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Vaidyanathan A, Mathew M, Radhakrishnan S, Rout CS, Chakraborty B. Theoretical Insight on the Biosensing Applications of 2D Materials. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11098-11122. [PMID: 33232607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The research on the design of efficient, reliable, and cost-effective biosensors is expanding given its high demand in various fields such as health care, environmental surveillance, agriculture, diagnostics, industries, and so forth. In the last decade, various fascinating and interesting 2D materials with extraordinary properties have been experimentally synthesized and theoretically predicted. 2D materials have been explored for the sensing of different biomolecules because of their large surface area and strong interaction with different biomolecules. Theoretical simulations can bring important insight on the interaction of biomolecules on 2D materials, charge transfer, orbital interactions, and so forth and may play an important role in the development of efficient biosensors. Quantum simulation techniques, such as density functional theory (DFT), are very powerful and are gaining popularity especially with the advent of high-speed computing facilities. This review article provides theoretical insight regarding the interaction of various biomolecules on different 2D materials and the charge transfer between the biomolecules and 2D materials leading to electrochemical signals, which can then provide experimentalists the useful design parameters for fabrication of biosensors. It also includes an overview of quantum simulations, use of the DFT method for simulating biomolecules on 2D materials, parameters obtained from theoretical simulations and sensitivity, and limitations of computational techniques for sensing biomolecules on 2D materials. Furthermore, this review summarizes the recent work in first-principles investigation of 2D materials for the purpose of biomolecule sensing. Beyond the traditional graphene or 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides, some novel and recently proposed 2D materials such as pentagraphene, haeckelite, MXenes, and so forth which have exhibited good sensing applications have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Minu Mathew
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Sithara Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Rout
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagara, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Brahmananda Chakraborty
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
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Abasi S, Bhat A, Guiseppi‐Elie A. Electrode Selection for Electrostimulation and TEER Using ECSARA. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abasi
- Center for Bioelectronics Biosensors and Biochips (C3B®) Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Ankita Bhat
- Center for Bioelectronics Biosensors and Biochips (C3B®) Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Anthony Guiseppi‐Elie
- Center for Bioelectronics Biosensors and Biochips (C3B®) Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
- Houston Methodist Institute for Academic Medicine and Houston Methodist Research Institute 6670 Bertner Ave. Houston TX 77030 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
- ABTECH Scientific, Inc. Biotechnology Research Park 800 East Leigh Street Richmond VA 23219 USA
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Dailey J, Fichera M, Silbergeld E, Katz H. Impedance Spectroscopic Detection of Binding and Reactions in Acid-Labile Dielectric Polymers for Biosensor Applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2972-2981. [PMID: 30345059 PMCID: PMC6191049 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03171h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized previously unreported copolymers with cleavable acid-labile side chains for use as electrochemical sensing layers in order to demonstrate a novel architecture for a one-step immunosensor. This one-step system is in contrast to most antigen-capture signal amplification methods that involve complicated secondary labeling techniques, or require the addition of redox probes to achieve a sensing response. A series of novel copolymers composed of various trityl-containing monomers were synthesized and characterized to determine their dielectric properties. Results indicate that the thin films of these polymers are stable in water, but some begin to degrade under acidic conditions or upon antigen binding, causing observable changes in the phase angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Michelangelo Fichera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Ellen Silbergeld
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Howard Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
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Stotesbury T, Illes M, Wilson P, Vreugdenhil AJ. The application of silicon sol–gel technology to forensic blood substitute development: Mimicking aspects of whole human blood rheology. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Application of 2D Non-Graphene Materials and 2D Oxide Nanostructures for Biosensing Technology. SENSORS 2016; 16:223. [PMID: 26861346 PMCID: PMC4801599 DOI: 10.3390/s16020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of graphene and its unique properties has inspired researchers to try to invent other two-dimensional (2D) materials. After considerable research effort, a distinct “beyond graphene” domain has been established, comprising the library of non-graphene 2D materials. It is significant that some 2D non-graphene materials possess solid advantages over their predecessor, such as having a direct band gap, and therefore are highly promising for a number of applications. These applications are not limited to nano- and opto-electronics, but have a strong potential in biosensing technologies, as one example. However, since most of the 2D non-graphene materials have been newly discovered, most of the research efforts are concentrated on material synthesis and the investigation of the properties of the material. Applications of 2D non-graphene materials are still at the embryonic stage, and the integration of 2D non-graphene materials into devices is scarcely reported. However, in recent years, numerous reports have blossomed about 2D material-based biosensors, evidencing the growing potential of 2D non-graphene materials for biosensing applications. This review highlights the recent progress in research on the potential of using 2D non-graphene materials and similar oxide nanostructures for different types of biosensors (optical and electrochemical). A wide range of biological targets, such as glucose, dopamine, cortisol, DNA, IgG, bisphenol, ascorbic acid, cytochrome and estradiol, has been reported to be successfully detected by biosensors with transducers made of 2D non-graphene materials.
