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Jaffari ZH, Hong J, Park KY. A systematic review of innovations in tannery solid waste treatment: A viable solution for the circular economy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174848. [PMID: 39029754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Amidst growing global demand for leather goods, the efficient conversion of rawhide and skins into durable leather is crucial, yet approximately 80 % of these materials become solid and liquid waste during tannery operations. Improper management of tannery solid waste poses significant environmental risks, contaminating soil, groundwater, and surface water. This review explores thermochemical, biological, and phytoremediation methods for treating tannery solid waste, emphasizing their role in resource recovery and environmental sustainability. Thermochemical techniques like pyrolysis and gasification convert tannery solid waste into biochar, bio-oil, and syngas, which serve as soil amendments, renewable energy sources, or industrial feedstocks. Biological methods such as composting and anaerobic digestion decompose organic tannery solid waste components into nutrient-rich compost and biogas. Phytoremediation uses plants to remediate contaminants, including heavy metals, from tannery solid waste. These methods mitigate environmental pollution and support the leather industry's transition to sustainable practices, crucial for compliance with global regulations. Moreover, the review offers insights into current efforts and perspectives aimed at achieving a zero-waste policy, emphasizing the importance of a circular economy to alleviate the environmental burden associated with tannery operations and ensure their continued sustainability. Finally, a detailed discussion on the current challenges in terms of technology accessibility and economic feasibility was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Haider Jaffari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseop Hong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Jiang W, Liu Y, Wang S, Yang H, Fan X. Combination of co-pyrolyzed biomass-sludge biochar and ultrasound for persulfate activation in antibiotic degradation: efficiency, synergistic effect, and reaction mechanism. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:3208-3225. [PMID: 39150421 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A carbon material Cu-corn straw-sludge biochar (Cu-CSBC) was prepared by hydrothermally modifying sewage sludge and corn stover. The composite coupled to ultrasound can effectively catalyze the activation of PS for organic pollutants degradation, and the removal rate of 20 mg/L TC reached 89.15% in 5 min in the presence of 0.5 g/L Cu-CSBC and 3 mM PS. The synergistic effect between the factors in the system, the reaction mechanism, and the efficient removal of TC in the aqueous environment were explored in a Cu-CSBC/US/PS system established for that purpose. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis both demonstrated the Cu-CSBC/US/PS system generated •OH, SO4-•, 1O2, and O2- •, which involved in the reaction. The Cu, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups on the Cu-CSBC surface promoted the generation of radicals and non-radicals for the degradation process, which was dominated by both radical and non-radical pathways. The degradation pathway is proposed by measuring the intermediate products with LC-MS. Finally, the stability of the Cu-CSBC/US/PS system was tested under various reaction conditions. This study not only prepared a novel biochar composite material for the active degradation of organic pollutants by PS but also provided an effective method for the resource utilization of solid waste and sludge treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jiang
- Jiangsu Fangyang Construction Engineerineg Management Co., LTD, Lianyungang 222065, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Shenpeng Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Xiulei Fan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China E-mail:
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Chen B, Chen Y, Chen S, Duan X, Gao J, Zhang N, He L, Wang X, Huang J, Chen X, Pan X. Iron‑calcium dual crosslinked graphene oxide/alginate aerogel microspheres for extraordinary elimination of tetracycline in complex wastewater: Performance, mechanism, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130554. [PMID: 38431001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been considered as a group of emerging contaminants for their stable chemical structure, significant pseudo-persistence, and biological toxicity. Tetracycline (TC), as one of the typical antibiotics frequently detected in environmental media, can cause the dissemination and accumulation of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG), ultimately threatening human health and environmental safety. Herein, a novel iron‑calcium di-crosslinked graphene oxide/alginate (GO/SA-Fe3+-Ca2+) aerogel was facilely synthesized for TC uptake. It was found that the introduction of GO nanosheets and Fe3+ sites into composite enormously enhanced TC removal. Specifically, TC can be stably and efficiently eliminated over the wide pH range of 5-8. The fitted maximum qe with Liu isotherm model at 308 K reached 1664.05 mg/g, surpassing almost all reported sorbents. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model with chemical sorption characteristics better fitted TC adsorption process, which was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Multifarious adsorptive sites of GO/SA-Fe3+-Ca2+ synergically participated in TC uptake through multi-mechanisms (e.g., π-π EDA, cation-π bonding, H-bonding, Fe3+-coordination, and electrostatic attraction, etc.). The as-prepared composite showed satisfactory TC removal in several runs of adsorption-desorption operations, high salinity, and model aquaculture wastewater. Moreover, the packed-column could continuously run for >200 h until adsorption saturation was achieved with a dynamic adsorption capacity of 216.69 mg/g, manifesting its scale-up engineering applications. All above merits make as-constructed composite an alternative sorbent for eliminating TC from complex wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yuning Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shuyin Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xingyu Duan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Nuan Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liucun He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Liu L, Lu Z, Cai W, Owens G, Chen Z. Green rGO/FeNPs nanocomposites activated peroxydisulfate for the removal of mixed 17β-estradiol and estriol. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118057. [PMID: 38154565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide/iron nanoparticles (rGO/FeNPs) synthesized by the chemical method have been used in Fenton oxidation of organic contaminants, yet little is known about biosynthesized rGO/FeNPs using green tea extract (GT) as how to activate persulfate in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. In this study, rGO/FeNPs were used to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for 17β-estradiol (βE2) and estriol (E3) removal. The rGO/FeNPs-PDS system removed 83.6% of βE2 and 62.5% of E3 within 240 min, which was confirmed by a combination of adsorption and degradation via both radical and non-radical pathways. Four main reactive species in βE2 and E3 degradation were observed, i.e., hydroxyl radical (·OH), sulfate radical (SO4·-), singlet oxygen (1O2) and electron transfer, with the respective contributions of ·OH (32.9 and 34.7%), SO4·- (16.1 and 19.7%), 1O2 (12.2 and 14.1%) and electron transfer (8.0 and 7.2%). Analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and electrochemical measurements all indicated that beside the well-known role of Fe, CO from rGO through the generation of ·OH, SO4·-, 1O2 and electron transfer, as well as GT through electron transfer also participated in the activation of PDS. Finally, the degradation pathways of βE2/E3 were proposed. Overall, this study provides a new insight into the biosynthesis of rGO/FeNPs to activate PDS for the oxidation of mixed emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyang Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou, 350011, China.
