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Lee M, Kim SH, Kim D, Kim HJ. Rapid and Easy Detection of Microcystin-LR Using a Bioactivated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Field-Effect Transistor Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:37. [PMID: 38248414 PMCID: PMC10813581 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based field-effect transistor (MWCNT-FET) sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity for microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Carboxylated MWCNTs were activated with an MC-LR-targeting aptamer (MCTA). Subsequently the bioactivated MWCNTs were immobilized between interdigitated drain (D) and source (S) electrodes through self-assembly. The top-gated MWCNT-FET sensor was configured by dropping the sample solution onto the D and S electrodes and immersing a Ag/AgCl electrode in the sample solution as a gate (G) electrode. We believe that the FET sensor's conduction path arises from the interplay between the MCTAs, with the applied gate potential modulating this path. Using standard instruments and a personal computer, the sensor's response was detected in real-time within a 10 min time frame. This label-free FET sensor demonstrated an impressive detection capability for MC-LR in the concentration range of 0.1-0.5 ng/mL, exhibiting a lower detection limit of 0.11 ng/mL. Additionally, the MWCNT-FET sensor displayed consistent reproducibility, a robust selectivity for MC-LR over its congeners, and minimal matrix interferences. Given these attributes, this easily mass-producible FET sensor is a promising tool for rapid, straightforward, and sensitive MC-LR detection in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Seong H. Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Don Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.L.); (D.K.)
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2
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Alba-Posse EJ, Bruque CD, Gándola Y, Gasulla J, Nadra AD. From in-silico screening to in-vitro evaluation: Enhancing the detection of Microcystins with engineered PP1 mutant variants. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108043. [PMID: 37935286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced during harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) have become a worldwide issue of concern. Microcystins (MC) are the most ubiquitous group of cyanotoxins and have known carcinogenic and hepatotoxic effects. The protein phosphatase inhibition assays (PPIAs), based on the inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 1/2A (PP1/PP2A) by MC, are one of the most cost-effective options for detecting MC. In this work, we aimed to design in-silico and evaluate in-vitro mutant variants of the PP1 protein, in order to enhance their capabilities as a MC biosensor. To this end, we performed an in-silico active site-saturated mutagenesis screening, followed by stability and docking affinity calculation with the MCLR cyanotoxin. Candidates with improved both affinity and stability were further tested in a fully flexible active-site docking. The best-scored mutations (19) were individually analysed regarding their locations and interactions. Four of them (p.D197F; p.Q249Y; p.S129W; p.D220Q) were selected for in-vitro expression and evaluation. Mutant p.D197F, exhibited a significant increment in inhibition by MCLR with respect to the WT, while showing a non-significant difference in stability nor activity. This successful PP1 inhibition enhancement suggests the potential of the p.D197F variant for practical MC detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel J Alba-Posse
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos David Bruque
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad de Conocimiento Traslacional Hospitalaria Patagónica, Hospital de Alta Complejidad El Calafate - S.A.M.I.C., Jorge Newbery 453, CP9405 El Calafate, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Yamila Gándola
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Gasulla
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro D Nadra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Su C, Jiang D, Jia S, Shan X, Chen Z. Fast cathodic electrodeposition of ZnTCPP-functionalized metal-organic framework films for preparation of a fluorescent aptamer sensor for microcystin determination. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:180. [PMID: 37043083 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
A one-step electrodeposition-assisted self-assembly technique has been developed for preparation of ZnTCPP@MOF films with three-dimensional mesoporous structure in a three-electrode system. The internal structure of the ZnTCPP@MOF films was tuned by adjusting the electrochemical deposition voltage, deposition time, and the concentration of ZnTCPP at room temperature. The ZnTCPP@MOF films under different deposition conditions were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The prepared ZnTCPP@MOF films exhibited excellent fluorescence properties, in which ZnTCPP molecules were encapsulated inside the MOF as fluorescent signal probes and structure-directing agents, which affected the electrochemical response of the ZnTCPP@MOF films. The sensing platform based on ZnTCPP@MOF film was used to detect microcystin with a wide determination range (1.0 × 10-12 mol/L ~ 1.0 × 10-5 mol/L), low determination limit (3.8 × 10-13 mol/L), and high sensitivity. More importantly, the strategy is simple, low-cost, green, and environmentally friendly, and it provides a new strategy for the direct use of MOFs films as signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Shuyong Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China
- Lite-On OPTO Tech(CZ) Co., Ltd, No. 88, Yanghu Rd., Wujin Hi-Tech. Industrial Development Zone, Changzhou City, China
| | - Xueling Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China.