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Hines D, Karunwi O, Harrell WR, Guiseppi-Elie A. Choice of Electrode Metal Influences the Chemoresistive Vapor Response of Brominated SWCNTs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deon Hines
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Chemistry and CASI; The City College of New York; NY 10031 USA
| | - Olukayode Karunwi
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - William R. Harrell
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- ABTECH Scientific, Inc.; 800 East Leigh Street; Richmond VA 23219 USA
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Murugaiyan SB, Ramasamy R, Gopal N, Kuzhandaivelu V. Biosensors in clinical chemistry: An overview. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:67. [PMID: 24627875 PMCID: PMC3950799 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.125848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosensors are small devices that employ biological/biochemical reactions for detecting target analytes. Basically, the device consists of a biocatalyst and a transducer. The biocatalyst may be a cell, tissue, enzyme or even an oligonucleotide. The transducers are mainly amperometric, potentiometric or optical. The classification of biosensors is based on (a) the nature of the recognition event or (b) the intimacy between the biocatalyst and the transducer. Bioaffinity and biocatalytic devices are examples for the former and the first, whereas second and third generation instruments are examples for the latter. Cell-based biosensors utilizing immobilized cells, tissues as also enzyme immunosensors and DNA biosensors find variegated uses in diagnostics. Enzyme nanoparticle-based biosensors make use of small particles in the nanometer scale and are currently making a mark in laboratory medicine. Nanotechnology can help in optimizing the diagnostic biochips, which would facilitate sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise bedside monitoring. Biosensors render themselves as capable diagnostic tools as they meet most of the above-mentioned criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Babu Murugaiyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahathma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Ramesh Ramasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahathma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Niranjan Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahathma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - V Kuzhandaivelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahathma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
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Knorr DB, Jaye C, Fischer DA, Shoch AB, Lenhart JL. Manipulation of interfacial amine density in epoxy-amine systems as studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:15294-15304. [PMID: 23013540 DOI: 10.1021/la3033786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the ability to tune the quantity of surface amine functional groups in the interfacial region of epoxy-diamine composites using NEXAFS, a technique that is extremely sensitive to surface composition. Thereby, we employ a model surface (silicon wafer with the native oxide present) and, after deposition of an epoxy functionalized silane, we immersed the wafers in various diamines, followed by reaction with a diepoxy acting as a molecular probe. These results show that the number of available surface amines depends on the diamine chosen, wherein smaller molecular weight diamines provide more reaction sites. Subsequent experiments with mixtures of diamines undergoing competitive adsorption show that the amine quantity can be tailored by choice of the diamine mixture. Further experiments of diamine treated 3-(glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane layers in a reacting epoxy/diamine showed that the surface reaction site density differences observed for adsorption experiments persisted in the reacting epoxy, implying that the surface reaction rate (and by extension, the surface amine concentration) dictate interfacial cross-link density up to the point of gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Knorr
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
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Oberhansl S, Hirtz M, Lagunas A, Eritja R, Martinez E, Fuchs H, Samitier J. Facile modification of silica substrates provides a platform for direct-writing surface click chemistry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:541-545. [PMID: 22258752 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Please click here: a facile two-step functionalization strategy for silicon oxide-based substrates generates a stable platform for surface click chemistry via direct writing. The suitability of the obtained substrates is proven by patterning with two different direct-writing techniques and three different molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oberhansl
