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van de Loosdrecht MM, Abelmann L, Ten Haken B. Experimental comparison of four nonlinear magnetic detection methods and considerations on clinical usability. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 7. [PMID: 34037534 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/abce90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are promising for clinical applications, because they have a characteristic nonlinear magnetic response when an external magnetic field is applied. This nonlinearity enables the distinct detection of SPIONs and makes measurements less sensitive to the human body and surgical steel instruments. In clinical applications, only a limited field strength for the magnetic detection is allowed. The signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of four nonlinear magnetic detection methods are compared. These methods include differential magnetometry and three variations of magnetic particle spectroscopy: frequency mixing, second harmonic detection and third harmonic detection. All methods were implemented on the same hardware and experimentally compared for various field strengths. To make the comparison fair, the same power was supplied to the excitation coil each time. In general, the SNR increases with increasing field strength. The SNR per drive field of all methods stabilizes or even decreases for field strengths above 6 mT. The second harmonic detection has the best SNR and the most room for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M van de Loosdrecht
- Magnetic Detection and Imaging, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - B Ten Haken
- Magnetic Detection and Imaging, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Tay ZW, Goodwill PW, Hensley DW, Taylor LA, Zheng B, Conolly SM. A High-Throughput, Arbitrary-Waveform, MPI Spectrometer and Relaxometer for Comprehensive Magnetic Particle Optimization and Characterization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34180. [PMID: 27686629 PMCID: PMC5043240 DOI: 10.1038/srep34180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a promising new tracer modality with zero attenuation deep in tissue, high contrast and sensitivity, and an excellent safety profile. However, the spatial resolution of MPI is limited to around 1 mm currently and urgently needs to be improved for clinical applications such as angiography and brain perfusion. Although MPI resolution is highly dependent on tracer characteristics and the drive waveforms, optimization is limited to a small subset of possible excitation strategies by current MPI hardware that only does sinusoidal drive waveforms at very few frequencies. To enable a more comprehensive and rapid optimization of drive waveforms for multiple metrics like resolution and signal strength simultaneously, we demonstrate the first untuned MPI spectrometer/relaxometer with unprecedented 400 kHz excitation bandwidth and capable of high-throughput acquisition of harmonic spectra (100 different drive-field frequencies in only 500 ms). It is also capable of arbitrary drive-field waveforms which have not been experimentally evaluated in MPI to date. Its high-throughput capability, frequency-agility and tabletop size makes this Arbitrary Waveform Relaxometer/Spectrometer (AWR) a convenient yet powerfully flexible tool for nanoparticle experts seeking to characterize magnetic particles and optimize MPI drive waveforms for in vitro biosensing and in vivo imaging with MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick W. Goodwill
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Magnetic Insight, Inc. 980 Atlantic Avenue Suite102 Alameda, CA 9450, USA
| | - Daniel W. Hensley
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Laura A. Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 253 Cory Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Duan J, Kodali VK, Gaffrey MJ, Guo J, Chu RK, Camp DG, Smith RD, Thrall BD, Qian WJ. Quantitative Profiling of Protein S-Glutathionylation Reveals Redox-Dependent Regulation of Macrophage Function during Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress. ACS NANO 2016; 10:524-38. [PMID: 26700264 PMCID: PMC4762218 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are increasingly utilized for commercial and medical applications; thus, understanding their potential adverse effects is an important societal issue. Herein, we investigated protein S-glutathionylation (SSG) as an underlying regulatory mechanism by which ENPs may alter macrophage innate immune functions, using a quantitative redox proteomics approach for site-specific measurement of SSG modifications. Three high-volume production ENPs (SiO2, Fe3O4, and CoO) were selected as representatives which induce low, moderate, and high propensity, respectively, to stimulate cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disrupt macrophage function. The SSG modifications identified highlighted a broad set of redox sensitive proteins and specific Cys residues which correlated well with the overall level of cellular redox stress and impairment of macrophage phagocytic function (CoO > Fe3O4 ≫ SiO2). Moreover, our data revealed pathway-specific differences in susceptibility to SSG between ENPs which induce moderate versus high levels of ROS. Pathways regulating protein translation and protein stability indicative of ER stress responses and proteins involved in phagocytosis were among the most sensitive to SSG in response to ENPs that induce subcytoxic levels of redox stress. At higher levels of redox stress, the pattern of SSG modifications displayed reduced specificity and a broader set pathways involving classical stress responses and mitochondrial energetics (e.g., glycolysis) associated with apoptotic mechanisms. An important role for SSG in regulation of macrophage innate immune function was also confirmed by RNA silencing of glutaredoxin, a major enzyme which reverses SSG modifications. Our results provide unique insights into the protein signatures and pathways that serve as ROS sensors and may facilitate cellular adaption to ENPs, versus intracellular targets of ENP-induced oxidative stress that are linked to irreversible cell outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Duan
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Vamsi K. Kodali
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Matthew J. Gaffrey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jia Guo
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rosalie K. Chu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David G. Camp
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .