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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Self-powered photoelectrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of Microcystin-RR by integrating TiO2/S-doped Ti3C2 MXene photoanode and MoS2/S-doped Ti3C2 MXene photocathode. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1238:340645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li H, Li Q, Zhao S, Wang X, Li F. Aptamer-Target Recognition-Promoted Ratiometric Electrochemical Strategy for Evaluating the Microcystin-LR Residue in Fish without Interferences. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:680-686. [PMID: 35012307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Given the significance of food safety, it is highly urgent to develop a sensitive yet reliable sensor for the practical analysis of algal toxins. As most of the developed sensors are disturbed by interfering substances and the target toxin is detected in a single-signal manner based on the immunoassay technology. Herein, we developed an aptamer-based dual-signal ratiometric electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and accurate analysis of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), using it as a proof-of-concept analyte. Methylene blue-tagged ssDNA (MB-ssDNA) was immobilized at the gold electrode surface accompanied with the absence of ferrocene-tagged ssDNA (Fc-ssDNA), resulting in a high differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) current of MB and a low DPV current of Fc. The recognition of MB-ssDNA by MC-LR stimulated the formation of MC-LR@MB-ssDNA, which induced the removal of MB-ssDNA from the electrode and the exposure of SH-ssDNA, enabling Fc-ssDNA to be captured at the electrode surface via nucleic acid hybridization. In comparison with MC-LR deficiency, the DPV signal of MB dropped along with an improved DPV signal of Fc, contributing to the ratiometric detection of MC-LR, with the limit of detection down to 0.0015 nM. Furthermore, this ratiometric electrochemical sensor was successfully explored to assess the bioaccumulated amount of MC-LR in the liver and meat of fish. The aptamer-based ratiometric strategy to develop an electrochemical MC-LR assay will offer a promising avenue to develop high-performance sensors, and the sensor will find more useful application in MC-LR-related aquatic product safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyin Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Suixin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
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6
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Castanheira A, Dos Santos MB, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Queirós R, Espiña B. A novel microfluidic system for the sensitive and cost-effective detection of okadaic acid in mussels. Analyst 2021; 146:2638-2645. [PMID: 33660716 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is produced by marine dinoflagellates and it can be easily accumulated in shellfish, causing intoxications when consumed by humans. Consequently, there is a need for sensitive, reliable and cost-effective methods to detect OA in real samples. In this work, we developed a novel and affordable microfluidic system to detect OA based on the protein phosphatase 1 inhibition colorimetric assay. This enzyme was immobilized in a microfluidic chamber by physisorption in an alumina sol-gel. The results show good enzyme stability over time when maintained at 4 °C. The developed system was sensitive for OA standard solutions, presenting a limit of detection (LOD) of 11.6 nM over a large linear range (43.4 to 3095.8 nM). Our method revealed an LOD as low as 0.2 μg kg-1 and a linear range between 1.47 and 506 μg kg-1 for extracted mussel matrix, detecting OA concentrations in contaminated mussels much lower than the regulated limit (160 μg kg-1). The enzyme stability and reusability along with the simplicity and low cost associated with microfluidics systems make this method very interesting from a commercial point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castanheira
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
| | | | - Laura Rodriguez-Lorenzo
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Queirós
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Begoña Espiña
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
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7
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Vogiazi V, de la Cruz A, Mishra S, Shanov V, Heineman WR, Dionysiou DD. A Comprehensive Review: Development of Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Cyanotoxins in Freshwater. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1151-1173. [PMID: 31056912 PMCID: PMC6625642 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms are increasing in frequency and cyanotoxins have become an environmental and public concern in the U.S. and worldwide. In this Review, the majority of reported studies and developments of electrochemical affinity biosensors for cyanotoxins are critically reviewed and discussed. Essential background information about cyanobacterial toxins and electrochemical biosensors is combined with the rapidly moving development of electrochemical biosensors for these toxins. Current issues and future challenges for the development of useful electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxin detection that meet the demands for applications in field freshwater samples are discussed. The major aspects of the entire review article in a prescribed sequence include (i) the state-of-the-art knowledge of the toxicity of cyanotoxins, (ii) important harmful algal bloom events, (iii) advisories, guidelines, and regulations, (iv) conventional analytical methods for determination of cyanotoxins, (v) electrochemical transduction, (vi) recognition receptors, (vii) reported electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxins, (viii) summary of analytical performance, and (ix) recent advances and future trends. Discussion includes electrochemical techniques and devices, biomolecules with high affinity, numerous array designs, various detection approaches, and research strategies in tailoring the properties of the transducer-biomolecule interface. Scientific and engineering aspects are presented in depth. This review aims to serve as a valuable source to scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors for detection of cyanotoxins in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Vogiazi
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Armah de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development , US Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati , Ohio 45220 , United States
| | - Siddharth Mishra
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - Vesselin Shanov
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
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8
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A magnetic beads-based portable flow cytometry immunosensor for in-situ detection of marine biotoxin. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Gan C, Wang B, Huang J, Qileng A, He Z, Lei H, Liu W, Liu Y. Multiple amplified enzyme-free electrochemical immunosensor based on G-quadruplex/hemin functionalized mesoporous silica with redox-active intercalators for microcystin-LR detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Bazin I, Tria SA, Hayat A, Marty JL. New biorecognition molecules in biosensors for the detection of toxins. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:285-298. [PMID: 27568847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological and synthetic recognition elements are at the heart of the majority of modern bioreceptor assays. Traditionally, enzymes and antibodies have been integrated in the biosensor designs as a popular choice for the detection of toxin molecules. But since 1970s, alternative biological and synthetic binders have been emerged as a promising alternative to conventional biorecognition elements in detection systems for laboratory and field-based applications. Recent research has witnessed immense interest in the use of recombinant enzymatic methodologies and nanozymes to circumvent the drawbacks associated with natural enzymes. In the area of antibody production, technologies based on the modification of in vivo synthesized materials and in vitro approaches with development of "display "systems have been introduced in the recent years. Subsequently, molecularly-imprinted polymers and Peptide nucleic acid (PNAs) were developed as an attractive receptor with applications in the area of sample preparation and detection systems. In this article, we discuss all alternatives to conventional biomolecules employed in the detection of various toxin molecules We review recent developments in modified enzymes, nanozymes, nanobodies, aptamers, peptides, protein scaffolds and DNazymes. With the advent of nanostructures and new interface materials, these recognition elements will be major players in future biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Bazin
- École des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenuede Clavières, 30100 Alès Cedex, France.