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), C/Baldiri Reixac 15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Fei Y, Jin XY, Wu ZS, Zhang SB, Shen G, Yu RQ. Sensitive and selective DNA detection based on the combination of hairpin-type probe with endonuclease/GNP signal amplification using quartz-crystal-microbalance transduction. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 691:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Design considerations in the use of interdigitated microsensor electrode arrays (IMEs) for impedimetric characterization of biomimetic hydrogels. Biomed Microdevices 2010; 13:279-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Pournaghi-Azar M, Ahour F, Hejazi M. Differential Pulse Voltammetric Detection of Hepatitis C Virus 1a Oligonucleotide Chain by a Label-Free Electrochemical DNA Hybridization Biosensor Using Consensus Sequence of Hepatitis C Virus 1a Probe on the Pencil Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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High-performance UV-curable epoxy resin-based microarray and microfluidic immunoassay devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2997-3002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lui C, Cady NC, Batt CA. Nucleic Acid-based Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Using Integrated Microfluidic Platform Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:3713-44. [PMID: 22412335 PMCID: PMC3297159 DOI: 10.3390/s90503713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The advent of nucleic acid-based pathogen detection methods offers increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques, driving the development of portable, integrated biosensors. The miniaturization and automation of integrated detection systems presents a significant advantage for rapid, portable field-based testing. In this review, we highlight current developments and directions in nucleic acid-based micro total analysis systems for the detection of bacterial pathogens. Recent progress in the miniaturization of microfluidic processing steps for cell capture, DNA extraction and purification, polymerase chain reaction, and product detection are detailed. Discussions include strategies and challenges for implementation of an integrated portable platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Lui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering / Cornell University, 317 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nathaniel C. Cady
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering / University at Albany State University of New York, 255 Fuller Rd., Albany, NY 12203, USA; E-Mail: (N.C.C.)
| | - Carl A. Batt
- Department of Food Science / Cornell University, 312 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; E-Mail: (C.A.B.)
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Hu K, Liu P, Ye S, Zhang S. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of DNA based on PbS nanoparticle tags and nanoporous gold electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:3113-9. [PMID: 19419853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical stripping assay for ultrasensitive detection of target DNA was reported in this work. The protocol involved nanoporous gold (NPG) electrode modified with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) co-loaded with two kinds of ssDNA, one was reporter DNA which was complementary to the target DNA, the other modified with PbS nanoparticles (PbS-NPs) was signal DNA which was non-complemented, reducing the cross-reaction between the targets and reporter DNA on the same Au-NP. The amount of target DNA was determined by indirect determination of the amount of lead ions through differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). This protocol could detect target DNA of as low as femtomolar and exhibited excellent selectivity against one-base mismatched DNA and non-complementary DNA. Under the optimum conditions, the anodic stripping peak current of lead demonstrated a good linear relationship with the target DNA concentration in the range of 9.0x10(-16) to 7.0x10(-14) M. A detection limit of 2.6x10(-16) M of target DNA was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongcheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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Raphael MP, Christodoulides JA, Qadri SN, Qadri SA, Miller MM, Kurihara LK, Byers JM. The use of DNA molecular beacons as nanoscale temperature probes for microchip-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:894-8. [PMID: 18760910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Today's biosensors and drug delivery devices are increasingly incorporating lithographically patterned circuitry that is placed within microns of the biological molecules to be detected or released. Elevated temperatures due to Joule heating from the underlying circuitry cannot only reduce device performance, but also alter the biological activity of such molecules (i.e. binding, enzymatic, folding). As a consequence, biochip design and characterization will increasingly require local measurements of the temperature and temperature gradients on the biofunctionalized surface. We have developed a technique to address this challenge based on the use of DNA molecular beacons as a nanoscale temperature probe. The surface of fused-silica chips with lithographically patterned, current-carrying gold rings have been functionalized with a layer of molecular beacons. We utilize the temperature dependence of the molecular beacons to calibrate the temperature at the center of the rings as a function of applied current from 25 to 50 degrees C. The fluorescent images of the rings reveal the extent of heating to the surrounding chip due to the applied current while resolving temperature gradients over length scales of less than 500nm. Finite element analysis and analytic calculations of the distribution of heat in the vicinity of the current-carrying rings agree well with the experimental results. Thus, molecular beacons are shown to be a viable tool for temperature calibration of micron-sized circuitry and the visualization of submicron temperature gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Raphael
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington DC 20375-5320, USA
