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Gong G, Liu L, Wu B, Li J, He M, Hu G. Simultaneous production of algal biomass and lipid by heterotrophic cultivation of linoleic acid-rich oleaginous microalga Chlorella sorokiniana using high acetate dosage. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130566. [PMID: 38467262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The low-cost carbon source, acetate, was utilized to feed a linoleic acid-rich Chlorella sorokiniana for microalgal biomass and lipid accumulation. Remarkably high tolerance capability to high acetate dosage up to 30 g/L was observed, with heterotrophy being the preferred trophic mode for algal growth and lipogenesis when supplemented 20 g/L acetate. Transcriptome analysis revealed a marked activation of pathways involved in acetate bioconversion and lipogenesis upon exposure to high-level of acetate. However, the enhancement of photorespiration inhibited photosynthesis, which ultimately led to a decrease in biomass and lipid under mixotrophy. Heterotrophic acetate-feeding generated more superior amino acid profiling of algal biomass and a predominant linoleic acid content (50 %). Heterotrophic repeat fed-batch strategy in 5 L fermenter significantly increased the growth performance and lipid titer, with the highest levels achieved being 23.4 g/L and 7.0 g/L, respectively. This work provides a viable approach for bio-products production through acetate-based heterotrophic algal cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Gong
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Linpei Liu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jianting Li
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Mingxiong He
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Guoquan Hu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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2
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Qin Z, Liu M, Ren X, Zeng W, Luo Z, Zhou J. De Novo Biosynthesis of Lutein in Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5348-5357. [PMID: 38412053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Lutein is a high-value tetraterpenoid carotenoid that is widely used in feed, cosmetics, food, and drugs. Microbial synthesis of lutein is an important method for green and sustainable production, serving as an alternative to plant extraction methods. However, an inadequate precursor supply and low catalytic efficiency of key pathway enzymes are the main reasons for the low efficacy of microbial synthesis of lutein. In this study, some strategies, such as enhancing the MVA pathway and localizing α-carotene synthase OluLCY within the subcellular organelles in Yarrowia lipolytica, were adopted to enhance the synthesis of precursor α-carotene, which resulted in a 10.50-fold increase in α-carotene titer, reaching 38.50 mg/L. Subsequently, by improving hydroxylase activity with truncated N-terminal transport peptide and locating hydroxylases to subcellular organelles, the final strain L9 producing 75.25 mg/L lutein was obtained. Eventually, a lutein titer of 675.40 mg/L (6.13 mg/g DCW) was achieved in a 5 L bioreactor by adding the antioxidant 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenol. This study realizes de novo synthesis of lutein in Y. lipolytica for the first time and achieves the highest lutein titer reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengsu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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3
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Suparmaniam U, Lam MK, Lim JW, Tan IS, Chin BLF, Shuit SH, Lim S, Pang YL, Kiew PL. Abiotic stress as a dynamic strategy for enhancing high value phytochemicals in microalgae: Critical insights, challenges and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108280. [PMID: 37944570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae showcase an extraordinary capacity for synthesizing high-value phytochemicals (HVPCs), offering substantial potential for diverse applications across various industries. Emerging research suggests that subjecting microalgae to abiotic stress during cultivation and the harvesting stages can further enhance the accumulation of valuable metabolites within their cells, including carotenoids, antioxidants, and vitamins. This study delves into the pivotal impacts of manipulating abiotic stress on microalgae yields, with a particular focus on biomass and selected HVPCs that have received limited attention in the existing literature. Moreover, approaches to utilising abiotic stress to increase HVPCs production while minimising adverse effects on biomass productivity were discussed. The present study also encompasses a techno-economic assessment (TEA) aimed at pinpointing significant bottlenecks in the conversion of microalgae biomass into high-value products and evaluating the desirability of various conversion pathways. The TEA methodology serves as a valuable tool for both researchers and practitioners in the quest to identify sustainable strategies for transforming microalgae biomass into high-value products and goods. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the pivotal role of abiotic stress in microalgae cultivation, promising insights that could lead to more efficient and sustainable approaches for HVPCs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uganeeswary Suparmaniam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Inn Shi Tan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia; Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hoong Shuit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Steven Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yean Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peck Loo Kiew
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia - Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kadri MS, Singhania RR, Anisha GS, Gohil N, Singh V, Patel AK, Patel AK. Microalgal lutein: Advancements in production, extraction, market potential, and applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 389:129808. [PMID: 37806362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lutein, a bioactive xanthophyll, has recently attracted significant attention for numerous health benefits, e.g., protection of eye health, macular degeneration, and acute and chronic syndromes etc. Microalgae have emerged as the best platform for high-value lutein production with high productivity, lutein content, and scale-up potential. Algal lutein possesses numerous bioactivities, hence widely used in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, aquaculture, cosmetics, etc. This review highlights advances in upstream lutein production enhancement and feasible downstream extraction and cell disruption techniques for a large-scale lutein biorefinery. Besides bioprocess-related advances, possible solutions for existing production challenges in microalgae-based lutein biorefinery, market potential, and emerging commercial scopes of lutein and its potential health applications are also discussed. The key enzymes involved in the lutein biosynthesizing Methyl-Erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway have been briefly described. This review provides a comprehensive updates on lutein research advancements covering scalable upstream and downstream production strategies and potential applications for researchers and industrialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sibtain Kadri