| | - Scherrine A Tria
- École des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenuede Clavières, 30100 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- BAE (Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement), Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- BAE (Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement), Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France
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Gan C, Ling L, He Z, Lei H, Liu Y. In-situ assembly of biocompatible core-shell hierarchical nanostructures sensitized immunosensor for microcystin-LR detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 78:381-389. [PMID: 26655177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a kind of hepatotoxin which can cause functional and structural disturbances of the liver, accumulate in aquatic organisms and transfer to higher trophic levels, a biocompatible electrochemical immunosensor was constructed to detect MC-LR sensitively and selectively. The three-dimensional villiform-like carbon nanotube/cobalt silicate (CNT@Co silicate) core-shell nanocomposites were synthesized and firstly used as the substrate to immobilize the antigen of MC-LR (Ag), while Fe3O4 nanoclusters/polydopamine/gold nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PDA-Au) core-shell magnetic nanocomposites were prepared as the label carrier of the immunosensor to conjugate the second antibody (Ab2) and horse radish peroxidase (HRP). Since the toxicity of nanomaterials is important in the construction of biosensors including the immobilization of antigen or antibody, the biocompatibility of such nanocomposites were investigated by monitoring the cell viability after culturing with Hela cells. Due to the excellent biocompatibility, the immunosensor can immobilize more antigens by the large surface area of the three-dimensional villiform-like structure in CNT@Co silicate, and provide high electrochemical signals by Fe3O4@PDA-Au labeled Ab2 and HRP. After investigation of the binding capability of biomolecules on nanomaterials and optimization of the conditions in the competitive immunoassay, the proposed electrochemical immunosensor shows a linear response to MC-LR in the range from 0.005 μg/L to 50 μg/L with a detection limit of 0.004 μg/L. In addition, the specificity, reproducibility and stability of the immunosensor were also proved to be acceptable, indicating its potential application in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Gan
- Institute of Biomaterials, College of Materials & Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Ling
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zuyu He
- Institute of Biomaterials, College of Materials & Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Institute of Biomaterials, College of Materials & Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Liu M, Yu J, Ding X, Zhao G. Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor for the Sensitive Detection of Microcystin-LR Based on Graphene Functionalized Vertically-aligned TiO2Nanotubes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tan F, Saucedo NM, Ramnani P, Mulchandani A. Label-Free Electrical Immunosensor for Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection of Microcystin-LR in Water Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9256-63. [PMID: 26120934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is one of the most commonly detected and toxic cyclic heptapeptide cyanotoxins released by cyanobacterial blooms in surface waters, for which sensitive and specific detection methods are necessary to carry out its recognition and quantification. Here, we present a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs)-based label-free chemiresistive immunosensor for highly sensitive and specific detection of MCLR in different source waters. MCLR was initially immobilized on SWCNTs modified interdigitated electrode, followed by incubation with monoclonal anti-MCLR antibody. The competitive binding of MCLR in sample solutions induced departure of the antibody from the antibody-antigen complexes formed on SWCNTs, resulting in change in the conductivity between source and drain of the sensor. The displacement assay greatly improved the sensitivity of the sensor compared with direct immunoassay on the same device. The immunosensor exhibited a wide linear response to log value of MCLR concentration ranging from 1 to 1000 ng/L, with a detection limit of 0.6 ng/L. This method showed good reproducibility, stability and recovery. The proposed method provides a powerful tool for rapid and sensitive monitoring of MCLR in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- ‡Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Nuvia Maria Saucedo
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pankaj Ramnani
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- †Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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van den Hurk R, Evoy S. A Review of Membrane-Based Biosensors for Pathogen Detection. SENSORS 2015; 15:14045-78. [PMID: 26083229 PMCID: PMC4507637 DOI: 10.3390/s150614045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are of increasing interest for the detection of bacterial pathogens in many applications such as human, animal and plant health, as well as food and water safety. Membranes and membrane-like structures have been integral part of several pathogen detection platforms. Such structures may serve as simple mechanical support, function as a part of the transduction mechanism, may be used to filter out or concentrate pathogens, and may be engineered to specifically house active proteins. This review focuses on membrane materials, their associated biosensing applications, chemical linking procedures, and transduction mechanisms. The sensitivity of membrane biosensors is discussed, and the state of the field is evaluated and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko van den Hurk