| | - Wanling Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Gary Owens
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - Zuliang Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian Province, China.
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Moktadir MA, Ren J, Zhou J. A systematic review on tannery sludge to energy route: Current practices, impacts, strategies, and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166244. [PMID: 37597567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The growing amount of tannery sludge (TS) generated from leather processing often undergoes uncontrolled landfilling, or open dumping, releasing a significant volume of harmful pollutants, including carcinogenic chromium (Cr) into the air, water, and soil. Therefore, the sustainable TS management through advanced valorization technologies becomes vital to align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and mitigate the adverse environmental, health, and social impacts. Moreover, TS, as biomass, can be considered a renewable energy source for bioenergy generation, which could be a viable solution for meeting contemporary environmental standards and expediting transition towards a circular economy. However, TS valorization is sensitive and critical due to the potential risk of transforming Cr(III) to Cr(VI) during the valorization process. Therefore, there is an urgency to consider efficient and holistic TS valorization technologies in the design, implementation, and operations phases to avoid any environmental and health hazards. In pursuit of this goal, this systematic literature review (SLR) comprehensively and critically analyzes the existing TS valorization processes to develop sustainable energy recovery solutions from TS. This SLR contributes uniquely to the existing literature in different ways. Firstly, it provides a critical evaluation of the current TS valorization technologies identifying the available waste-to-energy recovery options. Secondly, the review encompasses extensive research from three reputed databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, without temporal restrictions to offer a comprehensive understanding of current TS management practices and available valorization techniques. Moreover, the review categorized 124 published papers into distinct groups, revealing promising avenues for future research in this field. The findings indicated that most of the work concentrating on Chrome (Cr) recovery, pyrolysis, anaerobic co-digestion, and solidification while gasification and biodiesel or biofuel production from TS remained largely unexplored. Additionally, vital aspects such as process optimization, life cycle assessment of different valorization techniques, environmental, economy, energy, emergy, and exergy (5E) analysis, life cycle energy balance, and techno-economic analysis including exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental are completely absent in the literature. Future studies need to concentrate on process optimization, exergy and energy analysis, and techno-economic assessment including exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analysis to understand the feasibility and environmental benefits of various TS valorization technologies and to develop industry-scale valorization plants for TS management in an economically and ecologically sustainable manner. Moreover, the review will serve as a comprehensive guide for scholars, authorities, and stakeholders to advance research in this field and formulate policies for the eco-friendly management of TS, paving the way towards clean energy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Moktadir
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jingzheng Ren
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jianzhao Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Saira GC, Shanthakumar S. Zero waste discharge in tannery industries - An achievable reality? A recent review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 335:117508. [PMID: 36812686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the recent times, more attention is on industrial waste management due to the unaffordable space for dump yards and landfills and the increased charges for waste dumping. Even though the vegan revolution and plant-based meat products are booming, the traditional slaughterhouses and the wastes produced by them continue to be a concern. Waste valorisation is an established procedure striving to create a closed chain process in industries where there is no refuse. Although a highly polluting industry, slaughterhouse industry wastes have been recycled to economically viable leather since ancient times. However, the tannery industry is causing pollution in par with or even more than the slaughterhouses. Effective management of the liquid and solid wastes from the tannery is of utmost concern because of its toxicity. The hazardous wastes generated enter the food chain, causing long term impacts in the ecosystem. Several leather waste transformation processes are widely used in the industries, and they are yielding good products of economic value. However careful exploration into the processes and products of waste valorisation are often ignored as long as the transformed waste product is of higher value than the waste. The most efficient and environmentally friendly waste management technique should convert the refuse into a value-added utilization without any toxic leftovers. Zero waste concept is an extension of the zero liquid discharge concept, where the solid waste is also treated and reused to such an extent that there is no residue to be sent to the landfill. This review initially presents the existing methods for the de-toxification of tannery wastes and examines the possibility of solid waste management within the tannery industry to attain zero waste discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Saira
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - S Shanthakumar
- Centre for Clean Environment, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India.
