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Zheng Z, Wang R, Lin J, Tian J, Zhou C, Li N, Li L. Liquid Crystal Modified Polylactic Acid Improves Cytocompatibility and M2 Polarization of Macrophages to Promote Osteogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:887970. [PMID: 35782509 PMCID: PMC9247145 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.887970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystalline phases (LC phases) are widely present in an organism. The well-aligned domain and liquidity of the LC phases are necessary for various biological functions. How to stabilize the floating LC phases and maintain their superior biology is still under study. In addition, it is unclear whether the exogenous LC state can regulate the immune process and improve osteogenesis. In this work, a series of composite films (PLLA/LC) were prepared using cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC), cholesteryl pelargonate (CP), and polylactic acid (PLLA) via a controlled facile one-pot approach. The results showed that the thermo-responsive PLLA/LC films exhibited stable LC phases at human body temperature and the cytocompatibility of the composites was improved significantly after modification by the LC. In addition, the M2 polarization of macrophages (RAW264.7) was enhanced in PLLA/LC films, and the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was improved as co-cultured with macrophages. The in vivo bone regeneration of the materials was verified by calvarial repair, in which the amount of new bone in the PLLA-30% LC group was greater than that in the PLLA group. This work revealed that the liquid crystal-modified PLLA could promote osteogenesis through immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renqin Wang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhuan Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changren Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Na Li, ; Lihua Li,
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Na Li, ; Lihua Li,
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Xie W, Ouyang R, Wang H, Zhou C. Construction and Biocompatibility of Three-Dimensional Composite Polyurethane Scaffolds in Liquid Crystal State. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2312-2322. [PMID: 33455305 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC), a characteristic substance of biofilms, has been reported to positively affect cell affinity. To better combine and utilize the properties of an LC and the advantages of polyurethane (PU) elastomers, the three-dimensional printing (3DP) molding technology and the simple soaking-swelling blending technology were used to construct PU/LC 3D composite scaffolds, and the compressive strength, porosity, hydrophilicity, and in vitro cell experiments of the scaffolds were initially discussed. The results indicated that the newly developed PU/LC 3D composite scaffolds exhibited an LC state; the addition of an LC did not change the porosity after swelling while maintaining a high porosity; the compressive strength of the composite scaffolds decreased while still maintaining high mechanical properties and enhancing hydrophilicity. At the same time, it could improve the cell affinity on the surface of the material, which was beneficial to increase the cell adhesion rate and cell activity, promote the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells grown on the materials, and improve the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium nodules, and the expression of related osteogenic genes and proteins. These results demonstrated potential applications of PU/LC composite scaffolds in repairing or regeneration of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xie
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ruoran Ouyang
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Changren Zhou
- Biomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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Sargazi M, Linford MR, Kaykhaii M. Liquid Crystals in Analytical Chemistry: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:243-255. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1512399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sargazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Massoud Kaykhaii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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Soon CF, Tee KS, Wong SC, Nayan N, Sargunan Sundra, Ahmad MK, Sefat F, Sultana N, Youseffi M. Comparison of biophysical properties characterized for microtissues cultured using microencapsulation and liquid crystal based 3D cell culture techniques. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:13-29. [PMID: 29189979 PMCID: PMC5809678 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing three dimensional (3D) cells is an emerging research in tissue engineering. Biophysical properties of the 3D cells regulate the cells growth, drug diffusion dynamics and gene expressions. Scaffold based or scaffoldless techniques for 3D cell cultures are rarely being compared in terms of the physical features of the microtissues produced. The biophysical properties of the microtissues cultured using scaffold based microencapsulation by flicking and scaffoldless liquid crystal (LC) based techniques were characterized. Flicking technique produced high yield and highly reproducible microtissues of keratinocyte cell lines in alginate microcapsules at approximately 350 ± 12 pieces per culture. However, microtissues grown on the LC substrates yielded at lower quantity of 58 ± 21 pieces per culture. The sizes of the microtissues produced using alginate microcapsules and LC substrates were 250 ± 25 μm and 141 ± 70 μm, respectively. In both techniques, cells remodeled into microtissues via different growth phases and showed good integrity of cells in field-emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM). Microencapsulation packed the cells in alginate scaffolds of polysaccharides with limited spaces for motility. Whereas, LC substrates allowed the cells to migrate and self-stacking into multilayered structures as revealed by the nuclei stainings. The cells cultured using both techniques were found viable based on the live and dead cell stainings. Stained histological sections showed that both techniques produced cell models that closely replicate the intrinsic physiological conditions. Alginate microcapsulation and LC based techniques produced microtissues containing similar bio-macromolecules but they did not alter the main absorption bands of microtissues as revealed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cell growth, structural organization, morphology and surface structures for 3D microtissues cultured using both techniques appeared to be different and might be suitable for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fhong Soon