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | - Stephane Evoy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
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15
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Catanante G, Espin L, Marty JL. Sensitive biosensor based on recombinant PP1α for microcystin detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:700-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Garibo D, Flores C, Cetó X, Prieto-Simón B, Del Valle M, Caixach J, Diogène J, Campàs M. Inhibition equivalency factors for microcystin variants in recombinant and wild-type protein phosphatase 1 and 2A assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10652-60. [PMID: 24870287 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, protein phosphatase inhibition assays (PPIAs) have been used to evaluate the performance of recombinant PP1 and recombinant and wild-type PP2As. The enzymes have been compared using microcystins-LR (MC-LR) as a model cyanotoxin. Whereas PP2ARec provides a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.1 μg/L, PP1Rec and PP2AWild provide LODs of 0.6 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively, lower than the guideline value proposed by the World Health Organization (1 μg/L). The inhibitory potencies of seven MC variants (-LR, -RR, -dmLR, -YR, -LY, -LW and -LF) have been evaluated, resulting on 50 % inhibition coefficient (IC50) values ranging from 1.4 to 359.3 μg/L depending on the MC variant and the PP. The PPIAs have been applied to the determination of MC equivalent contents in a natural cyanobacterial bloom and an artificially contaminated sample, with multi-MC profiles. The inhibition equivalency factors (IEFs) have been applied to the individual MC quantifications determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the estimated MC-LR equivalent content has been compared to PPIA results. PPIAs have demonstrated to be applicable as MC screening tools for environmental applications and to protect human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garibo
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Reverté L, Garibo D, Flores C, Diogène J, Caixach J, Campàs M. Magnetic particle-based enzyme assays and immunoassays for microcystins: from colorimetric to electrochemical detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:471-478. [PMID: 23214443 DOI: 10.1021/es304234n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, magnetic particles (MPs) are used as supports for the immobilization of biorecognition molecules for the detection of microcystins (MCs). In one approach, a recombinant protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) has been conjugated to MPs via coordination chemistry, and MC-LR detection has been based on the inhibition of the enzyme activity. In the other approach, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MC-LR has been conjugated to protein G-coated MPs, and a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunoparticle assay (ELIPA) has been then performed. Conjugation of biomolecules to MPs has been first checked, and after optimization, MC detection has been performed. The colorimetric PPIA with PP1-MP and the best ELIPA strategy have provided limits of detection (LOD) of 7.4 and 3.9 μg/L of MC-LR, respectively. The electrochemical ELIPA has decreased the LOD to 0.4 μg/L, value below the guideline recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The approaches have been applied to the analysis of a cyanobacterial culture and a natural bloom, and MC equivalent contents have been compared to those obtained by conventional assays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results have demonstrated the viability of the use of MPs as biomolecule immobilization supports in biotechnological tools for MCs monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Reverté
- IRTA, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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Sassolas A, Hayat A, Marty JL. Enzyme immobilization by entrapment within a gel network. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1051:229-39. [PMID: 23934808 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-550-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed description of the three immobilization methods based on the biomolecules entrapment into polymer matrices. The poly (vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups (PVA-SbQ), a soluble pre-polymer bearing photo-cross-linkable groups, has widely been used to entrap enzymes, and several bioassays based on this immobilization matrix have been reported. Similarly, immobilization of enzymes via sol-gel has been described in this chapter. Sol-gel process is based on the ability to form solid metal or semi-metal oxides via the aqueous process of hydrolytically labile precursors. Enzymes can also be entrapped in an agarose gel. Contrary to synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide, this matrix is biocompatible, non-toxic, provides natural microenvironment to the enzyme and also gives sufficient accessibility to electrons to shuttle between the enzyme and the electrode. The entrapment strategies are easy-to-perform, and permit to deposit enzyme, mediators, and additives in the same sensing layer. Moreover, the activity of the enzyme is preserved during the immobilization process, as biological element is not modified. Biosensors based on physically entrapped enzymes are often characterized by increased operational and storage stability.
