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Wang K, Yang J, Yang X, Guo Q, Nie G. Photoelectrochemical nanoprobe for combined monitoring of Cu2+ and β-amyloid peptide. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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2
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Zhao R, Wang Z, Tian X, Shu H, Yang Y, Xiao X, Wang Y. Excellent fluorescence detection of Cu 2+in water system using N-acetyl-L-cysteines modified CdS quantum dots as fluorescence probe. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:405707. [PMID: 34192671 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
View of the negative influence of metal ions on natural environment and human health, fast and quantitative detection of metals ions in water systems is significant. Ultra-small grain size CdS quantum dots (QDs) modified with N-acetyl-L-cysteines (NALC) (NALC-CdS QDs) are successfully prepared via a facile hydrothermal route. Based on the changes of fluorescence intensity of NALC-CdS QDs solution after adding metal ions, the fluorescence probe made from the NALC-CdS QDs is developed to detect metal ions in water systems. Among various metal ions, the fluorescence of NALC-CdS QDs effectively quenched by the addition of Cu2+, the probe shows high sensitivity and selectivity for detecting Cu2+in other interferential metal ions coexisted system. Importantly, the fluorescence intensity of NALC-CdS QDs changes upon the concentration of Cu2+, the probe displays an excellent linear relationship between the fluorescence quenching rate and the concentration of Cu2+in ranging from 1 to 25μM. Besides, the detected limitation of the probe towards Cu2+as low as 0.48μM. The measurement of Cu2+in real water sample is also carried out using the probe. The results indicate that NALC-CdS QDs fluorescence probe may be a promising candidate for quantitative Cu2+detection in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Zhao
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhezhe Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Tian
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Shu
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Xiao
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yude Wang
- Key Lab of Quantum Information of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
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CdSe quantum dots capped with a deep eutectic solvent as a fluorescent probe for copper(II) determination in various drinks. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:147. [PMID: 31970526 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows that copper(II) ions can be determined with a new fluorescent probe that is based on the use of CdSe quantum dots capped with deep eutectic solvent (DES-CdSe QDs). The capped QDs were prepared in aqueous phase by a one-step procedure under ambient atmosphere using selenium dioxide as a stable precursor for selenium, and ascorbic acid as non-toxic reducing agent. The deep eutectic solvent is composed of choline chloride and thioglycolic acid and acts as stabilizing and functionalizing agent. The fluorescent probe undergoes an increase in the fluorescence intensity (with excitation/emission wavelengths at 380/560 nm) in the presence of Cu(II). Other ions display no significant effect on fluorescence. The effects of sample pH value, concentration of buffer, and volume of QDs solution were optimized by response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken statistical design. Under the optimal conditions, the response of the probe is linear in the 10-600 nM Cu(II) concentration range, with a 5.3 nM limit of detection. This is lower than the allowable maximum Cu(II) concentration in drinking water. The relative standard deviation of the method for five replicate measurements of Cu(II) at a 100 nM concentration level is 2.0%. The probe was successfully applied to the determination of Cu(II) in various drinks. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of a fluorometric method for the determination of Cu(II) at nanomolar concentration levels. The fluorescent system consists of deep eutectic solvent-capped cadmium selenide quantum dots (DES-CdSe QDs). Fluorescence is strongly enhanced by copper(II).
