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Sai Bharadwaj AVSL, Chinnam S, Joseph Phillips J, Janani V, Gajendra KS, Archana V, Singh Chauhan A, Kumar Gupta N. Cavitation-assisted synthesis and chracterization of a novel catalyst from waste coconut trunk biomass for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 412:131397. [PMID: 39216704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In the current study, a novel heterogeneous catalyst has been prepared from waste coconut trunk biomass using an ultrasound-assisted batch reactor. It is observed from the characterization studies that the raw coconut trunk biomass consists of the maximum amount of silicon dioxide (SiO2) present in it which is further converted to mullite (composition of 3Al2O3.2SiO2) with a composition of 94.18 % (analyzed through Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX) studies) is formed through the reaction in an ultrasound reactor processed at a very mild reaction temperature and reaction time 80℃ and 90mins. Synthesis of catalyst at mild process conditions will help to enhance the formation of energy-intensive products at a low cost. It is also observed from the XRD studies of raw feedstock and synthesized catalyst a change in the crystalline structure from hexagonal silicon dioxide to orthorhombic mullite shape. In comparison with the surface area of the raw biomass and mullite, a large amount of surface area ∼ 32 m2/g is observed which is due to the process of reaction in a highly intense ultrasound reactor. A change in the morphological structure of raw feedstock and synthesized catalyst is also observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The activity of the synthesized catalyst has been analyzed through its application in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil is also studied., and a yield of 75 % with a conversion of 74 % is observed at process conditions of 1:3 (oil: ethanol) (volumetric ratio), 3 (wt%) of catalyst concentration and 3hrs of reaction time. A prospective aspect of the implication of the entire work to analyze the life cycle analysis (LCA) is also reported in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V S L Sai Bharadwaj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sampath Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Jason Joseph Phillips
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - V Janani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Gajendra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - V Archana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Arvind Singh Chauhan
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Navneet Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560054, Karnataka, India.
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Pravin R, Baskar G. Technoeconomic and carbon footprint analysis of simulated industrial scale biodiesel production process from mixed macroalgal and non-edible seed oil using sulphonated zinc doped recyclable biochar catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130351. [PMID: 38266785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The present research explored the sustainable production of biodiesel from mixed oils of marine macroalgae and non-edible seeds using a sulphonated Zinc doped recyclable biochar catalyst derived from coconut husk. The maximum biodiesel conversion of 94.8 % was yielded with optimized conditions of 10:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 4.8 % biochar catalyst concentration, 54.5 ℃ temperature and 87.4 min reaction time. A techno-economic assessment provided a favourable return on investment (ROI) of 21.59 % and 4.63 years of reimbursement period, with a calculated minimum selling price of 0.81 $/kg of produced biodiesel. The carbon footprint analysis results estimated an annual emission of 752.07 t CO2 which corresponds to 0.088 kg CO2 emission per kg of biodiesel produced from the simulated process. The study on economic viability and environmental consciousness of biodiesel production not only paves the way for a greener and sustainable future while also contributing to low carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Pravin
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Gurunathan Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India.
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Shu D, Zhang J, Ruan R, Lei H, Wang Y, Moriko Q, Zou R, Huo E, Duan D, Gan L, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Dai L. Insights into Preparation Methods and Functions of Carbon-Based Solid Acids. Molecules 2024; 29:247. [PMID: 38202830 PMCID: PMC10780815 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With the growing emphasis on green chemistry and the ecological environment, researchers are increasingly paying attention to greening materials through the use of carbon-based solid acids. The diverse characteristics of carbon-based solid acids can be produced through different preparation conditions and modification methods. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the current research progress on carbon-based solid acids, encompassing common carbonization methods, such as one-step, two-step, hydrothermal, and template methods. The composition of carbon source material may be the main factor affecting its carbonization method and carbonization temperature. Additionally, acidification types including sulfonating agent, phosphoric acid, heteropoly acid, and nitric acid are explored. Furthermore, the functions of carbon-based solid acids in esterification, hydrolysis, condensation, and alkylation are thoroughly analyzed. This study concludes by addressing the existing drawbacks and outlining potential future development prospects for carbon-based solid acids in the context of their important role in sustainable chemistry and environmental preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA;
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (H.L.); (Q.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China;
| | - Qian Moriko
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (H.L.); (Q.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rongge Zou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; (H.L.); (Q.M.); (R.Z.)
