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Lou L, Cheng F, Li Z, Li Z. Constructing an artificial in vitro multi-enzyme cascade pathway to convert glycerol and CO 2 into L-aspartic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 411:131350. [PMID: 39191297 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Developing utilization technologies for biomass resources, exploring their applications in the fields of energy and chemical engineering, holds significant importance for promoting sustainable development and constructing a green, low-carbon society. In this study, we designed a non-natural in vitro multi-enzyme system for converting glycerol and CO2 into L-aspartic acid (L-Asp). The coupled system utilized eight enzymes, including alditol oxidase (ALDO), catalase-peroxidase (CAT), lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), glycerate 2-kinase (GK), phosphopyruvate hydratase (PPH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC), L-aspartate dehydrogenase (ASPD), and polyphosphate kinase (PPK), to convert the raw materials into L-Asp in one-pot coupled with NADH and ATP regeneration. Under optimal reaction conditions, 18.6 mM of L-Asp could be produced within 2.0 h at a total enzyme addition of 4.85 mg/mL, demonstrating the high efficiency and productivity characteristics of the designed system. Our technological application provides new insights and methods for the development of biomass resource utilization technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feiyan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Liu P, Chen L, Hamoud YA, Zheng J, Chang T, Ali J, Huang H, Shaghaleh H. Ameliorative effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid biopreparation on coastal saline soil. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36762. [PMID: 39263153 PMCID: PMC11388776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) biopreparation on ameliorating coastal saline soil, three treatments were established: soil salt washed treatment (CK), soil salt washed with added γ-PGA (PGA), soil salt washed with added γ-PGA biopreparation (PGAB). This study determined the effects of γ-PGA on coastal saline soil by analyzing soil aggregate, soil evaporation, soil vertical water and salt distribution, and soil cation content, soil pH, soil nutrient content and soil microorganism quantity. Results showed that γ-PGA had an ameliorative effect on saline soil, with the PGAB treatment exhibiting the most pronounced ameliorative effect compared to CK. Adding PGAB reduced soil evaporation by 30.45 %, soil salt content by 27.91 %, meanwhile increasing plant height by 33.86 %, plant fresh weight by 98.54 %, soil aggregate diameter by 6.68 times, soil water content by 26.47 % (P < 0.05). Additionally, soil total nitrogen was increased by 50.0 % in PGAB treatment, and available nitrogen and phosphorus contents were increased by 1.68 times and 85.83 % (P < 0.05), respectively. Populations of soil-culturable bacteria and fungi of PGAB treatment increased by 65.96 % and 1.23 times, respectively (P < 0.05). After salt-washing process, adding PGAB improved soil physicochemical properties, which altered the ecological environment of rhizosphere soil and promoted plant growth. The results can provide a practical approach for ameliorating coastal saline soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yousef Alhaj Hamoud
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jinhai Zheng
- College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Tingting Chang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jawad Ali
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - He Huang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hiba Shaghaleh
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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3
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Sun X, Cai Y, Wang D. Enhanced Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Production by a Newly Isolated Bacillus halotolerans F29. J Microbiol 2024; 62:695-707. [PMID: 39164498 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising biopolymer for various applications. In this study, we isolated a novel γ-PGA-producing strain, Bacillus halotolerans F29. The one-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the influence of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and culture parameters on γ-PGA production. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were sucrose and (NH4)2SO4, respectively. The optimal culture conditions for γ-PGA production were determined to be 37 °C and a pH of 5.5. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum medium components: 77.6 g/L sucrose, 43.0 g/L monosodium glutamate, and 2.2 g/L K2HPO4. The γ-PGA titer increased significantly from 8.5 ± 0.3 g/L to 20.7 ± 0.7 g/L when strain F29 was cultivated in the optimized medium. Furthermore, the γ-PGA titer reached 50.9 ± 1.5 g/L with a productivity of 1.33 g/L/h and a yield of 2.23 g of γ-PGA/g of L-glutamic acid with the optimized medium in fed-batch fermentation. The maximum γ-PGA titer reached 45.3 ± 1.1 g/L, with a productivity of 1.06 g/L/h when molasses was used as a carbon source. It should be noted that the γ-PGA yield in this study was the highest of all reported studies, indicating great potential for the industrial production of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Sun
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Cai
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dexin Wang
