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Jeon B, Jung HG, Lee SW, Lee G, Shim JH, Kim MO, Kim BJ, Kim SH, Lee H, Lee SW, Yoon DS, Jo SJ, Choi TH, Lee W. Melanoma Detection by AFM Indentation of Histological Specimens. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1736. [PMID: 35885640 PMCID: PMC9323377 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is visible unlike other types of cancer, but it is still challenging to diagnose correctly because of the difficulty in distinguishing between benign nevus and melanoma. We conducted a robust investigation of melanoma, identifying considerable differences in local elastic properties between nevus and melanoma tissues by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation of histological specimens. Specifically, the histograms of the elastic modulus of melanoma displayed multimodal Gaussian distributions, exhibiting heterogeneous mechanical properties, in contrast with the unimodal distributions of elastic modulus in the benign nevus. We identified this notable signature was consistent regardless of blotch incidence by sex, age, anatomical site (e.g., thigh, calf, arm, eyelid, and cheek), or cancer stage (I, IV, and V). In addition, we found that the non-linearity of the force-distance curves for melanoma is increased compared to benign nevus. We believe that AFM indentation of histological specimens may technically complement conventional histopathological analysis for earlier and more precise melanoma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjun Jeon
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Hyo Gi Jung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.G.J.); (S.W.L.); (D.S.Y.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.G.J.); (S.W.L.); (D.S.Y.)
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea;
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Shim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Research Services, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Mi Ok Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Human Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03087, Korea; (M.O.K.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Byung Jun Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Human Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03087, Korea; (M.O.K.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Sang-Hyon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu 41931, Korea;
| | - Hyungbeen Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.L.); (S.W.L.)
- R&D Center of Curigin Ltd., Seoul 04778, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.L.); (S.W.L.)
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.G.J.); (S.W.L.); (D.S.Y.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Astrion Inc., Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Jo
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03087, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Human Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03087, Korea; (M.O.K.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Wonseok Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea
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Song E, Huang Y, Huang N, Mei Y, Yu X, Rogers JA. Recent advances in microsystem approaches for mechanical characterization of soft biological tissues. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:77. [PMID: 35812806 PMCID: PMC9262960 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microsystem technologies for evaluating the mechanical properties of soft biological tissues offer various capabilities relevant to medical research and clinical diagnosis of pathophysiologic conditions. Recent progress includes (1) the development of tissue-compliant designs that provide minimally invasive interfaces to soft, dynamic biological surfaces and (2) improvements in options for assessments of elastic moduli at spatial scales from cellular resolution to macroscopic areas and across depths from superficial levels to deep geometries. This review summarizes a collection of these technologies, with an emphasis on operational principles, fabrication methods, device designs, integration schemes, and measurement features. The core content begins with a discussion of platforms ranging from penetrating filamentary probes and shape-conformal sheets to stretchable arrays of ultrasonic transducers. Subsequent sections examine different techniques based on planar microelectromechanical system (MEMS) approaches for biocompatible interfaces to targets that span scales from individual cells to organs. One highlighted example includes miniature electromechanical devices that allow depth profiling of soft tissue biomechanics across a wide range of thicknesses. The clinical utility of these technologies is in monitoring changes in tissue properties and in targeting/identifying diseased tissues with distinct variations in modulus. The results suggest future opportunities in engineered systems for biomechanical sensing, spanning a broad scope of applications with relevance to many aspects of health care and biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Ya Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - Ningge Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and Nanosystems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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Kozminsky M, Sohn LL. The promise of single-cell mechanophenotyping for clinical applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:031301. [PMID: 32566069 PMCID: PMC7286698 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the immense research focused in this area, one is still not able to predict disease trajectory. To overcome shortcomings in cancer disease study and monitoring, we describe an exciting research direction: cellular mechanophenotyping. Cancer cells must overcome many challenges involving external forces from neighboring cells, the extracellular matrix, and the vasculature to survive and thrive. Identifying and understanding their mechanical behavior in response to these forces would advance our understanding of cancer. Moreover, used alongside traditional