| | - Erguang Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China;
| | - Dengle Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
| | - Lu Gan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (D.S.); (J.Z.); (L.G.); (D.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Leilei Dai
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA;
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Yadav G, Yadav N, Ahmaruzzaman M. Advances in biomass derived low-cost carbon catalyst for biodiesel production: preparation methods, reaction conditions, and mechanisms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23197-23210. [PMID: 37545599 PMCID: PMC10398831 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is a less hazardous, environmentally friendly biofuel that has been extensively investigated in modern years to ensure that we lessen our dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. While fossil fuel substitutes like biodiesel may help transition to a less polluted world, industrial-scale manufacturing still relies highly on chemical catalysis. However, heterogeneous solid catalysts result in less activity for biodiesel production due to their deactivation effects, porosity, surface area, material stability, and lower reactivity under moderate conditions. The "sulfonated carbons" are metal-free solid protonic acids distinguished by their distinctive carbon structure and Brønsted acidity (H0 = 8-11). Heterogeneous sulfonated catalysts derived from waste biomass were a significant focus of the most advanced biodiesel processing techniques for simple and low-cost manufacturing processes. This study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts, biomass sources and properties, synthesis of catalysts, and factors influencing the insertion of active sulfonic sites on biomass surfaces. Additionally, transesterification and esterification reaction mechanisms and kinetics are discussed. At last, future directions are provided for young, dynamic researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar 788010 Assam India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar 788010 Assam India
| | - Md Ahmaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar 788010 Assam India
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Maroušek J, Maroušková A, Gavurová B, Tuček D, Strunecký O. Competitive algae biodiesel depends on advances in mass algae cultivation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 374:128802. [PMID: 36858122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to study why, despite large investments in research and development, algae biodiesel is still not price competitive with fossil fuels. Microalgal production was confirmed to be a critical cost item (84 up to 93 %) for biodiesel regardless of the production technology. Techno-economic assessment revealed the main cost drivers during mass cultivation. It is argued that a breakthrough in the cultivation efficiency of microalgae is identified as a necessary condition for achieving price-competitive microalgal biodiesel. The key bottlenecks were identified as follows: (1) light and O2 concentration management; (2) overnight respiratory loss of oil. It is concluded that most of the research on microalgae biodiesel yields economically over-optimistic presumptions because it has been based on laboratory scale experiments with a low level of interdisciplinary overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Maroušek
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Agriculture, Studentská 1668, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Maroušková
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01, Czech Republic
| | - Beata Gavurová
- Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Letna 9, Košice 042 00, Slovakia
| | - David Tuček
- Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Management and Economics, Mostní 5139, Zlín 760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Otakar Strunecký
- Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Faculty of Technology, Okružní 517/10, České Budějovice 370 01, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, Na Sádkách 1780, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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A Review of Biomass-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community is being forced to consider alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel as a result of the sharp increases in the price of petroleum and the increased demand for petroleum-derived products. Transesterification is a technique used to create biodiesel where a variety of edible oils, non-edible oils, and animal fats are used. For this, either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is utilized. An appropriate catalyst is chosen based on the quantity of free fatty acid content in the oil. The main distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts is that compared to the heterogeneous catalyst, the homogeneous catalyst is not affected by the quantity of free fatty acids in the oil. Early methods of producing biodiesel relied on homogeneous catalysts, which have drawbacks such as high flammability, toxicity, corrosion, byproducts such as soap and glycerol, and high wastewater output. The majority of these issues are solved by heterogeneous catalysts. Recent innovations use novel heterogeneous catalysts that are obtained from biomass and biowaste resources. Numerous researchers have documented the use of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts in the production of high-quality, pure biodiesel as a potentially greener manufacturing method. The catalysts were significantly altered through conventional physical processes that were both cost- and energy-effective. The present review is intended to analyze catalysts from biowaste for making biodiesel at a minimal cost. The most recent methods for creating diverse kinds of catalysts—including acidic, basic, bifunctional, and nanocatalysts—from various chemicals and biomass are highlighted in this review. Additionally, the effects of various catalyst preparation methods on biodiesel yield are thoroughly explored.