- Lab of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Zhang X, Liu L, Ma C, Zhang H, Liu H, Fang H. Improving the level of the cytidine biosynthesis in E. coli through atmospheric room temperature plasma mutagenesis and metabolic engineering. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae133. [PMID: 38830792 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Cytidine, as an important commercial precursor in the chemical synthesis of antiviral and antitumor drugs, is in great demand in the market. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to build a microbial cell factory with high cytidine production. METHODS AND RESULTS A mutant E. coli NXBG-11-F34 with high tolerance to uridine monophosphate structural analogs and good genetic stability was obtained by atmospheric room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis combined with high-throughput screening. Then, the udk and rihA genes involved in cytidine catabolism were knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, and the recombinant strain E. coli NXBG-13 was constructed. The titer, yield, and productivity of cytidine fermented in a 5 l bioreactor were 15.7 g l-1, 0.164 g g-1, and 0.327 g l-1 h-1, respectively. Transcriptome analysis of the original strain and the recombinant strain E. coli NXBG-13 showed that the gene expression profiles of the two strains changed significantly, and the cytidine de novo pathway gene of the recombinant strain was up-regulated significantly. CONCLUSIONS ARTP mutagenesis combined with metabolic engineering is an effective method to construct cytidine-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Wang D, Fu X, Gao J, Zhao X, Bai W. Enhancing Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Production in Bacillus tequilensis BL01 through a Multienzyme Assembly Strategy and Expression Features of Glutamate Synthesis from Corynebacterium glutamicum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8674-8683. [PMID: 38569079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The enhancement of intracellular glutamate synthesis in glutamate-independent poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)-producing strains is an essential strategy for improving γ-PGA production. Bacillus tequilensis BL01ΔpgdSΔggtΔsucAΔgudB:P43-ppc-pyk-gdhA for the efficient synthesis of γ-PGA was constructed through expression of glutamate synthesis features of Corynebacterium glutamicum, which increased the titer of γ-PGA by 2.18-fold (3.24 ± 0.22 g/L) compared to that of B. tequilensis BL01ΔpgdSΔggtΔsucAΔgudB (1.02 ± 0.11 g/L). To further improve the titer of γ-PGA and decrease the production of byproducts, three enzymes (Ppc, Pyk, and AceE) were assembled to a complex using SpyTag/Catcher pairs. The results showed that the γ-PGA titer of the assembled strain was 31.31% higher than that of the unassembled strain. To further reduce the production cost, 25.73 ± 0.69 g/L γ-PGA with a productivity of 0.48 g/L/h was obtained from cheap molasses. This work provides new metabolic engineering strategies to improve the production of γ-PGA in B. tequilensis BL01. Furthermore, the engineered strain has great potential for the industrial production of γ-PGA from molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xiaoping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingya Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wenqin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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Zhang H, Ye T, Fengmin L, Zhang X, Wang J, Wei X, Neo YP, Liu H, Fang H. Strategies to Enhance l-Isoleucine Synthesis by Modifying the Threonine Metabolism Pathway in Escherichia coli. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10276-10285. [PMID: 38463329 PMCID: PMC10918650 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
l-threonine as an important precursor substance of l-isoleucine and improving its accumulation in Escherichia coli became an important idea to construct a chassis strain with high l-isoleucine production. Meanwhile, the effect of l-threonine metabolic pathway disruption in E. coli for the improved production of l-isoleucine remains unrevealed. In the present study, a mutant strain of E. coli was engineered by inactivating specific metabolic pathways (e.g., Δtdh, ΔltaE, and ΔyiaY) that were associated with l-threonine metabolism but unrelated to l-isoleucine synthesis. This was done with the aim to reduce the breakdown of l-threonine and, thereby, increase the production of l-isoleucine. The results obtained demonstrated a 72.3% increment in l-isoleucine production from 4.34 to 7.48 g·L-1 in the mutant strain compared with the original strain, with an unexpected 10.3% increment in bacterial growth as measured at OD600. Transcriptome analysis was also conducted on both the mutant strain NXU102 and the original strain NXU101 in the present study to gain a comprehensive understanding of their physiological attributes. The findings revealed a notable disparity in 1294 genes between the two strains, with 658 genes exhibiting up-regulation and 636 genes displaying down-regulation. The activity of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related genes was found to decrease, but oxidative phosphorylation-related genes were highly up-regulated, which explained the increased activity of the mutant strain. For instance, l-lysine catabolism-related genes were found to be up-regulated, which reconfigured the carbon flow into the TCA cycle. The augmentation of acetic acid degradation pathway-related genes assisted in the reduction in acetic acid accumulation that could retard cell growth. Notably, substantial up-regulation of the majority of genes within the aspartate pathway could potentially account for the increased production of l-isoleucine in the present study. In this paper, a chassis strain with an l-isoleucine yield of 7.48 g·L-1 was successfully constructed by cutting off the threonine metabolic pathway. Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis revealed that the cutting off of the threonine metabolic pathway induced perturbation of genes related to the pathways associated with the synthesis of l-isoleucine, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and aspartic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoJie Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tong Ye
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Liu Fengmin
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yun Ping Neo
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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7