- Department of Education and Human Potential Development, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Kumar Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Jareonsin S, Mahanil K, Phinyo K, Srinuanpan S, Pekkoh J, Kameya M, Arai H, Ishii M, Chundet R, Sattayawat P, Pumas C. Unlocking microalgal host-exploring dark-growing microalgae transformation for sustainable high-value phytochemical production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1296216. [PMID: 38026874 PMCID: PMC10666632 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1296216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as a promising, next-generation sustainable resource with versatile applications, particularly as expression platforms and green cell factories. They possess the ability to overcome the limitations of terrestrial plants, such non-arable land, water scarcity, time-intensive growth, and seasonal changes. However, the heterologous expression of interested genes in microalgae under heterotrophic cultivation (dark mode) remains a niche area within the field of engineering technologies. In this study, the green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana AARL G015 was chosen as a potential candidate due to its remarkable capacity for rapid growth in complete darkness, its ability to utilize diverse carbon sources, and its potential for wastewater treatment in a circular bioeconomy model. The aims of this study were to advance microalgal genetic engineering via dark cultivation, thereby positioning the strain as promising dark-host for expressing heterologous genes to produce high-value phytochemicals and ingredients for food and feed. To facilitate comprehensive screening based on resistance, eleven common antibiotics were tested under heterotrophic condition. As the most effective selectable markers for this strain, G418, hygromycin, and streptomycin exhibited growth inhibition rates of 98%, 93%, and 92%, respectively, ensuring robust long-term transgenic growth. Successful transformation was achieved through microalgal cell cocultivation with Agrobacterium under complete darkness verified through the expression of green fluorescence protein and β-glucuronidase. In summary, this study pioneers an alternative dark-host microalgal platform, using, Chlorella, under dark mode, presenting an easy protocol for heterologous gene transformation for microalgal host, devoid of the need for expensive equipment and light for industrial production. Furthermore, the developed genetic transformation methodology presents a sustainable way for production of high-value nutrients, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, proteins and pharmaceuticals using heterotrophic microalgae as an innovative host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surumpa Jareonsin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Applied Microbiology (International Program) in Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Mahanil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittiya Phinyo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Masafumi Kameya
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ishii
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruttaporn Chundet
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiangmai, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pachara Sattayawat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chayakorn Pumas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Teng CS, Ng IS. Optimization of 4-aminobutyric acid feeding strategy and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats activation for enhanced value-added chemicals in halophilic Chlorella sorokiniana. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129599. [PMID: 37532061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella sorokiniana (CS) is a prominent microalga with vast potential as a biocarrier for carbon mitigation toward a green process. However, challenges remain in achieving high biomass levels and production rates. Therefore, a systematic feeding strategy using 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and CRISPR technology was applied to improve microalgal productivity. At first, GABA increased protein content by 1.4-fold, while intermittent supplementation during cultivation resulted in a 1.58-fold and 2.13-fold increase in biomass and pigment content, respectively. Under halophilic conditions, the optimal approach involved repeated feeding of 5 mM GABA at the initial and mid-log phases of growth, resulting in biomass, protein, and pigment levels of 6.74 g/L, 3.24 g/L, and 49.87 mg/L. CRISPRa mediated glutamate synthase and using monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a cheap precursor for GABA has effectively enhanced the biomass, protein, and lutein content, thus offers a cost-effective approach to commercialize high-valued chemical using algae towards a low-carbon paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiau-Sin Teng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - I-Son Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Qin S, Wang K, Gao F, Ge B, Cui H, Li W. Biotechnologies for bulk production of microalgal biomass: from mass cultivation to dried biomass acquisition. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:131. [PMID: 37644516 PMCID: PMC10466707 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass represents a sustainable bioresource for various applications, such as food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, feed, and other bio-based products. For decades, its mass production has attracted widespread attention and interest. The process of microalgal biomass production involves several techniques, mainly cultivation, harvesting, drying, and pollution control. These techniques are often designed and optimized to meet optimal growth conditions for microalgae and to produce high-quality biomass at acceptable cost. Importantly, mass production techniques are important for producing a commercial product in sufficient amounts. However, it should not be overlooked that microalgal biotechnology still faces challenges, in particular the high cost of production, the lack of knowledge about biological contaminants and the challenge of loss of active ingredients during biomass production. These issues involve the research and development of low-cost, standardized, industrial-scale production equipment and the optimization of production processes, as well as the urgent need to increase the research on biological contaminants and microalgal active ingredients. This review systematically examines the global development of microalgal biotechnology for biomass production, with emphasis on the techniques of cultivation, harvesting, drying and control of biological contaminants, and discusses the challenges and strategies to further improve quality and reduce costs. Moreover, the current status of biomass production of some biotechnologically important species has been summarized, and the importance of improving microalgae-related standards for their commercial applications is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China.