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Sadeghi S, Olieaei S. Capped cadmium sulfide quantum dots with a new ionic liquid as a fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of florfenicol in meat samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 223:117349. [PMID: 31319275 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The new ionic liquid capped CdS quantum dots (IL-CdS QDs) as a fluorescent probe was successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method in a one step process and used for the facile and sensitive determination of florfenicol (FLF) in aqueous media. The new ionic liquid 3-(2-[(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]ethyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (IL) was synthesized by introducing 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol as a ligand onto the alkyl chain of the 1-chloroethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ILs. This task specific ionic liquid reagent was used for the capping of CdS QDs which played the role of recognition element of FLF. The IL-CdS QDs were characterized by Ultra Violet-Visible absorption -spectroscopy (UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Quenching of fluorescence intensity of the IL-CdS QDs was in proportion to the addition of FLF concentration. Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity ratio of IL-CdS QDs in the presence and absence of FLF versus FLF concentrations gave a linear response according to the Stern-Volmer equation from 0.1 to 20 μg mL-1 (0.3 to 56 μmol L-1) with a limit of detection 0.035 μg mL-1 (0.098 μmol L-1). The developed method was applied to the determination of FLF in fish and chicken meats with satisfactory results. This method revealed some advantages such as high sensitivity, precision and wide linear range to FLF. The proposed method can be utilized for rapid screening the quality of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sadeghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Samieh Olieaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Yang X, Jia Z, Cheng X, Luo N, Choi MMF. Synthesis of N-acetyl-l-cysteine capped Mn:doped CdS quantum dots for quantitative detection of copper ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 199:455-461. [PMID: 29655131 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new assembled copper ions sensor based on the Mn metal-enhanced fluorescence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine protected CdS quantum dots (NAC-Mn:CdS QDs) was developed. The NAC and Mn:CdS QDs nanoparticles were assembled into NAC-Mn:CdS QDs complexes through the formation of CdS and MnS bonds. As compared to NAC capped CdS QDs, higher fluorescence quantum yields of NAC-Mn:CdS QDs was observed, which is attributed to the surface plasmon resonance of Mn metal. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of as-formed complexes weakened in the presence of copper ions. The decrease in fluorescence intensity presented a linear relationship with copper ions concentration in the range from 0.16-3.36μM with a detection limit of 0.041μM . The characterization of as-formed QDs was analyzed by photoluminescence (PL), ultra violet-visible (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) respectively. Furthermore, the recoveries and relative standard deviations of Cu2+ spiked in real water samples for the intra-day and inter-day analyses were 88.20-117.90, 95.20-109.90, 0.80-5.80 and 1.20-3.20%, respectively. Such a metal-enhanced QDs fluorescence system may have promising application in chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, PR China.
| | - Zhihui Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, PR China
| | - Xiumei Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, PR China
| | - Na Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, PR China
| | - Martin M F Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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6
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A reaction-based long-wavelength fluorescent probe for Cu2+ detection and imaging in living cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Zhang J, Cheng F, Li J, Zhu JJ, Lu Y. Fluorescent nanoprobes for sensing and imaging of metal ions: recent advances and future perspectives. NANO TODAY 2016; 11:309-329. [PMID: 27818705 PMCID: PMC5089816 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanoscale science and technology have generated nanomaterials with unique optical properties. Over the past decade, numerous fluorescent nanoprobes have been developed for highly sensitive and selective sensing and imaging of metal ions, both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent development of the design and optical properties of the different classes of fluorescent nanoprobes based on noble metal nanomaterials, upconversion nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, and carbon-based nanomaterials. We further detail their application in the detection and quantification of metal ions for environmental monitoring, food safety, medical diagnostics, as well as their use in biomedical imaging in living cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - FangFang Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - JingJing Li
- College of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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8
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Foo CY, Lim HN, Pandikumar A, Huang NM, Ng YH. Utilization of reduced graphene oxide/cadmium sulfide-modified carbon cloth for visible-light-prompt photoelectrochemical sensor for copper (II) ions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:400-408. [PMID: 26595899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed CdS/rGO/CC electrode was prepared based on a flexible carbon cloth (CC) substrate with cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The CdS was synthesized using an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) method, and the graphene oxide was thermally reduced on the modified electrode surface. The existence of rGO in the CdS-modified electrode increased the photocurrent intensity of the CdS/rGO/CC-modified electrode by three orders of magnitude, compared to that of the CdS/ITO electrode and two orders of magnitude higher than the CdS/CC electrode. A new visible-light-prompt photoelectrochemical sensor was developed based on the competitive binding reaction of Cu(2+) and CdS on the electrode surface. The results showed that the effect of the Cu(2+) on the photocurrent response was concentration-dependent over the linear ranges of 0.1-1.0 μM and 1.0-40.0 μM with a detection limit of 0.05 μM. The results of a selectivity test showed that this modified electrode has a high response toward Cu(2+) compared to other heavy metal ions. The proposed CdS/rGO/CC electrode provided a significantly high potential current compared to other reported values, and could be a practical tool for the fast, sensitive, and selective determination of Cu(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Foo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - H N Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Functional Device Laboratory, Institute of Advance Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - A Pandikumar