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Qiu Y, Xu D, Lei P, Li S, Xu H. Engineering functional homopolymeric amino acids: from biosynthesis to design. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:310-325. [PMID: 37775417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Homopolymeric amino acids (HPAs) are a class of microbial polymers that can be classified into two categories: anionic and cationic HPAs. Notable examples include γ-poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) that have wide-ranging applications in medicine, food, and agriculture. The primary method of manufacture is through microbial synthesis. In recent decades significant efforts have been made to enhance the production of HPAs, specifically focusing on γ-PGA and ε-PL. We comprehensively review current advances in understanding the synthetic mechanisms as well as metabolic engineering and fermentation process techniques to improve the production of HPAs. In addition, we discuss the major challenges and solutions associated with desired structure regulation of HPAs and the development of novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Delei Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, 99 South Third Ring Road, Changshu 215500, PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; Nanjing Shineking Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210061, PR China.
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8
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Zhang C, Tian J, Zhang J, Liu R, Zhao X, Lu W. Engineering and transcriptome study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ginsenoside compound K by glycerol. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300383. [PMID: 38403397 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic biology-based engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce terpenoid natural products is an effective strategy for their industrial application. Previously, we observed that glycerol addition was beneficial for ginsenoside compound K (CK) production in a S. cerevisiae when it was fermented using the YPD medium. Here, we reconstructed the CK synthesis and glycerol catabolic pathway in a high-yield protopanaxadiol (PPD) S. cerevisiae strain. Remarkably, our engineered strain exhibited the ability to utilize glycerol as the sole carbon source, resulting in a significantly enhanced production of 433.1 ± 8.3 mg L-1 of CK, which was 2.4 times higher compared to that obtained in glucose medium. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the transcript levels of several key genes involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) synthesis pathway were up-regulated in response to glycerol. The addition of glycerol enhanced CK titers by augmenting the flux of the terpene synthesis pathway and facilitating the production of glycosyl donors. These results suggest that glycerol is a promising carbon source in S. cerevisiae, especially for the production of triterpenoid saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinping Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, PR China
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Xu G, Wang J, Shen J, Zhu Y, Liu W, Chen Y, Zha J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Shi J, Koffas MAG, Xu Z. Enhanced poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum by reconstituting PgsBCA complex and fermentation optimization. Metab Eng 2024; 81:238-248. [PMID: 38160746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previously, a novel Corynebacterium glutamicum strain for the de novo biosynthesis of tailored poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) has been constructed by our group. The strain was based on the γ-PGA synthetase complex, PgsBCA, which is the only polyprotein complex responsible for γ-PGA synthesis in Bacillus spp. In the present study, PgsBCA was reconstituted and overexpressed in C. glutamicum to further enhance γ-PGA synthesis. First, we confirmed that all the components (PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA) of γ-PGA synthetase derived from B. licheniformis are necessary for γ-PGA synthesis, and γ-PGA was detected only when PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA were expressed in combination in C. glutamicum. Next, the expression level of each pgsB, pgsC, and pgsA was tuned in order to explore the effect of expression of each of the γ-PGA synthetase subunits on γ-PGA production. Results showed that increasing the transcription levels of pgsB or pgsC and maintaining a medium-level transcription level of pgsA led to 35.44% and 76.53% increase in γ-PGA yield (γ-PGA yield-to-biomass), respectively. Notably, the expression level of pgsC had the greatest influence (accounting for 68.24%) on γ-PGA synthesis, followed by pgsB. Next, genes encoding for PgsC from four different sources (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus methylotrophicus, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were tested in order to identify the influence of PgsC-encoding orthologues on γ-PGA production, but results showed that in all cases the synthesis of γ-PGA was significantly inhibited. Similarly, we also explored the influence of gene orthologues encoding for PgsB on γ-PGA production, and found that the titer increased to 17.14 ± 0.62 g/L from 8.24 ± 0.10 g/L when PgsB derived from B. methylotrophicus replaced PgsB alone in PgsBCA from B. licheniformis. The resulting strain was chosen for further optimization, and we achieved a γ-PGA titer of 38.26 g/L in a 5 L fermentor by optimizing dissolved oxygen level. Subsequently, by supplementing glucose, γ-PGA titer increased to 50.2 g/L at 48 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study achieved the highest titer for de novo production of γ-PGA from glucose, without addition of L-glutamic acid, resulting in a novel strategy for enhancing γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jiyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiancheng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Cai M, Han Y, Zheng X, Xue B, Zhang X, Mahmut Z, Wang Y, Dong B, Zhang C, Gao D, Sun J. Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid and Its Application in Biomedical Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:15. [PMID: 38203869 PMCID: PMC10779536 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural polymer composed of glutamic acid monomer and it has garnered substantial attention in both the fields of material science and biomedicine. Its remarkable cell compatibility, degradability, and other advantageous characteristics have made it a vital component in the medical field. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the production methods, primary application forms, and medical applications of γ-PGA, drawing from numerous prior studies. Among the four production methods for PGA, microbial fermentation currently stands as the most widely employed. This method has seen various optimization strategies, which we summarize here. From drug delivery systems to tissue engineering and wound healing, γ-PGA's versatility and unique properties have facilitated its successful integration into diverse medical applications, underlining its potential to enhance healthcare outcomes. The objective of this review is to establish a foundational knowledge base for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yumin Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xianhong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Baigong Xue
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinyao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zulpya Mahmut
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuda Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Donghui Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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11
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Wei X, Chen Z, Liu A, Yang L, Xu Y, Cao M, He N. Advanced strategies for metabolic engineering of Bacillus to produce extracellular polymeric substances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108199. [PMID: 37330153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances are mainly synthesized via a variety of biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. Bacilli-sourced extracellular polymeric substances, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), can serve as active ingredients and hydrogels, and have other important industrial applications. However, the functional diversity and widespread applications of these extracellular polymeric substances, are hampered by their low yields and high costs. Biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances is very complex in Bacillus, and there is no detailed elucidation of the reactions and regulations among various metabolic pathways. Therefore, a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms is required to broaden the functions and increase the yield of extracellular polymeric substances. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthesis and metabolic mechanisms of extracellular polymeric substances in Bacillus, providing an in-depth understanding of the relationships between EPS and γ-PGA synthesis. This review provides a better clarification of Bacillus metabolic mechanisms during extracellular polymeric substance secretion and thus benefits their application and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Ailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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12
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Li YX, Yue SJ, Zheng YF, Huang P, Nie YF, Hao XR, Zhang HY, Wang W, Hu HB, Zhang XH. Economical Production of Phenazine-1-carboxylic Acid from Glycerol by Pseudomonas chlororaphis Using Cost-Effective Minimal Medium. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1292. [PMID: 37887002 PMCID: PMC10604798 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenazine compounds are widely used in agricultural control and the medicine industry due to their high inhibitory activity against pathogens and antitumor activity. The green and sustainable method of synthesizing phenazine compounds through microbial fermentation often requires a complex culture medium containing tryptone and yeast extract, and its cost is relatively high, which greatly limits the large-scale industrial production of phenazine compounds by fermentation. The aim of this study was to develop a cost-effective minimal medium for the efficient synthesis of phenazine compounds by Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Through testing the minimum medium commonly used by Pseudomonas, an ME medium for P. chlororaphis with a high production of phenazine compounds was obtained. Then, the components of the ME medium and the other medium were compared and replaced to verify the beneficial promoting effect of Fe2+ and NH4+ on phenazine compounds. A cost-effective general defined medium (GDM) using glycerol as the sole carbon source was obtained by optimizing the composition of the ME medium. Using the GDM, the production of phenazine compounds by P. chlororaphis reached 1073.5 mg/L, which was 1.3 times that achieved using a complex medium, while the cost of the GDM was only 10% that of a complex medium (e.g., the KB medium). Finally, by engineering the glycerol metabolic pathway, the titer of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid reached the highest level achieved using a minimum medium so far. This work demonstrates how we systematically analyzed and optimized the composition of the medium and integrated a metabolic engineering method to obtain the most cost-effective fermentation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Sheng-Jie Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Yi-Fan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Yan-Fang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Xiang-Rui Hao
- Shanghai Nong Le Biological Products Company Limited (NLBP), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Nong Le Biological Products Company Limited (NLBP), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
| | - Hong-Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
- Shanghai Nongle Joint R&D Center on Biopesticides and Biofertilizers, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xue-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.-X.L.); (S.-J.Y.); (P.H.); (Y.-F.N.)