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Sadik OA, Aluoch AO, Zhou A. Status of biomolecular recognition using electrochemical techniques. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:2749-65. [PMID: 19054662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoscale materials (e.g., nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanorods) for electrochemical biosensing has seen explosive growth in recent years following the discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio Ijima in 1991. Although the resulting label-free sensors could potentially simplify the molecular recognition process, there are several important hurdles to be overcome. These include issues of validating the biosensor on statistically large population of real samples rather than the commonly reported relatively short synthetic oligonucleotides, pristine laboratory standards or bioreagents; multiplexing the sensors to accommodate high-throughput, multianalyte detection as well as application in complex clinical and environmental samples. This article reviews the status of biomolecular recognition using electrochemical detection by analyzing the trends, limitations, challenges and commercial devices in the field of electrochemical biosensors. It provides a survey of recent advances in electrochemical biosensors including integrated microelectrode arrays with microfluidic technologies, commercial multiplex electrochemical biosensors, aptamer-based sensors, and metal-enhanced electrochemical detection (MED), with limits of detection in the attomole range. Novel applications are also reviewed for cancer monitoring, detection of food pathogens, as well as recent advances in electrochemical glucose biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omowunmi A Sadik
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Monitoring, State University of New York-Binghamton, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
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Direct electrochemical probing of DNA hybridization on oligonucleotide-functionalized polypyrrole. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lisdat F, Schäfer D. The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1555-67. [PMID: 18414837 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review introduces the basic concepts and terms associated with impedance and techniques of measuring impedance. The focus of this review is on the application of this transduction method for sensing purposes. Examples of its use in combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA and with cells will be described. Important fields of application include immune and nucleic acid analysis. Special attention is devoted to the various electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Electrolyte insulator semiconductor (EIS) structures will be treated separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, 15745, Wildau, Germany.
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Pruneanu S, Boughriet A, Henderson A, Malins C, Ali Z, Olenic L. Impedimetric Measurements for Monitoring Avidin-Biotin Interaction on Self-Assembled Monolayer. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/02726350801890870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Grieshaber D, MacKenzie R, Vörös J, Reimhult E. Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:1400-1458. [PMID: 27879772 PMCID: PMC3663003 DOI: 10.3390/s80314000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of biological or biochemical processes are of utmost importance for medical, biological and biotechnological applications. However, converting the biological information to an easily processed electronic signal is challenging due to the complexity of connecting an electronic device directly to a biological environment. Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. Over the past decades several sensing concepts and related devices have been developed. In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing. Additional measurement techniques, which have been shown useful in combination with electrochemical detection, are also summarized, such as the electrochemical versions of surface plasmon resonance, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning probe microscopy. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical sensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. New nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of engineered ion-channels in lipid bilayers, the encapsulation of enzymes into vesicles, polymersomes, or polyelectrolyte capsules provide additional possibilities for signal amplification. In particular, this review highlights the importance of the precise control over the delicate interplay between surface nano-architectures, surface functionalization and the chosen sensor transducer principle, as well as the usefulness of complementary characterization tools to interpret and to optimize the sensor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Grieshaber
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Robert MacKenzie
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Janos Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Erik Reimhult
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Electrochemical and piezoelectric DNA biosensors for hybridisation detection. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 609:139-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pänke O, Balkenhohl T, Kafka J, Schäfer D, Lisdat F. Impedance spectroscopy and biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 109:195-237. [PMID: 17992488 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic terms of impedance and the technique of impedance measurements. Furthermore, an overview of the application of this transduction method for analytical purposes will be given. Examples for combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA but also for the analysis of living cells will be described. Special attention is devoted to the different electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Finally, the last two sections will show examples from the label-free determination of DNA and the sensorial detection of autoantibodies involved in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pänke