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Asgharian B, Price O, Oldham M, Chen L, Saunders E, Gordon T, Mikheev V, Minard K, Teeguarden JG. Computational modeling of nanoscale and microscale particle deposition, retention and dosimetry in the mouse respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:829-42. [PMID: 25373829 PMCID: PMC4668803 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.935535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Comparing effects of inhaled particles across rodent test systems and between rodent test systems and humans is a key obstacle to the interpretation of common toxicological test systems for human risk assessment. These comparisons, correlation with effects and prediction of effects, are best conducted using measures of tissue dose in the respiratory tract. Differences in lung geometry, physiology and the characteristics of ventilation can give rise to differences in the regional deposition of particles in the lung in these species. Differences in regional lung tissue doses cannot currently be measured experimentally. Regional lung tissue dosimetry can however be predicted using models developed for rats, monkeys, and humans. A computational model of particle respiratory tract deposition and clearance was developed for BALB/c and B6C3F1 mice, creating a cross-species suite of available models for particle dosimetry in the lung. Airflow and particle transport equations were solved throughout the respiratory tract of these mice strains to obtain temporal and spatial concentration of inhaled particles from which deposition fractions were determined. Particle inhalability (Inhalable fraction, IF) and upper respiratory tract (URT) deposition were directly related to particle diffusive and inertial properties. Measurements of the retained mass at several post-exposure times following exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles, micro- and nanoscale C60 fullerene, and nanoscale silver particles were used to calibrate and verify model predictions of total lung dose. Interstrain (mice) and interspecies (mouse, rat and human) differences in particle inhalability, fractional deposition and tissue dosimetry are described for ultrafine, fine and coarse particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O.T. Price
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA
| | - M. Oldham
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - L.C. Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of
Medicine, NY
| | - E.L. Saunders
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of
Medicine, NY
| | - T. Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of
Medicine, NY
| | - V.B. Mikheev
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH
43201-2696
| | - K.R. Minard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
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Teeguarden JG, Mikheev VB, Minard KR, Forsythe WC, Wang W, Sharma G, Karin N, Tilton SC, Waters KM, Asgharian B, Price OR, Pounds JG, Thrall BD. Comparative iron oxide nanoparticle cellular dosimetry and response in mice by the inhalation and liquid cell culture exposure routes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:46. [PMID: 25266609 PMCID: PMC4200214 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxicity testing the rapidly growing number of nanomaterials requires large scale use of in vitro systems under the presumption that these systems are sufficiently predictive or descriptive of responses in in vivo systems for effective use in hazard ranking. We hypothesized that improved relationships between in vitro and in vivo models of experimental toxicology for nanomaterials would result from placing response data in vitro and in vivo on the same dose scale, the amount of material associated with cells. Methods Balb/c mice were exposed nose-only to an aerosol (68.6 nm CMD, 19.9 mg/m3, 4 hours) generated from of 12.8 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO). Target cell doses were calculated, histological evaluations conducted, and biomarkers of response were identified by global transcriptomics. Representative murine epithelial and macrophage cell types were exposed in vitro to the same material in liquid suspension for four hours and levels of nanoparticle regulated cytokine transcripts identified in vivo were quantified as a function of measured nanoparticle cellular dose. Results Target tissue doses of 0.009-0.4 μg SPIO/cm2 in lung led to an inflammatory response in the alveolar region characterized by interstitial inflammation and macrophage infiltration. In vitro, higher target tissue doses of ~1.2-4 μg SPIO/ cm2 of cells were required to induce transcriptional regulation of markers of inflammation, CXCL2 & CCL3, in C10 lung epithelial cells. Estimated in vivo macrophage SPIO nanoparticle doses ranged from 1-100 pg/cell, and induction of inflammatory markers was observed in vitro in macrophages at doses of 8-35 pg/cell. Conclusions Application of target tissue dosimetry revealed good correspondence between target cell doses triggering inflammatory processes in vitro and in vivo in the alveolar macrophage population, but not in the epithelial cells of the alveolar region. These findings demonstrate the potential for target tissue dosimetry to enable the more quantitative comparison of in vitro and in vivo systems and advance their use for hazard assessment and extrapolation to humans. The mildly inflammogentic cellular doses experienced by mice were similar to those calculated for humans exposed to the same material at the existing permissible exposure limit of 10 mg/m3 iron oxide (as Fe). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0046-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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A novel biocompatible magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/hydrogel based on poly (acrylic acid) grafted onto starch for controlled drug release. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kodali V, Littke MH, Tilton SC, Teeguarden JG, Shi L, Frevert CW, Wang W, Pounds JG, Thrall BD. Dysregulation of macrophage activation profiles by engineered nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6997-7010. [PMID: 23808590 PMCID: PMC3756554 DOI: 10.1021/nn402145t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the potential human health impacts from exposure to engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are uncertain, past epidemiological studies have established correlations between exposure to ambient air pollution particulates and the incidence of pneumonia and lung infections. Using amorphous silica and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) as model high production volume ENPs, we examined how macrophage activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the lung pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is altered by ENP pretreatment. Neither silica nor SPIO treatment elicited direct cytotoxic or pro-inflammatory effects in bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, pretreatment of macrophages with SPIO caused extensive reprogramming of nearly 500 genes regulated in response to LPS challenge, hallmarked by exaggerated activation of oxidative stress response pathways and suppressed activation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. Silica pretreatment altered regulation of only 67 genes, but there was strong correlation with gene sets affected by SPIO. Macrophages exposed to SPIO displayed a phenotype suggesting an impaired ability to transition from an M1 to M2-like activation state, characterized by suppressed IL-10 induction, enhanced TNFα production, and diminished phagocytic activity toward S. pneumoniae. Studies in macrophages deficient in scavenger receptor A (SR-A) showed SR-A participates in cell uptake of both the ENPs and S. pneumonia and co-regulates the anti-inflammatory IL-10 pathway. Thus, mechanisms for dysregulation of innate immunity exist by virtue that common receptor recognition pathways are used by some ENPs and pathogenic bacteria, although the extent of transcriptional reprogramming of macrophage function depends on the physicochemical properties of the ENP after internalization. Our results also illustrate that biological effects of ENPs may be indirectly manifested only after challenging normal cell function. Nanotoxicology screening strategies should therefore consider how exposure to these materials alters susceptibility to other environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Kodali
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Center for Nanotoxicology, and Biological Sciences Division, (PNNL), Richland, WA
| | - Matthew H. Littke
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Center for Nanotoxicology, and Biological Sciences Division, (PNNL), Richland, WA
| | | | - Justin G. Teeguarden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Center for Nanotoxicology, and Biological Sciences Division, (PNNL), Richland, WA
| | - Liang Shi
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Center for Nanotoxicology, and Biological Sciences Division, (PNNL), Richland, WA
| | - Charles W. Frevert
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wei Wang
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Joel G. Pounds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Center for Nanotoxicology, and Biological Sciences Division, (PNNL), Richland, WA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Center for Nanotoxicology, and Biological Sciences Division, (PNNL), Richland, WA
- Correspondence: BD Thrall, Box 999, J4-02, Richland, WA, 99352, 509-371-7307 (phone), 509-371-7304 (FAX),
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Sharma G, Kodali V, Gaffrey M, Wang W, Minard KR, Karin NJ, Teeguarden JG, Thrall BD. Iron oxide nanoparticle agglomeration influences dose rates and modulates oxidative stress-mediated dose-response profiles in vitro. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:663-75. [PMID: 23837572 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.822115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous agglomeration of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) is a common problem in cell culture media which can confound interpretation of in vitro nanotoxicity studies. The authors created stable agglomerates of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in conventional culture medium, which varied in hydrodynamic size (276 nm-1.5 μm) but were composed of identical primary particles with similar surface potentials and protein coatings. Studies using C10 lung epithelial cells show that the dose rate effects of agglomeration can be substantial, varying by over an order of magnitude difference in cellular dose in some cases. Quantification by magnetic particle detection showed that small agglomerates of carboxylated IONPs induced greater cytotoxicity and redox-regulated gene expression when compared with large agglomerates on an equivalent total cellular IONP mass dose basis, whereas agglomerates of amine-modified IONPs failed to induce cytotoxicity or redox-regulated gene expression despite delivery of similar cellular doses. Dosimetry modelling and experimental measurements reveal that on a delivered surface area basis, large and small agglomerates of carboxylated IONPs have similar inherent potency for the generation of ROS, induction of stress-related genes and eventual cytotoxicity. The results suggest that reactive moieties on the agglomerate surface are more efficient in catalysing cellular ROS production than molecules buried within the agglomerate core. Because of the dynamic, size and density-dependent nature of ENP delivery to cells in vitro, the biological consequences of agglomeration are not discernible from static measures of exposure concentration (μg/ml) alone, highlighting the central importance of integrated physical characterisation and quantitative dosimetry for in vitro studies. The combined experimental and computational approach provides a quantitative framework for evaluating relationships between the biocompatibility of nanoparticles and their physical and chemical characteristics.
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