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Preparation and Characterization of Alkaline and Acidic Heterogeneous Carbon-Based Catalysts and Their Application in Vegetable Oil Transesterification to Obtain Biodiesel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7056220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the preparation, evaluation, and comparison of alkaline and acidic heterogeneous carbon-based catalysts in the transesterification of safflower oil with methanol to obtain biodiesel. These catalysts were obtained from the pyrolysis of flamboyant pods and their functionalization and activation with potassium hydroxide, citric acid, tartaric acid, sulfuric acid, and calcium nitrate. Different routes for the preparation of these catalysts were tested and analyzed where the FAME formation was the target variable to be improved. Results showed that the catalyst prepared with potassium hydroxide and calcium nitrate achieved the highest FAME formation (i.e., 95%) and outperformed the catalysts prepared with calcium nitrate and other acids even after four regeneration-reaction cycles. The best properties of an alkaline catalyst could be associated with its specific surface area and contents of potassium and calcium moieties, which were higher than those observed for acidic catalysts. Transesterification rates for biodiesel production were better estimated with the pseudo-order kinetic model, which ranged from 0.0004 to 0.038 L/mol⋅min for alkaline and acidic catalysts.
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Method of Evaluation of Materials Wear of Cylinder-Piston Group of Diesel Engines in the Biodiesel Fuel Environment. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article concerns the method of material consumption assessment of the cylinder-piston group of diesel engines in the biodiesel environment. The obtained experimental dependences of the wear coefficients on the example of the tribounit cylinder liner and the piston ring can be used to forecast the resource use during operation under specific conditions of the engine and the environment as a whole. The article systematizes the types of biofuels, depending on the type of raw materials from which they were made, taking into account the process and application. The physical and chemical aspects of the catalysts used for biofuels were indicated. The applied experimental methods for tribological wear of the piston-cylinder pair were analyzed. B70 biodiesel was used in the research, i.e., 70% mineral diesel oil and 30% methyl esters of rapeseed oil. Experimental tribotechnical studies of the influence of biofuels on the behavior of various materials have shown that when using this type of fuel, it is necessary to replace the materials from which some parts of the cylinder-piston group are made. To solve this problem, research has been carried out on a specially designed friction machine. The novelty in the article concerns the association, based on the literature, of hydrogen consumption causing material wear in friction contacts. The mechanism of the interaction of various construction materials during such friction has been disclosed.
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Gengiah K, Gurunathan B, Rajendran N, Han J. Process evaluation and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from marine macroalgae Codium tomentosum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:126969. [PMID: 35276378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, a seaweed Codium tomentosum was used as a source for the production of biodiesel. The maximum oil from marine macroalgae was recovered using ultrasound-assisted pretreatment. The oil yield was found to be maximum at optimal conditions such as 5% biomass wetness, 0.18 mm biomass size, 6:1 extraction solvent: biomass ratio, extraction temperature, and time as 55 °C and 140 min respectively. The extracted oil was transesterified using solidsolid nanocatalyst produced from waste clay doped with Zn. The maximum biodiesel conversion was found to be 90.5% at optimum conditions. The marine macroalgae C. tomentosum was found to be one of the potential sources for biodiesel production. The techno-economic analysis of the overall biodiesel production (20 MT/batch) process was investigated. The plant payback period is 8.59 years with a positive NPV of 1381 M$/yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathy Gengiah
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Baskar Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India.
| | - Naveenkumar Rajendran
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehoon Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 54896, Republic of Korea
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Production of Bio-Oils and Biochars from Olive Stones: Application of Biochars to the Esterification of Oleic Acid. PLANTS 2021; 11:plants11010070. [PMID: 35009074 PMCID: PMC8747679 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Olive stones are a by-product of the olive oil industry. In this work, the valorisation of olive stones through pyrolysis was attempted. Before pyrolysis, half of the samples were impregnated with sulphuric acid. Pyrolysis was carried out in a vertical tubular furnace with a ceramic support. The pyrolysis conditions assayed were: temperature between 400 and 600 °C, heating ramp between 5 and 20 °C∙min−1, and inert gas flow rate between 50 and 300 mL Ar∙min−1. Among them, temperature was the only parameter that influenced the pyrolysis product distribution. The most suitable temperature for obtaining biochar was 400 °C for both non-treated and pre-treated raw material, while for obtaining bio-oil, it was 600 °C for impregnated olive stones and 400 °C for the raw material. The impregnated olives stones led to bio-oils with much higher amounts of high-added-value products such as levoglucosenone and catechol. Finally, the biochars were impregnated with sulphuric acid and assayed as biocatalysts for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol in a stirred tank batch reactor at 60 °C for 30 min. Biochars from non-treated olive stones, which had lower specific surfaces, led to higher esterification yields (up to 96.2%).
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