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Eissa S, Zourob M. A graphene-based electrochemical competitive immunosensor for the sensitive detection of okadaic acid in shellfish. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:7593-7599. [PMID: 23108911 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel graphene-based voltammetric immunosensor for sensitive detection of okadaic acid (OA) was developed. A simple and efficient electrografting method was utilized to functionalize graphene-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (GSPE) by the electrochemical reduction of in situ generated 4-carboxyphenyl diazonium salt in acidic aqueous solution. Next, the okadaic acid antibody was covalently immobilized on the carboxyphenyl modified graphene electrodes via carbodiimide chemistry. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was used to investigate the stepwise assembly of the immunosensor. A competitive assay between OA and a fixed concentration of okadaic acid-ovalbumin conjugate (OA-OVA) for the immobilized antibodies was employed for the detection of okadaic acid. The decrease of the [Fe(CN)(6)](3-/4-) reduction peak current in the square wave voltammetry for various concentrations of okadaic acid was used for establishing the calibration curve. A linear relationship between the SWV peak current difference and OA concentration was obtained up to ~5000 ng L(-1). The developed immunosensor allowed a detection limit of 19 ng L(-1) of OA in PBS buffer. The matrix effect studied with spiked shellfish tissue extracts showed a good percentage of recovery and the method was also validated with certified reference mussel samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Eissa
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre - Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650, Boul. Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
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Liu M, Zhao H, Chen S, Yu H, Quan X. Colloidal graphene as a transducer in homogeneous fluorescence-based immunosensor for rapid and sensitive analysis of microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12567-12574. [PMID: 23113735 DOI: 10.1021/es3028583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reported the assembly of colloidal graphene (CG) and microcystin (MC)-LR-DNA bioconjugates to develop a homogeneous competitive fluorescence-based immunoassay for rapid and sensitive detection of MC-LR in water samples. Initially, the MC-LR-DNA probe was quickly adsorbed onto the CG surface through the strong noncovalent π-π stacking interactions and can be effectively quenched benefiting from the high quenching efficiency of CG. In contrast, the competitive binding of anti-MC-LR with MC-LR-DNA destroyed the graphene/MC-LR-DNA interaction, thus resulting in the restoration of fluorescence signal. This signal transduction mechanism made it possible for analysis of the target MC-LR. Taking advantage of the colloidal nature of the as-prepared graphene, the assay was carried out in homogeneous solution throughout, which avoided numerous immobilization, incubation, and washing steps that were necessary to traditional heterogeneous immunoassays, thereby reducing the whole assay time (within less than 35 min) and allowing a much better antigen-antibody interaction. Moreover, due to the direct competitive mode, the assay did not involve any antibody labeling or modification process, which would be beneficial to preserve the binding affinity of antigen-antibody. Under optimal conditions, the proposed immunosensor can be applied for quantitative analysis of MC-LR with a detection limit of 0.14 μg/L, which satisfied the World Health Organization (WHO) provisional guideline limit of 1 μg/L for MC-LR in drinking water, thus providing a powerful tool for rapid and sensitive monitoring of MC-LR in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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Singh S, Srivastava A, Oh HM, Ahn CY, Choi GG, Asthana RK. Recent trends in development of biosensors for detection of microcystin. Toxicon 2012; 60:878-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Shi Y, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wen Z, Dai H, Wang H, Li Z. A graphene oxide based biosensor for microcystins detection by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Covaci OI, Sassolas A, Alonso GA, Muñoz R, Radu GL, Bucur B, Marty JL. Highly sensitive detection and discrimination of LR and YR microcystins based on protein phosphatases and an artificial neural network. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:711-20. [PMID: 22648166 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition characteristics of three different protein phosphatases by three microcystin (MC) variants--LR, YR, and RR--were studied. The corresponding K (I) for each enzyme-MC couple was calculated. The toxicity of MC varies in the following order: MC-LR > MC-YR > MC-RR. The sensitivity of the enzymes increased in the following order: mutant PP2A < mutant PP1 < natural PP2A. The best limit of detection obtained was 21.2 pM MC-LR using the most sensible enzyme. Methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile up to 2 % (v/v) may be used in inhibition measurements. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to discriminate two MC variants--LR and YR--using the differences in inhibition percentages measured with mutant PP1 and natural PP2A. The ANN is able to analyze mixtures with concentrations ranging from 8 to 98 pM MC-LR and 31 to 373 pM MC-YR.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Covaci
- Laboratoire IMAGES EA 4218, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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Campàs M, Garibo D, Prieto-Simón B. Novel nanobiotechnological concepts in electrochemical biosensors for the analysis of toxins. Analyst 2012; 137:1055-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A simple colorimetric enzymatic-assay for okadaic acid detection based on the immobilization of protein phosphatase 2A in sol-gel. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:47-56. [PMID: 21984385 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a lipophilic toxin, is produced by Dinophysis and Prorocentrum, and causes diarrheic shellfish poisoning to humans. The mechanism of OA action is based on the reversible inhibition of protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) by the toxin. Therefore, this inhibition could be used to develop assay for OA detection. In this work, a colorimetric test based on the PP2A inhibition was developed for OA detection. PP2A from GTP and Millipore was immobilized on silica sol-gel, and the detection was performed. A limit of detection of 0.29 and 1.14 μg/L was respectively observed for enzyme from GTP and Millipore. The immobilization technique provided a tool to preserve the enzymatic activity, which is very unstable in solution. The PP2A immobilized sol-gel exhibited a storage stability of near 5 months, when microtiter plate with enzyme-immobilized polymer was kept at -18C°. The combination of the simplicity of the colorimetric method, along with long storage stability achieved by sol-gel immobilization, demonstrated the potentiality of this technique to be used for commercial purpose.