methods of immunostaining and genetic analysis, mechanophenotyping could provide a comprehensive view of a heterogeneous tumor. In this perspective, we focus on new technologies that enable single-cell mechanophenotyping. Single-cell analysis is vitally important, as mechanical stimuli from the environment may obscure the inherent mechanical properties of a cell that can change over time. Moreover, bulk studies mask the heterogeneity in mechanical properties of single cells, especially those rare subpopulations that aggressively lead to cancer progression or therapeutic resistance. The technologies on which we focus include atomic force microscopy, suspended microchannel resonators, hydrodynamic and optical stretching, and mechano-node pore sensing. These technologies are poised to contribute to our understanding of disease progression as well as present clinical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kozminsky
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, 174 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Sato RH, Kosaka PM, Omori ÁT, Ferreira EA, Petri DFS, Malvar Ó, Domínguez CM, Pini V, Ahumada Ó, Tamayo J, Calleja M, Cunha RLOR, Fiorito PA. Development of a methodology for reversible chemical modification of silicon surfaces with application in nanomechanical biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 137:287-293. [PMID: 31125818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypervalent tellurium compounds have a particular reactivity towards thiol compounds which are related to their biological properties. In this work, this property was assembled to tellurium-functionalized surfaces. These compounds were used as linkers in the immobilization process of thiolated biomolecules (such as DNA) on microcantilever surfaces. The telluride derivatives acted as reversible binding agents due to their redox properties, providing the regeneration of microcantilever surfaces and allowing their reuse for further biomolecules immobilizations, recycling the functional surface. Initially, we started from the synthesis of 4-((3-((4-methoxyphenyl) tellanyl) phenyl) amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid, a new compound, which was immobilized on a silicon surface. In nanomechanical systems, the detection involved a hybridization study of thiolated DNA sequences. Fluorescence microscopy technique was used to confirm the immobilization and removal of the telluride-DNA system and provided revealing results about the potentiality of applying redox properties to chalcogen derivatives at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli H Sato
- CCNH, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila M Kosaka
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro T Omori
- CCNH, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgard A Ferreira
- Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 01302-907, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise F S Petri
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 26077, São Paulo, SP, 05513-970, Brazil
| | - Óscar Malvar
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M Domínguez
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valerio Pini
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Ahumada
- Mecwins S.A, Plaza de la Encina 10-11, Núcleo 5, 2 B, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Instituto Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo L O R Cunha
- CCNH, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo A Fiorito
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Villa María (CIT VM - CONICET), Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Av. Arturo Jauretche 1555, Villa María, C.P, 5900, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Park K, Chen W, Chekmareva MA, Foran DJ, Desai JP. Electromechanical Coupling Factor of Breast Tissue as a Biomarker for Breast Cancer. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 65:96-103. [PMID: 28436838 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2695103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GOAL This research aims to validate a new biomarker of breast cancer by introducing electromechanical coupling factor of breast tissue samples as a possible additional indicator of breast cancer. Since collagen fibril exhibits a structural organization that gives rise to a piezoelectric effect, the difference in collagen density between normal and cancerous tissue can be captured by identifying the corresponding electromechanical coupling factor. METHODS The design of a portable diagnostic tool and a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based biochip, which is integrated with a piezoresistive sensing layer for measuring the reaction force as well as a microheater for temperature control, is introduced. To verify that electromechanical coupling factor can be used as a biomarker for breast cancer, the piezoelectric model for breast tissue is described with preliminary experimental results on five sets of normal and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) samples in the 25-45 temperature range. CONCLUSION While the stiffness of breast tissues can be captured as a representative mechanical signature which allows one to discriminate among tissue types especially in the higher strain region, the electromechanical coupling factor shows more distinct differences between the normal and IDC groups over the entire strain region than the mechanical signature. From the two-sample -test, the electromechanical coupling factor under compression shows statistically significant differences ( 0.0039) between the two groups. SIGNIFICANCE The increase in collagen density in breast tissue is an objective and reproducible characteristic of breast cancer. Although characterization of mechanical tissue property has been shown to be useful for differentiating cancerous tissue from normal tissue, using a single parameter may not be sufficient for practical usage due to inherent variation among biological samples. The portable breast cancer diagnostic tool reported in this manuscript shows the feasibility of measuring multiple parameters of breast tissue allowing for practical application.