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7
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Wang L, Li R, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Chen T, Zhao Y. Tetracycline degradation mechanism of peroxymonosulfate activated by oxygen-doped carbon nitride. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6368-6377. [PMID: 36845579 PMCID: PMC9943927 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00345k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, oxygen-doped carbon nitride (O-C3N4) was prepared by thermal polymerization and was applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for tetracycline (TC) degradation. Experiments were performed to comprehensively evaluate the degradation performance and mechanism. The oxygen atom replaced the nitrogen atom of the triazine structure, which improves the specific surface area of the catalyst, enriches the pore structure and achieves higher electron transport capacity. The characterization results showed that 0.4 O-C3N4 had the best physicochemical properties, and the degradation experiments showed that the 0.4 O-C3N4/PMS system had a higher TC removal rate in 120 min (89.94%) than the unmodified graphitic-phase C3N4/PMS system (52.04%). Cycling experiments showed that O-C3N4 has good reusability and structural stability. Free radical quenching experiments showed that the O-C3N4/PMS system had free radical and non-radical pathways for TC degradation and that the main active species was singlet oxygen (1O2). Intermediate product analysis showed that TC was mineralized to H2O and CO2 mainly by the ring opening, deamination, and demethylation reactions. The results of this study show that the 0.4 O-C3N4/PMS system is simple to prepare and is efficient at removing TC from contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment Nanjing 210042 China +86 13951930765.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China +86 15961238081
| | - Ruyi Li
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment Nanjing 210042 China +86 13951930765
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment Nanjing 210042 China +86 13951930765.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China +86 15961238081
| | - Yuexiang Gao
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment Nanjing 210042 China +86 13951930765
| | - Xian Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China +86 15961238081
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment Nanjing 210042 China +86 13951930765
| | - Ting Chen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment Nanjing 210042 China +86 13951930765
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China +86 15961238081
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Ye Y, Hao Ngo H, Guo W, Woong Chang S, Duc Nguyen D, Fu Q, Wei W, Ni B, Cheng D, Liu Y. A critical review on utilization of sewage sludge as environmental functional materials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127984. [PMID: 36126850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) is increasingly used as an environment functional material to reduce or control pollution and improve plant growth because of the large amounts of carbon and essential plant nutrients in it. To achieve the best application results, it is essential to comprehensively review recent progress in SS utilization. This review aims to fill the gaps in knowledge by describing the properties of SS, and its usage as adsorbents, catalysts and fertilizers, and certain application mechanisms. Although SS generates several benefits for the environment and humans, many challenges still exist to limit the application, including the risks posed by potentially toxic substances (e.g., heavy metals) in SS. Therefore, future research directions are discussed and how to make SS applications more feasible in terms of technology and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyao Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Fu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Wei
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bingjie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dongle Cheng
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, PR China
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Wu Q, Zhang Y, Liu H, Liu H, Tao J, Cui MH, Zheng Z, Wen D, Zhan X. Fe xN produced in pharmaceutical sludge biochar by endogenous Fe and exogenous N doping to enhance peroxymonosulfate activation for levofloxacin degradation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119022. [PMID: 36099758 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For preparing high performance biochar to be applicated in persulfate-based oxidation treatment of wastewater, the feasibility of deriving Fe-N biochar from pharmaceutical sludge by endogenous Fe and exogenous N doping was investigated. With exogenous urea doping, FexN contained biochar (PZBC800U) was successfully derived from endogenous Fe(OH)3 contained pharmaceutical sludge. PZBC800U effectively activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to remove 80 mg·L-1 levofloxacin (LEV) within 90 min. The main mechanism of PMS activation by PZBC800U for LEV degradation was revealed as non-radical pathways dominated by 1O2 generation and direct electron transfer. The formation of FexN combined with the increase of pyridinic-N in the biochar changed the electronic structure, improved the electron transfer ability, and thus achieved the excellent PMS activation capacity of the biochar. The vital function of endogenous Fe(OH)3 was verified by comparing PZBC800U to Fe leached and extra Fe added controls. A total of 18 intermediates in the degradation of LEV were identified, and degradation pathways were proposed. Combined with the average local ionization energy calculation, the priority of piperazine breakage during LEV degradation was experimentally proved and mechanistically elucidated. This study provides a new insight into FexN biochar preparation from pharmaceutical sludge and the mechanisms of its excellent PMS activation performance for LEV degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyue Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou 215011, China.
| | - He Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Jia Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Min-Hua Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Zhiyong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Material, Suzhou 215011, China
| | - Donghui Wen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinmin Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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