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Kian Sek Tee
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Soon Chuan Wong
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nafarizal Nayan
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sargunan Sundra
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairul Ahmad
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Lab, MiNT-SRC, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Medical and Healthcare Technology Department, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Naznin Sultana
- Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mansour Youseffi
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Medical and Healthcare Technology Department, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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Zheng Q, Shi B, Li Z, Wang ZL. Recent Progress on Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Energy Harvesters in Biomedical Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700029. [PMID: 28725529 PMCID: PMC5515112 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Implantable medical devices (IMDs) have become indispensable medical tools for improving the quality of life and prolonging the patient's lifespan. The minimization and extension of lifetime are main challenges for the development of IMDs. Current innovative research on this topic is focused on internal charging using the energy generated by the physiological environment or natural body activity. To harvest biomechanical energy efficiently, piezoelectric and triboelectric energy harvesters with sophisticated structural and material design have been developed. Energy from body movement, muscle contraction/relaxation, cardiac/lung motions, and blood circulation is captured and used for powering medical devices. Other recent progress in this field includes using PENGs and TENGs for our cognition of the biological processes by biological pressure/strain sensing, or direct intervention of them for some special self-powered treatments. Future opportunities lie in the fabrication of intelligent, flexible, stretchable, and/or fully biodegradable self-powered medical systems for monitoring biological signals and treatment of various diseases in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)Beijing100083P. R. China
| | - Bojing Shi
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)Beijing100083P. R. China
| | - Zhou Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)Beijing100083P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332
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Muhamed I, Chowdhury F, Maruthamuthu V. Biophysical Tools to Study Cellular Mechanotransduction. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:E12. [PMID: 28952491 PMCID: PMC5590431 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is the interface that volumetrically isolates cellular components from the cell's environment. Proteins embedded within and on the membrane have varied biological functions: reception of external biochemical signals, as membrane channels, amplification and regulation of chemical signals through secondary messenger molecules, controlled exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, organized recruitment and sequestration of cytosolic complex proteins, cell division processes, organization of the cytoskeleton and more. The membrane's bioelectrical role is enabled by the physiologically controlled release and accumulation of electrochemical potential modulating molecules across the membrane through specialized ion channels (e.g., Na⁺, Ca2+, K⁺ channels). The membrane's biomechanical functions include sensing external forces and/or the rigidity of the external environment through force transmission, specific conformational changes and/or signaling through mechanoreceptors (e.g., platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, epithelial (E)-cadherin, integrin) embedded in the membrane. Certain mechanical stimulations through specific receptor complexes induce electrical and/or chemical impulses in cells and propagate across cells and tissues. These biomechanical sensory and biochemical responses have profound implications in normal physiology and disease. Here, we discuss the tools that facilitate the understanding of mechanosensitive adhesion receptors. This article is structured to provide a broad biochemical and mechanobiology background to introduce a freshman mechano-biologist to the field of mechanotransduction, with deeper study enabled by many of the references cited herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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Du L, Yang X, Li W, Luo X, Wu H, Zhang J, Tu M. Construction of physical crosslink-based chitosan/liquid crystal composite hydrogel and evaluation on their cytocompatibility. Regen Biomater 2016; 4:39-45. [PMID: 28149528 PMCID: PMC5274703 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to provide a novel biomimetic composite substrate for tissue engineering and explore the interaction between cells and this type of material, we developed chitosan/liquid crystal (CS/LC) composite hydrogel