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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25
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Perzyna A, Zotto CD, Durand JO, Granier M, Smietana M, Melnyk O, Stará IG, Starý I, Klepetářová B, Šaman D. Reaction of Isocyanate-Functionalised Silicon Wafers with Complex Amino Compounds. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Daniels JS, Pourmand N. Label-Free Impedance Biosensors: Opportunities and Challenges. ELECTROANAL 2007; 19:1239-1257. [PMID: 18176631 PMCID: PMC2174792 DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Impedance biosensors are a class of electrical biosensors that show promise for point-of-care and other applications due to low cost, ease of miniaturization, and label-free operation. Unlabeled DNA and protein targets can be detected by monitoring changes in surface impedance when a target molecule binds to an immobilized probe. The affinity capture step leads to challenges shared by all label-free affinity biosensors; these challenges are discussed along with others unique to impedance readout. Various possible mechanisms for impedance change upon target binding are discussed. We critically summarize accomplishments of past label-free impedance biosensors and identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Daniels
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Stanford Center for Integrated Systems; 420 Via Palou, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Pournaghi-Azar M, Hejazi M, Alipour E. Detection of Human Interleukine-2 Gene Using a Label-Free Electrochemical DNA Hybridization Biosensor on the Basis of a Non-Inosine Substituted Probe. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Cooper MA, Singleton VT. A survey of the 2001 to 2005 quartz crystal microbalance biosensor literature: applications of acoustic physics to the analysis of biomolecular interactions. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:154-84. [PMID: 17582799 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The widespread exploitation of biosensors in the analysis of molecular recognition has its origins in the mid-1990s following the release of commercial systems based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). More recently, platforms based on piezoelectric acoustic sensors (principally 'bulk acoustic wave' (BAW), 'thickness shear mode' (TSM) sensors or 'quartz crystal microbalances' (QCM)), have been released that are driving the publication of a large number of papers analysing binding specificities, affinities, kinetics and conformational changes associated with a molecular recognition event. This article highlights salient theoretical and practical aspects of the technologies that underpin acoustic analysis, then reviews exemplary papers in key application areas involving small molecular weight ligands, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria, cells and lipidic and polymeric interfaces. Key differentiators between optical and acoustic sensing modalities are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cooper
- Akubio Ltd., 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom, UK.
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Lingerfelt L, Karlinsey J, Landers J, Guiseppi-Elie A. Impedimetric detection for DNA hybridization within microfluidic biochips. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 385:103-20. [PMID: 18365707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-426-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A fully integrated biochip for the performance of microfluidic-based DNA bioassays is presented. A microlithographically fabricated circumferential interdigitated electrode array of 1- to 5-microm critical line and space dimensions, with associated large area counterelectrode (1000 x WE) and reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), has been developed as a four-electrode system for the electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization using any of the techniques of amperometry, voltammetry, potentiometry, and impedimetry. This is presented as an alternative to optical detection with an emphasis on label-free impedimetric detection of hybridization. A micro total analysis system (microTAS) is presented, using fluidic channels to connect integrated reaction domains with downstream electrochemical detection. This is accomplished by bonding a patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate to the biochip or by adhesive bonding of the chip to channels fabricated within glass and plastic microfluidic cards, adding increased functionality to the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Lingerfelt
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors, and Biochips, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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30
