM standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumreen Dawood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Apurav Krishna Koyande
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Computing, Engineering & Technology, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saira Asif
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Saqib
- Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Moonyong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Abdul Qyyum
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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