with embedded LC phases by composing of cholesterol hydroxypropyl cellulose ester liquid crystalline material and CS. The micromorphology of CS/LC composite hydrogels exhibited ‘islands-sea’ phase separation structures similar to the ‘fluid mosaic model’ of biomembrane. In vitro cell compatibility study suggested that 3T3 is fibroblasts exhibited better initial cell adhesions and higher proliferation rates on the composite hydrogel than on the polystyrene control plate and the pure LC membrane. This novel CS/LC composite hydrogel provides more favorable interface for cell growth and proliferation and may serve as potentially active substrate for engineering interfaces to live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Tu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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Ailincai D, Marin L, Shova S, Tuchilus C. Benzoate liquid crystals with direct isotropic–smectic transition and antipathogenic activity. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Soon CF, Thong KT, Tee KS, Ismail AB, Denyer M, Ahmad MK, Kong YH, Vyomesh P, Cheong SC. A scaffoldless technique for self-generation of three-dimensional keratinospheroids on liquid crystal surfaces. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:283-95. [PMID: 27008034 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2016.1158865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new scaffold-free three-dimensional (3D) cell culture model using cholesteryl ester based lyotropic liquid crystal (LC) substrates. Keratinocytes were deposited randomly on the LC surface where they self-assembled into 3D microtissues or keratinospheroids. The cell density required to form spheroids was optimized. We investigated cell viability using dead/live cell assays. The adhesion characteristics of cells within the microtissues were determined using histological sectioning and immunofluorescence staining. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the biochemistry of the keratinospheroids. We found that both cells and microtissues could migrate on the LC surface. The viability study indicated approximately 80% viability of cells in the microtissues up to 20 days of culture. Strong intercellular adhesion was observed in the stratification of the multi-layered microspheroids using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and histochemical staining. The cytoskeleton and vinculins of the cells in the microtissues were expressed diffusely, but the microtissues were enriched with lipids and nucleic acids, which indicates close resemblance to the conditions in vivo. The basic 3D culture model based on LC may be used for cell and microtissue migration studies in response to cytochemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Soon
- a Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor , Malaysia.,b Biosensor and Bioengineering Laboratory, MiNT-SRC, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor , Malaysia
| | - K T Thong
- a Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor , Malaysia
| | - K S Tee
- a Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor , Malaysia
| | - A B Ismail
- b Biosensor and Bioengineering Laboratory, MiNT-SRC, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor , Malaysia
| | - M Denyer
- c School of Medical Sciences, University of Bradford , Bradford , United Kingdom
| | - M K Ahmad
- a Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor , Malaysia
| | - Y H Kong
- d Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - P Vyomesh
- d Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - S C Cheong
- d Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
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Soon CF, Tee KS, Youseffi M, Denyer MCT. Tracking traction force changes of single cells on the liquid crystal surface. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:13-24. [PMID: 25808839 PMCID: PMC4384078 DOI: 10.3390/bios5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a key contributor to wound repair. This study presents findings indicating that the liquid crystal based cell traction force transducer (LCTFT) system can be used in conjunction with a bespoke cell traction force mapping (CTFM) software to monitor cell/surface traction forces from quiescent state in real time. In this study, time-lapse photo microscopy allowed cell induced deformations in liquid crystal coated substrates to be monitored and analyzed. The results indicated that the system could be used to monitor the generation of cell/surface forces in an initially quiescent cell, as it migrated over the culture substrate, via multiple points of contact between the cell and the surface. Future application of this system is the real-time assaying of the pharmacological effects of cytokines on the mechanics of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fhong Soon
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Laboratory, MiNT-SRC, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 83000 Batu Pahat, Malaysia.
| | - Kian Sek Tee
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Laboratory, MiNT-SRC, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 83000 Batu Pahat, Malaysia.
| | - Mansour Youseffi
- School of Engineering, Design and Technology-Medical Engineering, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK.
| | - Morgan C T Denyer
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP Bradford, UK.
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Soon CF, Omar WIW, Berends RF, Nayan N, Basri H, Tee KS, Youseffi M, Blagden N, Denyer MCT. Biophysical characteristics of cells cultured on cholesteryl ester liquid crystals. Micron 2014; 56:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Soon CF, Khaghani SA, Youseffi M, Nayan N, Saim H, Britland S, Blagden N, Denyer MCT. Interfacial study of cell adhesion to liquid crystals using widefield surface plasmon resonance microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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