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Nam Y, Branch DW, Wheeler BC. Epoxy-silane linking of biomolecules is simple and effective for patterning neuronal cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:589-97. [PMID: 16531038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Surface chemistry is one of the main factors that contributes to the longevity and compliance of cell patterning. Two to three weeks are required for dissociated, embryonic rat neuronal cultures to mature to the point that they regularly produce spontaneous and evoked responses. Though proper surface chemistry can be achieved through the use of covalent protein attachment, often it is not maintainable for the time periods necessary to study neuronal growth. Here we report a new and effective covalent linking approach using (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (3-GPS) for creating long term neuronal patterns. Micrometer scale patterns of cell adhesive proteins were formed using microstamping; hippocampal neurons, cultured up to 1 month, followed those patterns. Cells did not grow on unmodified 3-GPS surfaces, producing non-permissive regions for the long-term cell patterning. Patterned neuronal networks were formed on two different types of MEA (polyimide or silicon nitride insulation) and maintained for 3 weeks. Even though the 3-GPS layer increased the impedance of metal electrodes by a factor of 2-3, final impedance levels were low enough that low noise extracellular recordings were achievable. Spontaneous neural activity was recorded as early as 10 days in vitro. Neural recording and stimulation were readily achieved from these networks. Our results showed that 3-GPS could be used on surfaces to immobilize biomolecules for a variety of neural engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkey Nam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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31
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Dharuman V, Nebling E, Grunwald T, Albers J, Blohm L, Elsholz B, Wörl R, Hintsche R. DNA hybridization detection on electrical microarrays using coulostatic pulse technique. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:744-51. [PMID: 16574397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated a novel application of transient coulostatic pulse technique for the detection of label free DNA hybridization on nm-sized gold interdigitated ultramicroelectrode arrays (Au-IDA) made in silicon technology. The array consists of eight different positions with an Au-IDA pair at each position arranged on the Si-based Biochip. Immobilization of capture probes onto the Au-IDA was accomplished by self-assembling of thiol-modified oligonucleotides. Target hybridization was indicated by a change in the magnitude of the time dependant potential relaxation curve in presence of electroactive Fe(CN)(6)(3-) in the phosphate buffer solution. While complementary DNA hybridization showed 50% increase in the relaxation potential, the non-complementary DNA showed a negligible change. A constant behaviour was noted for all positions. The dsDNA specific intercalating molecule, methylene blue, was found to be enhancing the discrimination effect. The changes in the relaxation potential curves were further corroborated following the ELISA like experiments using ExtraAvidine alkaline phosphatase labelling and redox recycling of para-aminophenol phosphate at IDAs. The coulostatic pulse technique was shown to be useful for identifying DNA sequences from brain tumour gene CK20, human herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and M13 phage. Compared to the hybridization of short chain ONTs (27 mers), the hybridization of long chain M13 phage DNA showed three times higher increase in the relaxation curves. The method is fast enough to monitor hybridization interactions in milli or microsecond time scales and is well suitable for miniaturization and integration compared to the common impedance techniques for developing capacitative DNA sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dharuman
- Department of Biotechnical Microsystems, Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, D-25524 Itzehoe, Germany
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32
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Pejcic B, De Marco R. Impedance spectroscopy: Over 35 years of electrochemical sensor optimization. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stambouli V, Zebda A, Appert E, Guiducci C, Labeau M, Diard JP, Le Gorrec B, Brack N, Pigram P. Semiconductor oxide based electrodes for the label-free electrical detection of DNA hybridization: Comparison between Sb doped SnO2 and CdIn2O4. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Peng H, Soeller C, Cannell MB, Bowmaker GA, Cooney RP, Travas-Sejdic J. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization amplified by nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1727-36. [PMID: 16202578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Detection of specific oligonucleotide (ODN) fragments has become an important field in many areas of biomedicine. We describe a novel ODN sensor based on electropolymerization of a conducting polymer (polypyrrole) in the presence of a sample containing ODN(s). The resulting trapped ODN(s) are then probed by addition of complimentary sequence ODN. By incorporating CdS nanoparticles with the probe, a significant improvement in sensor sensitivity was observed. Impedance spectroscopy suggested that optimal detection of hybridization occurred at frequencies>or=3000 Hz (for a 0.07 cm2 85 nm thick film). At these frequencies, the impedance signal was almost linear with the logarithm of ODN concentration in the range 3.7-370 nM with a detection limit of approximately 1 nM ODN (for the sensor fabricated). Importantly, the sensor could be regenerated by removing hybridized ODN with NaOH suggesting possibility of the sensor re-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1001, New Zealand
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35