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N M Huang
- Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y H Ng
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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Rao H, Liu W, Lu Z, Wang Y, Ge H, Zou P, Wang X, He H, Zeng X, Wang Y. Silica-coated carbon dots conjugated to CdTe quantum dots: a ratiometric fluorescent probe for copper(II). Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Zhang Z, Miao Y, Lian L, Yan G. Detection of quercetin based on Al3+-amplified phosphorescence signals of manganese-doped ZnS quantum dots. Anal Biochem 2015; 489:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Akshya S, Hariharan PS, Kumar VV, Anthony SP. Surface functionalized fluorescent CdS QDs: selective fluorescence switching and quenching by Cu(2+) and Hg(2+) at wide pH range. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:335-341. [PMID: 25084239 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent CdS QDs surface functionalized with organic functional unit, N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-cysteine (L), has been synthesized using simple wet chemical approach in a single step. The as-prepared L-CdS QDs showed good fluorescence at 542 nm. Fluorescence sensor studies of L-CdS QDs showed selective fluorescence switching (542-600 nm) for Cu(2+) ions and quenching for Hg(2+) ions in aqueous solution. High selectivity of L-CdS QDs for Cu(2+) ions have been confirmed by interference studies. Interestingly, L-CdS QDs showed enhancement in the fluorescence intensity (4-fold) upon reducing pH from 2.0 to 10.0 without changing λmax. Importantly, selective fluorescent switching and quenching for Cu(2+) and Hg(2+) was observed from 2.0 to 10.0 pH range. The practical application of L-CdS QDs fluorescence sensing for Cu(2+) and Hg(2+) have also been demonstrated in real samples such as river, pond, tap and ground water.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akshya
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P S Hariharan
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Vinod Kumar
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Zhai X, Gong Y, Yang W, Kang H, Zhang X. Mn-doped CdS/ZnS/CdS QD-based fluorescent nanosensor for rapid, selective, and ultrasensitive detection of copper(ii) ion. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11435g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy levels of Mn-doped QD-based nanosensor and the quenching mechanism of the nanosensor by Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
| | - Yunqian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
| | - Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
| | - Huaizhi Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
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Zhao J, Deng J, Yi Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao S. Label-free silicon quantum dots as fluorescent probe for selective and sensitive detection of copper ions. Talanta 2014; 125:372-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Bu X, Zhou Y, He M, Chen Z, Zhang T. Bioinspired, direct synthesis of aqueous CdSe quantum dots for high-sensitive copper(II) ion detection. Dalton Trans 2014; 42:15411-20. [PMID: 24013872 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51399h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent CdSe semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), which are coated with a denatured bovine serum albumin (dBSA) shell, have been directly synthesized via a bioinspired approach. The dBSA coated CdSe QDs are ultrasmall (d < 2.0 nm) with a narrow size distribution and exhibit a strong green fluorescent emission at about 525 nm. They can be stored for months at room temperature and possess excellent stability against ultraviolet irradiation, high salt concentration, and a wide physiological range of pH. Systematic experimental investigations have shown the contribution of dBSA with free cysteine residues for both their effective ion chelating and surface passivating interactions during the formation and stabilization of CdSe QDs. The luminescent QDs are used for copper(II) ion detection due to their highly sensitive and selective fluorescence quenching response to Cu(2+). The concentration dependence of the quenching effect can be best described by the typical Stern-Volmer equation in a linearly proportional concentration of Cu(2+) ranging from 10 nM to 7.5 μM with a detection limit of 5 nM. As confirmed by various characterization results, a possible quenching mechanism is given: Cu(2+) ions are first reduced to Cu(+) by the dBSA shell and then chemical displacement between Cu(+) and Cd(2+) is performed at the surface of the ultrasmall metallic core to impact the fluorescence performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing 211189, China.
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Wu P, Zhao T, Wang S, Hou X. Semicondutor quantum dots-based metal ion probes. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:43-64. [PMID: 24270674 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04628a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) exhibit unique optical and photophysical properties that offer significant advantages over organic dyes as optical labels for chemo/bio-sensing. This review addresses the methods for metal ion detection with QDs, including photoluminescent, electrochemiluminescent, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemical approaches. The main mechanisms of direct interaction between QDs and metal ions which lead to photoluminescence being either off or on, are discussed in detail. These direct interactions provide great opportunities for developing simple yet effect metal ion probes. Different methods to design the chemically-modified QD hybrid structures through anchoring metal ion-specific groups onto the surface of QDs are summarized. Due to the spatial separation of the luminescence center and analyte recognition sites, these chemically-modified QDs offer greatly improved sensitivity and selectivity for metal ions. Several interesting applications of QD-based metal ion probes are presented, with specific emphasis on cellular probes, coding probes and sensing with logic gate operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Wang YQ, Zhao T, He XW, Li WY, Zhang YK. A novel core-satellite CdTe/Silica/Au NCs hybrid sphere as dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent probe for Cu2+. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 51:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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