| | - Kang Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengzheng Gao
- Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, ETH Zürich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Baosheng Ge
- College of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hongli Cui
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
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8
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Fang H, Liu J, Ma R, Zou Y, Ho SH, Chen J, Xie Y. Functional Characterization of Lycopene β- and ε-Cyclases from a Lutein-Enriched Green Microalga Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:418. [PMID: 37504949 PMCID: PMC10381880 DOI: 10.3390/md21070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a high-value carotenoid with many human health benefits. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the cyclization of lycopene into distinct downstream branches, one of which is the lutein biosynthesis pathway, via α-carotene. Hence, LCYB and LCYE are key enzymes in lutein biosynthesis. In this study, the coding genes of two lycopene cyclases (CsLCYB and CsLCYE) of a lutein-enriched marine green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60, were isolated and identified. A sequence analysis and computational modeling of CsLCYB and CsLCYE were performed using bioinformatics to identify the key structural domains. Further, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsLCYB and CsLCYE were homogeneous to the proteins of other green microalgae. Subcellular localization tests in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CsLCYB and CsLCYE localized in chloroplasts. A pigment complementation assay in Escherichia coli revealed that CsLCYB could efficiently β-cyclize both ends of lycopene to produce β-carotene. On the other hand, CsLCYE possessed a strong ε-monocyclase activity for the production of δ-carotene and a weak ε-bicyclic activity for the production of ε-carotene. In addition, CsLCYE was able to catalyze lycopene into β-monocyclic γ-carotene and ultimately produced α-carotene with a β-ring and an ε-ring via γ-carotene or δ-carotene. Moreover, the co-expression of CsLCYB and CsLCYE in E. coli revealed that α-carotene was a major product, which might lead to the production of a high level of lutein in C. sorokiniana FZU60. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for performing metabolic engineering to improve lutein biosynthesis and accumulation in C. sorokiniana FZU60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruijuan Ma
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yiping Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Youping Xie
- Marine Biological Manufacturing Center of Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Technical Innovation Service Platform for High-Value and High-Quality Utilization of Marine Organism, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Products Waste, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fuzhou Industrial Technology Innovation Center for High-Value Utilization of Marine Products, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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9
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Kuo CM, Yang YC, Zhang WX, Wu JX, Chen YT, Lin CH, Lin MW, Lin CS. A Low-Cost Fertilizer Medium Supplemented with Urea for the Lutein Production of Chlorella sp. and the Ability of the Lutein to Protect Cells against Blue Light Irradiation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050594. [PMID: 37237664 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the use of organic fertilizers instead of modified f/2 medium for Chlorella sp. cultivation, and the extracted lutein of the microalga to protect mammal cells against blue-light irradiation. The biomass productivity and lutein content of Chlorella sp. cultured in 20 g/L fertilizer medium for 6 days were 1.04 g/L/d and 4.41 mg/g, respectively. These values are approximately 1.3- and 1.4-fold higher than those achieved with the modified f/2 medium, respectively. The cost of medium per gram of microalgal biomass reduced by about 97%. The microalgal lutein content was further increased to 6.03 mg/g in 20 g/L fertilizer medium when supplemented with 20 mM urea, and the cost of medium per gram lutein reduced by about 96%. When doses of ≥1 μM microalgal lutein were used to protect mammal NIH/3T3 cells, there was a significant reduction in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the cells in the following blue-light irradiation treatments. The results show that microalgal lutein produced by fertilizers with urea supplements has the potential to develop anti-blue-light oxidation products and reduce the economic challenges of microalgal biomass applied to carbon biofixation and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Mei Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Xun Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tso Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
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10
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Fu Y, Wang Y, Yi L, Liu J, Yang S, Liu B, Chen F, Sun H. Lutein production from microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128875. [PMID: 36921637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lutein production from microalgae is a sustainable and economical strategy to offer the increasing global demands, but is still challenged with low lutein content at the high-cell density for commercial production. This review summarizes the suitable conditions for cell growth and lutein accumulation, and presents recent cultivation strategies to further improve lutein productivity. Light and nitrogen play critical roles in lutein biosynthesis that lead to the efficient multi-stage cultivation by increasing lutein content at the later stage. In addition, metabolic and genetic designs for carbon regulation and lutein biosynthesis are discussed at the molecule level. The in-situ lutein accumulation in fermenters by regulating carbon metabolism is considered as a cost-effective direction. Then, downstream processes are summarized for the efficient lutein recovery. Finally, challenges of current lutein production from microalgae are discussed. Meanwhile, potential solutions are proposed to improve lutein content and drive down costs of microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Fu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lanbo Yi
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Food and Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Han Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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