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Zebda A, Stambouli V, Labeau M, Guiducci C, Diard JP, Le Gorrec B. Metallic oxide CdIn2O4 films for the label free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:178-84. [PMID: 16434177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA functionalised semiconductor metallic oxide electrodes have been developed for the direct electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization, without labelling or the introduction of a redox couple. Conductive CdIn(2)O(4) thin films with controlled properties were deposited on glass substrates using an aerosol pyrolysis technique. The films exhibit a polycrystalline microstructure with a surface roughness of 1.5 nm (r.m.s.) and an electrical resistivity ranging between 1 and 3 x 10(-3) Omega cm. These electrodes were functionalised using hydroxylation and silanisation steps, to allow the binding of DNA probe sequences (20 bases). The electrical detection of DNA hybridization with complementary sequences has been performed using electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) measuring the variation of impedance before and after hybridization. Two set-ups were used, a standard set-up including three electrodes and a set-up including two symmetrical electrodes. In both configurations, a significant increase of the impedance modulus, more particularly of the real part of the impedance (160-225% according to the electrochemical cell used) has been obtained over a frequency range of 10-10(5)Hz. DNA hybridization has also been systematically confirmed using the fluorescence spectrometry. This study emphasizes the high sensitivity of the CdIn(2)O(4) as a working electrode for the detection of biological events occurring at the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zebda
- LMGP, ENSPG, Domaine universitaire, BP 46, 38402 Saint-Martin d'Hères cedex, France
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36
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Wong AKY, Krull UJ. Surface characterization of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane films on silicon-based substrates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:187-200. [PMID: 16132125 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Silane coupling agents are commonly used to activate surfaces for subsequent immobilization of biomolecules. The homogeneity and surface morphology of silane films is important for controlling the structural order of immobilized single-stranded DNA probes based on oligonucleotides. The surfaces of silicon wafers and glass slides with covalently attached 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPS) have been characterized by using angularly dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and monochromatic and spectroscopic ellipsometry. XPS and ToF-SIMS data provided evidence of complete surface coverage by GOPS. Data from angularly resolved XPS and ellipsometry methods suggested that the GOPS films were of monolayer thickness. AFM and SEM data indicated the presence of films that consisted of nodules approximately 50-100 nm in diameter. Modeling suggested that the nodules may lead to a nanoscale structural morphology that might influence the hybridization kinetics and thermodynamics of immobilized oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- April K Y Wong
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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37
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Dharuman V, Grunwald T, Nebling E, Albers J, Blohm L, Hintsche R. Label-free impedance detection of oligonucleotide hybridisation on interdigitated ultramicroelectrodes using electrochemical redox probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 21:645-54. [PMID: 16202878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct detection of oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) hybridisation using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was made on interdigitated array (IDA) gold (Au) ultramicroelectrodes manufactured by silicon technology. The immobilisation of single stranded ODNs (ssODNs) was accomplished by self-assembling of thiol-modified ODNs onto an Au-electrode surface. Faradaic impedance was measured in the presence of K(3)[Fe(CN)(6)]. Double strand formation was identified by a decrease of approximately 50% in impedance in the low frequency region in the presence of K(3)[Fe(CN)(6)], compared to the spectrum of single stranded ODN. The frequency dependent diffusion of Fe(CN)(6)(3-) ions through defects in the ODN monolayer determines the impedance of Au-ssODN surface. The influence of DNA intercalator methylene blue on the impedance of both, single and double strands, was examined along with K(3)[Fe(CN)(6)] and confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The layer densities and the hybridisation have been further corroborated by chronoamperometric redox recycling of para-aminophenol (p-AP) in ELISA like experiments. It can be concluded, that a performed impedance spectroscopy did not change the layer density. The impedance spectroscopy at ultramicroelectrodes combined with faradaic redox reactions enhances the impedimetric detection of DNA hybridisation on IDA platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dharuman
- Department of Biotechnical Microsystems, BTMS, Fraunhofer Institute of Silicon Technology, BTMS, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, D-25524 Itzehoe, Germany
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38