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Sassolas A, Catanante G, Fournier D, Marty JL. Development of a colorimetric inhibition assay for microcystin-LR detection: comparison of the sensitivity of different protein phosphatases. Talanta 2011; 85:2498-503. [PMID: 21962674 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A colorimetric protein phosphatase (PP) inhibition test for the detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has been developed. Three PP2As, one recombinant and two natural versions, as well as one PP1 produced by molecular engineering, were tested. First, assays were performed using the enzymes in solution to compare their sensitivity to MC-LR. The PP2A purchased from ZEU Immunotec and PP1 appeared more sensitive to the toxin than the other enzymes. With PP2A from ZEU Immunotec, the colorimetric test showed a detection limit of 0.0039 μg L(-1) and an IC(50) value of 0.21 μg L(-1). With PP1, the assay gave a detection limit of 0.05 μg L(-1) and an IC(50) value of 0.56 μg L(-1). Therefore, this assay allowed the detection of lower microcystin-LR (MC-LR) concentrations than the maximum level (1 μg L(-1)) recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The main drawback of this PP-based approach in solution is poor enzyme stabilisation. To overcome this problem, enzymes were entrapped within either a photopolymer or an agarose gel. PP2A from ZEU Immunotec and PP1 were immobilised at the bottom of microwells. The agarose-based tests performed better than the photopolymer-based assay for all of the enzymes. Therefore, the agarose gel is a good candidate to replace the photopolymer, which is generally used in PP-immobilising membranes. The assays based on enzyme-entrapping agarose gels showed detection limits equal to 0.17 μg L(-1) and 0.29 μg L(-1) with immobilised PP2A from ZEU and PP1, respectively. In view of these performances, these tests can potentially be used for monitoring water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Sassolas
- Laboratoire IMAGES, bâtiment S, 52 avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan cedex, France.
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Sassolas A, Catanante G, Hayat A, Marty JL. Development of an efficient protein phosphatase-based colorimetric test for okadaic acid detection. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:262-8. [PMID: 21839207 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), responsible for gastrointestinal problems, inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Therefore, the inhibition exerted by the toxin on PP2A could be used to detect the presence of OA in aqueous solution and in shellfish sample. In this work, two commercial PP2As (from ZEU Immunotec and Millipore) and one produced by molecular engineering (from GTP Technology) were tested. Enzymes were used in solution and also immobilized within a polymeric gel. In solution, best performances were obtained using PP2A purchased from ZEU Immunotec (Spain). OA was detected in aqueous solution in concentration as low as 0.0124 μg L(-1) using the enzyme from ZEU Immunotec whereas the detection limits were 0.47 μg L(-1) and 0.123 μg L(-1) with PP2As from Millipore and GTP Technology, respectively. Considering that the immobilization step contributes to stabilize the PP2A activity, enzymes were entrapped within a photopolymer and an agarose gel. These different polymeric matrices were optimized, tested and compared. Agarose gel seems to be a good alternative to the photopolymer largely used in our group. For instance, the IC(50) value obtained with the test based on PP2A from ZEU Immunotec immobilized within an agarose gel was 1.98 μg L(-1). This value was 1.8-fold lower than those obtained with the photopolymer test using the same enzyme. The proposed test is sensitive, fast and does not require expensive equipment. To evaluate the efficiency of the assay, PP inhibition tests based on PP2A from ZEU Immunotec in solution or immobilized within a gel were used for OA detection in contaminated shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Sassolas
- IMAGES EA 4218, University of Perpignan, bât. S 52, Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France.
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Hayat A, Barthelmebs L, Marty JL. Enzyme-linked immunosensor based on super paramagnetic nanobeads for easy and rapid detection of okadaic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:248-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang J, Lei J, Pan R, Leng C, Hu Z, Ju H. In situassembly of gold nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for sensitive immunosensing of microcystin-LR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:668-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04198j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Structure-activity relationship in binding ligands to library of artificial receptors: the search for biocompatible sensor. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 80:2-9. [PMID: 20621567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was applied for studies of docking of colored ligands to library of artificial receptors formed by self-assembly of N-lipidated amino acids immobilised on the cellulose support. The studies show that the binding depends mainly on the structure of amino acid fragment but influence of N-lipidic fragment is less important.
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31
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Trojanowicz M. Chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic determination of microcystins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:359-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Campàs M, de la Iglesia P, Fernández-Tejedor M, Diogène J. Colorimetric and electrochemical phosphodiesterase inhibition assays for yessotoxin detection: development and comparison with LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2321-30. [PMID: 20140666 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development and applicability of two functional assays for the detection of yessotoxin (YTX), a polycyclic ether marine toxin produced by dinoflagellates. The assays are based on the interaction between this toxin and the phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme and the subsequent measurement of the enzyme activity by colorimetric and electrochemical methods. Firstly, several enzyme substrates were tested in order to select those able to be detected by colorimetry or electrochemistry after enzymatic hydrolysis. The substrates that provided the highest absorbance values and density currents were p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate and alpha-naphthyl phosphate, respectively. After optimisation of the experimental parameters, limits of detection of 0.8 and 0.6 microM were attained by colorimetry and electrochemistry, respectively. An inhibitory effect of YTX on the PDE activity was observed. The assays have been applied to the analysis of YTX production by Protoceratium reticulatum cultures, and results were compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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Zhang J, Lei J, Xu C, Ding L, Ju H. Carbon Nanohorn Sensitized Electrochemical Immunosensor for Rapid Detection of Microcystin-LR. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1117-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Ministry of Education of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Biosensors for secondary metabolites, two case studies: ochratoxin A and microcystin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 21520719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are chemical compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms. Due to the toxicity shown by some of these compounds, their presence can represent a threat to human health. Reliable detection systems able to control their presence are required, as a tool to ensure public health. This chapter offers an overview of different techniques developed for the detection of toxic secondary metabolites, taking ochratoxin A and microcystins as two representative examples. While ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi, microcystins are cyanotoxins released by certain strains of cyanobacteria. Biosensor-based strategies are emphasized as powerful screening tools.
