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Lin TE, Darvishi S. A Brief Review of In Situ and Operando Electrochemical Analysis of Bacteria by Scanning Probes. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:695. [PMID: 37504094 PMCID: PMC10377567 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are similar to social organisms that engage in critical interactions with one another, forming spatially structured communities. Despite extensive research on the composition, structure, and communication of bacteria, the mechanisms behind their interactions and biofilm formation are not yet fully understood. To address this issue, scanning probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) have been utilized to analyze bacteria. This review article focuses on summarizing the use of electrochemical scanning probes for investigating bacteria, including analysis of electroactive metabolites, enzymes, oxygen consumption, ion concentrations, pH values, biofilms, and quorum sensing molecules to provide a better understanding of bacterial interactions and communication. SECM has been combined with other techniques, such as AFM, inverted optical microscopy, SICM, and fluorescence microscopy. This allows a comprehensive study of the surfaces of bacteria while also providing more information on their metabolic activity. In general, the use of scanning probes for the detection of bacteria has shown great promise and has the potential to provide a powerful tool for the study of bacterial physiology and the detection of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Zhang T, Zhang H. Electrochemical analysis for the rapid screening of copper-tolerant bacteria. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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A novel, environmentally friendly dual-signal water toxicity biosensor developed through the continuous release of Fe3+. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tibbits G, Mohamed A, Call DR, Beyenal H. Rapid differentiation of antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant bacteria through mediated extracellular electron transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113754. [PMID: 34773749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for testing antibiotic susceptibility rely on bacterial growth on agar plates (diffusion assays) or in liquid culture (microdilution assays). These time-consuming assays use population growth as a proxy for cellular respiration. Herein we propose to use mediated extracellular electron transfer as a rapid and direct method to classify antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant bacteria. We tested antibiotics with diverse mechanisms of action (ciprofloxacin, imipenem, oxacillin, or tobramycin) with four important nosocomial pathogens (Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) by adding the bacterial culture to a custom-designed electrochemical cell with a glassy-carbon electrode and growth media supplemented with a soluble electron transfer mediator, phenazine methosulfate (PMS). During cell respiration, liberated electrons reduce PMS, which is then oxidized on the electrode surface, and current is recorded. Using this novel approach, we were able to consistently classify strains as antibiotic-resistant or -susceptible in <90 min for methodology development and <150 min for blinded tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Tibbits
- The Gene and Linda Voil and School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Abdelrhman Mohamed
- The Gene and Linda Voil and School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Linda Voil and School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Uria N, Fiset E, Pellitero MA, Muñoz F, Rabaey K, Campo F. Immobilisation of electrochemically active bacteria on screen-printed electrodes for rapid in situ toxicity biosensing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 3:100053. [PMID: 36159604 PMCID: PMC9488082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2020.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biosensors can be an excellent alternative to classical methods for toxicity monitoring, which are time-consuming and not sensitive enough. However, bacteria typically connect to electrodes through biofilm formation, leading to problems due to lack of uniformity or long device production times. A suitable immobilisation technique can overcome these challenges. Still, they may respond more slowly than biofilm-based electrodes because bacteria gradually adapt to electron transfer during biofilm formation. In this study, we propose a controlled and reproducible way to fabricate bacteria-modified electrodes. The method consists of an immobilisation step using a cellulose matrix, followed by an electrode polarization in the presence of ferricyanide and glucose. Our process is short, reproducible and led us to obtain ready-to-use electrodes featuring a high-current response. An excellent shelf-life of the immobilised electrochemically active bacteria was demonstrated for up to one year. After an initial 50% activity loss in the first month, no further declines have been observed over the following 11 months. We implemented our bacteria-modified electrodes to fabricate a lateral flow platform for toxicity monitoring using formaldehyde (3%). Its addition led to a 59% current decrease approximately 20 min after the toxic input. The methods presented here offer the ability to develop a high sensitivity, easy to produce, and long shelf life bacteria-based toxicity detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Uria