- Shanghai Nongle Joint R&D Center on Biopesticides and Biofertilizers, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Wang D, Fu X, Zhou D, Gao J, Bai W. Engineering of a newly isolated Bacillus tequilensis BL01 for poly-γ-glutamic acid production from citric acid. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:276. [PMID: 36581997 PMCID: PMC9798646 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a promising biopolymer for various applications. For glutamic acid-independent strains, the titer of γ-PGA is too low to meet the industrial demand. In this study, we isolated a novel γ-PGA-producing strain, Bacillus tequilensis BL01, and multiple genetic engineering strategies were implemented to improve γ-PGA production. RESULTS First, the one-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources and temperature on γ-PGA production. The optimal sources of carbon and nitrogen were sucrose and (NH4)2SO4 at 37 °C, respectively. Second, the sucA, gudB, pgdS, and ggt genes were knocked out simultaneously, which increased the titer of γ-PGA by 1.75 times. Then, the titer of γ-PGA increased to 18.0 ± 0.3 g/L by co-overexpression of the citZ and pyk genes in the mutant strain. Furthermore, the γ-PGA titer reached 25.3 ± 0.8 g/L with a productivity of 0.84 g/L/h and a yield of 1.50 g of γ-PGA/g of citric acid in fed-batch fermentation. It should be noted that this study enables the synthesis of low (1.84 × 105 Da) and high (2.06 × 106 Da) molecular weight of γ-PGA by BL01 and the engineering strain. CONCLUSION The application of recently published strategies to successfully improve γ-PGA production for the new strain B. tequilensis BL01 is reported. The titer of γ-PGA increased 2.17-fold and 1.32-fold compared with that of the wild type strain in the flask and 5 L fermenter. The strain shows excellent promise as a γ-PGA producer compared with previous studies. Meanwhile, different molecular weights of γ-PGA were obtained, enhancing the scope of application in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Xiaoping Fu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Dasen Zhou
- grid.413109.e0000 0000 9735 6249College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wenqin Bai
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China ,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308 China
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Ren L, Liu Y, Xia Y, Huang Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li P, Chang K, Xu D, Li F, Zhang B. Improving glycerol utilization during high-temperature xylitol production with Kluyveromyces marxianus using a transient clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 365:128179. [PMID: 36283669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol is an ideal co-substrate for xylitol production with Kluyveromyces marxianus. This study demonstrated that K. marxianus catabolizes glycerol through the Gut1-Gut2 pathway instead of the previously speculated NADPH-dependent Gcy1-Dak1 pathway using the transient clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/ CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. Additionally, Utr1p was demonstrated to mediate NADPH generation through NADH phosphorylation. YZB392, which was constructed by integrating Utr1 into the Ypr1 site in the strain overexpressing NcXyl1 and CiGxf1 and harboring disrupted Xyl2, exhibited enhanced glycerol utilization for xylitol production (from 2.50- to 3.30- g/L after consuming 1 g/L glycerol). Fed-batch fermentation at 42 °C with YZB392 yielded 322.07 g/L xylitol, which is the highest known xylitol titer obtained via biological method. Feeding crude glycerol, xylose mother liquor, and corn steep liquor powder into a bioreactor resulted in the production of 235.69 g/L xylitol. This study developed a platform for xylitol production from industrial by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Yitong Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Yi Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Youming Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Kechao Chang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Dayong Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, PR China.
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