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Expression of esophageal cancer related gene 4 (ECRG4), a novel tumor suppressor gene, in esophageal cancer and its inhibitory effect on the tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2009. [PMID: 19521989 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ECRG4 gene was initially identified and cloned in our laboratory from human normal esophageal epithelium (GenBank accession no. AF325503). We revealed the expression of ECRG4 protein was downregulated in 68.5% (89/130) ESCC samples using tissue microarray. The low ECRG4 protein expression was significantly associated with regional lymph node metastasis, primary tumor size, and tumor stage in ESCC (p < 0.05). ECRG4 mRNA expression was downregulated in ESCC due to the hypermethylation in the gene promoter. The treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, which is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restored ECRG4 mRNA expression in ESCC cells. The result indicated that promoter hypermethylation may be 1 main mechanism leading to the silencing of ECRG4. The high expression of ECRG4 in patients with ESCC was associated with longer survival compared with those with low ECRG4 expression by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p < 0.05). ECRG4 protein was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (p < 0.05). The restoration of ECRG4 expression in ESCC cells inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, anchorage-independent growth, cell cycle progression and tumor growth in vivo (p < 0.05). The transfection of ECRG4 gene in ESCC cells inhibited the expression of NF-kappaB and nuclear translocation, in addition to the expression of COX-2, a NF-kappaB target gene, was attenuated. Taken together, ECRG4 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in ESCC, and ECRG4 protein is a candidate prognostic marker for ESCC.
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Electrochemical immunoassay using quantum dot/antibody probe for identification of cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:2173-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Allum LL, Mountfort DO, Gooneratne R, Pasco N, Goussain G, Hall EAH. Assessment of protein phosphatase in a re-usable rapid assay format in detecting microcystins and okadaic acid as a precursor to biosensor development. Toxicon 2008; 52:745-53. [PMID: 18812183 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of developing an immobilised protein phosphatase (PP) biosensor was tested by immobilising PP onto CNBr-activated Sepharose beads placed in Millipore microfilter plate wells. Under optimised immobilised enzyme assay conditions, okadaic acid (OA) and microcystin LR (MC-LR) inhibited Upstate Biotechnology PP (PP-2A), with IC50 values of 12.5 and 11nM respectively. Similarly, immobilised recombinant PP type 1 (rec PP-1) was inhibited by MC-LR and OA, with IC50 values of 150 and >1000nM respectively. The IC50 values for free PP-2A against OA and MC-LR were 2.5 and 3.5nM, and 0.7nM and 200nM for rec PP-1 against the same substrates respectively. For free and immobilised Neptunea arthritic PP (PP-2Ana) against OA the IC50 values were 0.45 and >1000nM respectively. Of the three immobilised enzyme systems, PP-2A showed greatest sensitivity to OA and MC-LR followed by rec PP-1 and PP-2Ana. In assessments for re-usability (determined by removal of > or =70% OA or MC-LR inhibition of PP-2A by washing), <50% of the original activity remained after 20 washings. Including 1M NaCl in the wash buffer did not increase enzyme activity with wash frequency, but rather "salted in" the inhibitor. The LoD of immobilised PP-2A to MC-LR meets the WHO guideline of 1microgl(-1) for drinking water, and the sensitivity to OA (3.5microgl(-1)) would allow detection of DSP during the peak of some phytoplankton blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Allum
- Agricultural and Life Sciences Division, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
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Loyprasert S, Thavarungkul P, Asawatreratanakul P, Wongkittisuksa B, Limsakul C, Kanatharana P. Label-free capacitive immunosensor for microcystin-LR using self-assembled thiourea monolayer incorporated with Ag nanoparticles on gold electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Husain S. Literature overview: Emerging organic contaminants in water and their remediation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Campàs M, Marty JL. Enzyme sensor for the electrochemical detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barceló D. Advantages and limitations of on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technologies versus biosensors for monitoring of emerging contaminants in water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:97-115. [PMID: 17275010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and biosensors are advanced technologies that have found increasing application in the analysis of environmental contaminants although their application to the determination of emerging contaminants (previously unknown or unrecognized pollutants) has been still limited. This review covers the most recent advances occurred in the areas of on-line SPE-LC-MS and biosensors, discusses and compares the main strengths and limitations of the two approaches, and examines their most relevant applications to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental waters. So far, the on-line configuration most frequently used has been SPE coupled to liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry. Sorbents used for on-line SPE have included both traditional (alkyl-bonded silicas and polymers) and novel (restricted access materials (RAMs), molecularly imprinted synthetic polymers (MIPs), and immobilized receptors or antibodies (immunosorbents) materials. The biosensor technologies most frequently applied have been based on the use of antibodies and, to a lesser extent, enzymes, bacteria, receptors and DNA as recognition elements, and the use of optical and electrochemical transducing elements. Emerging contaminants investigated by means of these two techniques have included pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds such as estrogens, alkylphenols