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Pandya HJ, Park K, Chen W, Goodell LA, Foran DJ, Desai JP. Toward a Portable Cancer Diagnostic Tool Using a Disposable MEMS-Based Biochip. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:1347-53. [PMID: 26930673 PMCID: PMC4917475 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2535364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
GOAL The objective of this study is to design and develop a portable tool consisting of a disposable biochip for measuring electrothermomechanical (ETM) properties of breast tissue. METHODS A biochip integrated with a microheater, force sensors, and electrical sensors is fabricated using microtechnology. The sensor covers the area of 2 mm and the biochip is 10 mm in diameter. A portable tool capable of holding tissue and biochip is fabricated using 3-D printing. Invasive ductal carcinoma and normal tissue blocks are selected from cancer tissue bank in Biospecimen Repository Service at Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey. The ETM properties of the normal and cancerous breast tissues (3-mm thickness and 2-mm diameter) are measured by indenting the tissue placed on the biochip integrated inside the 3-D printed tool. RESULTS Integrating microengineered biochip and 3-D printing, we have developed a portable cancer diagnosis device. Using this device, we have shown a statistically significant difference between cancerous and normal breast tissues in mechanical stiffness, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity. CONCLUSION The developed cancer diagnosis device is capable of simultaneous ETM measurements of breast tissue specimens and can be a potential candidate for delineating normal and cancerous breast tissue cores. SIGNIFICANCE The portable cancer diagnosis tool could potentially provide a deterministic and quantitative information about the breast tissue characteristics, as well as the onset and disease progression of the tissues. The tool can be potentially used for other tissue-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik J. Pandya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD, USA. He is now with Brigham and Women’s Hospital -
Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kihan Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD, USA
| | - Wenjin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauri A. Goodell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - David J. Foran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert
Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,
New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jaydev P. Desai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD, USA
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Chen W, Brandes Z, Roy R, Chekmareva M, Pandya HJ, Desai JP, Foran DJ. Robot-Guided Atomic Force Microscopy for Mechano-Visual Phenotyping of Cancer Specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:1224-1235. [PMID: 26343283 PMCID: PMC4729564 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and other forms of scanning probe microscopy have been successfully used to assess biomechanical and bioelectrical characteristics of individual cells. When extending such approaches to heterogeneous tissue, there exists the added challenge of traversing the tissue while directing the probe to the exact location of the targeted biological components under study. Such maneuvers are extremely challenging owing to the relatively small field of view, limited availability of reliable visual cues, and lack of context. In this study we designed a system that leverages the visual topology of the serial tissue sections of interest to help guide robotic control of the AFM stage to provide the requisite navigational support. The process begins by mapping the whole-slide image of a stained specimen with a well-matched, consecutive section of unstained section of tissue in a piecewise fashion. The morphological characteristics and localization of any biomarkers in the stained section can be used to position the AFM probe in the unstained tissue at regions of interest where the AFM measurements are acquired. This general approach can be utilized in various forms of microscopy for navigation assistance in tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Chen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging & Informatics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One RWJ Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zachary Brandes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maryland Robotics Center, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Room 409, 2400 Highland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| | - Marina Chekmareva
- Center for Biomedical Imaging & Informatics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hardik J. Pandya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maryland Robotics Center, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jaydev P. Desai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maryland Robotics Center, Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David J. Foran
- Center for Biomedical Imaging & Informatics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, One RWJ Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Pandya HJ, Park K, Desai JP. Design and fabrication of a flexible MEMS-based electromechanical sensor array for breast cancer diagnosis. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2015; 25:075025. [PMID: 26526747 PMCID: PMC4624460 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/7/075025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of flexible micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based device provides a unique opportunity in bio-medical robotics such as characterization of normal and malignant tissues. This paper reports on design and development of a flexible MEMS-based sensor array integrating mechanical and electrical sensors on the same platform to enable the study of the change in electro-mechanical properties of the benign and cancerous breast tissues. In this work, we present the analysis for the electrical characterization of the tissue specimens and also demonstrate the feasibility of using the sensor for mechanical characterization of the tissue specimens. Eight strain gauges acting as mechanical sensors were fabricated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conducting polymer on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as the substrate material. Eight electrical sensors were fabricated using SU-8 pillars on gold (Au) pads which were patterned on the strain gauges separated by a thin insulator (SiO2 1.0μm). These pillars were coated with gold to make it conducting. The electromechanical sensors are integrated on the same substrate. The sensor array covers 180μm × 180μm area and the size of the complete device is 20mm in diameter. The diameter of each breast tissue core used in the present study was 1mm and the thickness was 8μm. The region of interest was 200μm × 200μm. Microindentation technique was used to characterize the mechanical properties of the breast tissues. The sensor is integrated with conducting SU-8 pillars to study the electrical property of the tissue. Through electro-mechanical characterization studies using this MEMS-based sensor, we were able to measure the accuracy of the fabricated device and ascertain the difference between benign and cancer breast tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik J. Pandya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kihan Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jaydev P. Desai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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