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Luderer F, Walschus U. Immobilization of Oligonucleotides for Biochemical Sensing by Self-Assembled Monolayers: Thiol-Organic Bonding on Gold and Silanization on Silica Surfaces. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/128_003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Fuentes M, Mateo C, Rodriguez A, Casqueiro M, Tercero JC, Riese HH, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM. Detecting minimal traces of DNA using DNA covalently attached to superparamagnetic nanoparticles and direct PCR-ELISA. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 21:1574-80. [PMID: 16129594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A single bond covalent immobilization of aminated DNA probes on magnetic particles suitable for selective molecular hybridization of traces of DNA samples has been developed. Commercial superparamagnetic nanoparticles containing amino groups were activated by coating with a hetero-functional polymer (aldehyde-aspartic-dextran). This new immobilization procedure provides many practical advantages: (a) DNA probes are immobilized far from the support surface preventing steric hindrances; (b) the surface of the nanoparticles cannot adsorb DNA ionically; (c) DNA probes are bound via a very strong covalent bond (a secondary amine) providing very stable immobilized probes (at 100 degrees C, or in 70% formamide, or 0.1N NaOH). Due to the extreme sensitivity of this purification procedure based on DNA hybridization, the detection of hybridized products could be coupled to a PCR-ELISA direct amplification of the DNA bond to the magnetic nanoparticles. As a model system, an aminated DNA probe specific for detecting Hepatitis C Virus cDNA was immobilized according to the optimised procedure described herein. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles containing the immobilized HCV probe were able to give a positive result after PCR-ELISA detection when hybridized with 1 mL of solution containing 10(-18) g/mL of HCV cDNA (two molecules of HCV cDNA). In addition, the detection of HCV cDNA was not impaired by the addition to the sample solution of 2.5 million-fold excess of non-complementary DNA. The experimental data supports the use of magnetic nanoparticles containing DNA probes immobilized by the procedure here described as a convenient and extremely sensitive procedure for purification/detection DNA/RNA from biological samples. The concentration/purification potential of the magnetic nanoparticles, its stability under a wide range of conditions, coupled to the possibility of using the particles directly in amplification by PCR greatly reinforces this methodology as a molecular diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Enzimática, Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica-CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Slaughter GE, Bieberich E, Wnek GE, Wynne KJ, Guiseppi-Elie A. Improving neuron-to-electrode surface attachment via alkanethiol self-assembly: an alternating current impedance study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:7189-200. [PMID: 15301505 DOI: 10.1021/la049192s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the omega-amine alkanethiols, cysteamine (CA) and 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (11-AUT), were chemisorbed as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto 250-microm gold microelectrodes that were microlithographically fabricated within eight-well cell culture plates and investigated as a means to improve neuron-to-electrode surface attachment (NESA). Dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements showed similar advancing, theta(a) (69 degrees and 65 degrees ), but contrasting receding contact angles, theta(r) (9 and 30 degrees ) for CA- and 11-AUT-SAMs, respectively. The corresponding hysteresis (Deltatheta(ar) = 60 and 35 degrees, respectively) indicates the CA-SAM displays greater amphiphilic character than the 11-AUT-SAM. A portion of the greater Deltatheta(ar) for CA-SAMs may arise from surface heterogeneity, as compared to sputter-deposited gold and 11-AUT-SAMs. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed a 6% increase (CA-SAM) and a 22% decrease (11-AUT-SAM) in surface roughness when compared to clean but unmodified, sputter-deposited gold. The extracellular matrix cell adhesion proteins, collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, were covalently coupled to the aminoalkanethiol-decorated gold electrodes via acid-amine heterobifunctional cross-linking. Using fluorescein isothiocyanate-tagged laminin, confocal fluorescence microscopy of both CA- and 11-AUT-SAM-modified and unmodified gold microelectrodes confirmed coupling of the protein to the electrode and was readily distinguishable from nonspecifically adsorbed protein. DCA measurements of laminin physisorbed directly onto gold or covalently immobilized via CA- or 11-AUT-SAM had similar advancing (ca. 63-65 degrees ) and receding (ca. 7-9 degrees ) contact angles. Tapping mode AFM of these protein-bearing surfaces likewise showed dimerized protein aggregates of similar surface roughness. PC-12 cells cultured to confluence on both unmodified and SAM-modified, protein-derivatized gold microelectrodes were examined by alternating current impedance (50 mV p-t-p at 4 kHz). CA- and 11-AUT-SAM-modified surfaces when serving as a foundation or covalently immobilized adhesion proteins produced highly stable and reproducible temporal impedance responses. On the basis of the magnitude and the reproducibility of the impedance responses, the CA-SAM-modified surfaces were identified as being best suited for optimal neuron-to-electrode contact with laminin. Laminin performed best when compared to collagen and fibronectin. Covalent immobilization of the adhesion-promoting proteins results in enhanced NESA by tightly anchoring cells to the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gymama E Slaughter
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 843038, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3038, USA
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