and bisphenol A, pesticides transformation products, disinfection by-products, and bacterial toxins and mycotoxins, among others. Both techniques offer advantageous, and frequently comparable, features such as high sensitivity and selectivity, minimum sample manipulation, and automation. Biosensors are, in addition, relatively cheap and fast, which make them ideally suited for routine testing and screening of samples; however, in most cases, they can not compete yet with on-line SPE procedures in terms of accuracy, reproducibility, reliability (confirmation) of results, and capacity for multi-analyte determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Procedure 21 Protein phosphatase inhibition-based biosensor for amperometric microcystin detection in cyanobacterial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Dondoi MP, Bucur B, Danet AF, Toader CN, Barthelmebs L, Marty JL. Organophosphorus insecticides extraction and heterogeneous oxidation on column for analysis with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 578:162-9. [PMID: 17723708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis method for organophosphorus insecticides based on AChE biosensors coupled with a preconcentration and oxidation on a solid phase column. Three organic solvents, acetonitrile (ACN), ethanol and methanol were tested for their influence on AChE activity, insecticide inhibition and their ability to elute the adsorbed insecticides. Our results showed that ACN in a concentration of 5% (v/v) had the less negative effect on biosensor analysis and was the most appropriate organic solvent for the column elution. The presence of the organic solvent in the incubation media of the biosensor was found to induce a reduction of the inhibition percentages. The inhibition of the biosensors was performed in phosphate buffer with 5% (v/v) ACN, while the initial and remaining response of the biosensors were measured in PBS. In these conditions, the LODs of paraoxon and dichlorvos were measured with or without a preconcentration step. The LODs of the AChE biosensor without sample preconcentration were 8 x 10(-8) M for paraoxon and 1 x 10(-7) M dichlorvos and the LOD obtained after the preconcentration step were 2.5 x 10(-8) M for paraoxon and 2.5 x 10(-8) M for dichlorvos. Moreover, the use of the column allowed the heterogeneous oxidation of organophosphorus insecticides for improved LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Petruta Dondoi
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Sos. Panduri, No. 90-92, 050657 Bucharest, Romania.
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Lopez de Alda MJ, Barceló D. Biosensors as useful tools for environmental analysis and monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1025-41. [PMID: 16807703 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development and application of biosensors for environmental analysis and monitoring are reviewed in this article. Several examples of biosensors developed for relevant environmental pollutants and parameters are briefly overviewed. Special attention is paid to the application of biosensors to real environmental samples, taking into consideration aspects such as sample pretreatment, matrix effects and validation of biosensor measurements. Current trends in biosensor development are also considered and commented on in this work. In this context, nanotechnology, miniaturisation, multi-sensor array development and, especially, biotechnology arise as fast-growing areas that will have a marked influence on the development of new biosensing strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Fu WY, Xu LH, Yu YN. Proteomic Analysis of Cellular Response to Microcystin in Human Amnion FL Cells. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:2207-15. [PMID: 16335968 DOI: 10.1021/pr050325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC), the potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, are hepatotoxins of increasing importance due to its high acute toxicity and potent tumor promoting activity. So far, the exact mechanisms of MC-induced hepatotoxicity and tumor promoting activity have not been fully elucidated. To better understand the mechanisms underlying microcystin-RR (MC-RR) induced toxicity as well as provide the possibility for the establishment of biomarkers for MC-RR exposure, differential proteome analysis on human amnion FL cells treated by MC-RR was carried out using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Image analysis of silver-stained 2-dimensional gels revealed that 89 proteins showed significant differential expression in MC-RR treated cells compared with control, and 8 proteins were unique to MC-RR treated cells and 8 proteins were only detected in control cells. Sixty-six proteins were further identified with high confidence by peptide mass fingerprinting. Some of the identified differentially expressed proteins have clearly relationship with the process of apoptosis, signal transduction, and cytoskeleton alteration which are consistent with the literature. The functional implications of alterations in the levels of these proteins were discussed. However, most of which have not been reported previously to be involved in cellular processes responded to MC-RR. Therefore, this work will provide new insight into the mechanism of MC-RR toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-yu Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Kato K, Saito T, Seelan S, Tomita M, Yokogawa Y. Reaction properties of catalytic antibodies encapsulated in organo substituted SiO2 sol-gel materials. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:478-80. [PMID: 16310742 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic antibodies (38C2 and 84G3) were encapsulated in hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel powder prepared from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and organoalkoxysilanes, then used to catalyze enantioselective aldol reactions. Sol-gel immobilization enhanced antibody stability with respect to the effect of temperature and organic solvent concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Kato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan.
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