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), 08193, Esfera UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Arkyne Technologies SL (Bioo) ES-B90229261, Carrer de La Tecnologia, 17, 08840, Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Fiset
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET) – FBE – Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. Aller Pellitero
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), 08193, Esfera UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F.X. Muñoz
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), 08193, Esfera UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K. Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET) – FBE – Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- CAPTURE, Belgium
| | - F.J.del Campo
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), 08193, Esfera UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Mi Y, Tao X, Zhang X, Si Y. Acute biotoxicity assessment of heavy metals in sewage sludge based on the glucose consumption of Escherichia coli. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181769. [PMID: 30800404 PMCID: PMC6366162 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As a simple and feasible method for acute biotoxicity assessment, personal glucose meter (PGM) can be successfully applied in the early warning of environmental pollutants in sewage. In this paper, the acute biotoxicity of single and joint heavy metals in sewage and real sludge samples was systematically described based on the glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Results indicated that the biotoxicity order of five single heavy metals in sewage was Hg2+ > As3+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+. The joint heavy metals of Cu2+ + Zn2+, Cu2+ + Cd2+, and Cu2+ + Hg2+ produced synergistic effects, while Cu2+ + As3+ and Cd2+ + Zn2+ possessed antagonistic effects for the combined biotoxicity. In spiked sludge, Cd2+ and Zn2+ owned higher biotoxicity than Cu2+ and As3+. Notably, the electroplate factory and housing estate sludge respectively showed the highest and lowest inhibition rates as 57.4% and 17.7% under the real sludge biotoxicity assessment. These results demonstrated that PGM was a sensitive and portable method, which could be widely used for acute biotoxicity assessment of heavy metals in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Youbin Si
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of FarmLand Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Prévoteau A, Geirnaert A, Arends JBA, Lannebère S, Van de Wiele T, Rabaey K. Hydrodynamic chronoamperometry for probing kinetics of anaerobic microbial metabolism--case study of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11484. [PMID: 26127013 PMCID: PMC4486957 DOI: 10.1038/srep11484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring in vitro the metabolic activity of microorganisms aids bioprocesses and enables better understanding of microbial metabolism. Redox mediators can be used for this purpose via different electrochemical techniques that are either complex or only provide non-continuous data. Hydrodynamic chronoamperometry using a rotating disc electrode (RDE) can alleviate these issues but was seldom used and is poorly characterized. The kinetics of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165, a beneficial gut microbe, were determined using a RDE with riboflavin as redox probe. This butyrate producer anaerobically ferments glucose and reduces riboflavin whose continuous monitoring on a RDE provided highly accurate kinetic measurements of its metabolism, even at low cell densities. The metabolic reaction rate increased linearly over a broad range of cell concentrations (9 × 10(4) to 5 × 10(7) cells.mL(-1)). Apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics was observed with respect to riboflavin (KM = 6 μM; kcat = 5.3 × 10(5) s(-1), at 37 °C) and glucose (KM = 6 μM; kcat = 2.4 × 10(5) s(-1)). The short temporal resolution allows continuous monitoring of fast cellular events such as kinetics inhibition with butyrate. Furthermore, we detected for the first time riboflavin reduction by another potential probiotic, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum. The ability of the RDE for fast, accurate, simple and continuous measurements makes it an ad hoc tool for assessing bioprocesses at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Prévoteau
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Geirnaert
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan B A Arends
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Lannebère
- University of Coimbra, Department of Electrical Engineering - Instituto de Telecomunicações, Coimbra 3030-290, Portugal
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Fast and sensitive optical toxicity bioassay based on dual wavelength analysis of bacterial ferricyanide reduction kinetics. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:272-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Fang D, Yu Y, Wu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhi J. Bacillus subtilis-based colorimetric bioassay for acute biotoxicity assessment of heavy metal ions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05452d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidase generated byBacillus subtiliscatalyzes the hydrolysis of ONPG to produce ONP, which can be detected at 420 nm and used to evaluate acute biotoxicity of heavy metal ions that inhibit the activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Liangzhuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis
- Beijing 100089
- PR China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis
- Beijing 100089
- PR China
| | - Jinfang Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- PR China
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