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Shubhangi, Divya, Rai SK, Chandra P. Shifting paradigm in electrochemical biosensing matrices comprising metal organic frameworks and their composites in disease diagnosis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1980. [PMID: 38973017 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are an evolving category of crystalline microporous materials that have grabbed the research interest for quite some time due to their admirable physio-chemical properties and easy fabrication methods. Their enormous surface area can be a working ground for innumerable molecular adhesions and site for potential sensor matrices. They have been explored in the last decade for incorporation in electrochemical sensor matrices as diagnostic solutions for a plethora of diseases. This review emphasizes on some of the recent advancements in the area of MOF-based electrochemical biosensors with focus on various important diseases and their significance in upgrading the sensor performance. It summarizes MOF-based biosensors for monitoring biomarkers relevant to diabetes, viral and bacterial sepsis infections, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer in a wide range of real matrices. The discussion has been supplemented with extensive tables elaborating recent trends in the field of MOF-composite probe fabrication strategies with their respective sensing parameters. The article sums up the future scope of these materials in the field of biosensors and enlightens the reader with recent trends for future research scope. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Laboratory (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay K Rai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Laboratory (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Ghosh A, Maske P, Patel V, Dubey J, Aniket K, Srivastava R. Theranostic applications of peptide-based nanoformulations for growth factor defective cancers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129151. [PMID: 38181914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Growth factors play a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular growth and division by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Dysregulation of growth factor production or activity can contribute to the uncontrolled cell proliferation observed in cancer. Peptide-based nanoformulations (PNFs) have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for growth factor-deficient cancers. PNFs offer multifaceted capabilities including targeted delivery, imaging modalities, combination therapies, resistance modulation, and personalized medicine approaches. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including limited specificity, stability, pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration, toxicity, and immunogenicity. To address these challenges and optimize PNFs for clinical translation, in-depth investigations are warranted. Future research should focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between peptides and nanoparticles, developing robust spectroscopic and computational methodologies, and establishing a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship governing peptide-nanoparticle interactions. Bridging these knowledge gaps will propel the translation of peptide-nanoparticle therapies from bench to bedside. While a few peptide-nanoparticle drugs have obtained FDA approval for cancer treatment, the integration of nanostructured platforms with peptide-based medications holds tremendous potential to expedite the implementation of innovative anticancer interventions. Therefore, growth factor-deficient cancers present both challenges and opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions, with peptide-based nanoformulations positioned as a promising avenue. Nonetheless, concerted research and development endeavors are essential to optimize the specificity, stability, and safety profiles of PNFs, thereby advancing the field of peptide-based nanotherapeutics in the realm of oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
| | - Priyanka Maske
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Patel
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Dubey
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India
| | - Kundu Aniket
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, NanoBios lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Shubhangi, Nandi I, Rai SK, Chandra P. MOF-based nanocomposites as transduction matrices for optical and electrochemical sensing. Talanta 2024; 266:125124. [PMID: 37657374 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of crystalline microporous materials have been into research limelight lately due to their commendable physio-chemical properties and easy fabrication methods. They have enormous surface area which can be a working ground for innumerable molecule adhesions and site for potential sensor matrices. Their biocompatibility makes them valuable for in vitro detection systems but a compromised conductivity requires a lot of surface engineering of these molecules for their usage in electrochemical biosensors. However, they are not just restricted to a single type of transduction system rather can also be modified to achieve feat as optical (colorimetry, luminescence) and electro-luminescent biosensors. This review emphasizes on recent advancements in the area of MOF-based biosensors with focus on various MOF synthesis methods and their general properties along with selective attention to electrochemical, optical and opto-electrochemical hybrid biosensors. It also summarizes MOF-based biosensors for monitoring free radicals, metal ions, small molecules, macromolecules and cells in a wide range of real matrices. Extensive tables have been included for understanding recent trends in the field of MOF-composite probe fabrication. The article sums up the future scope of these materials in the field of biosensors and enlightens the reader with recent trends for future research scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Laboratory (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India; Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Indrani Nandi
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - S K Rai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Laboratory (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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4
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Alharthi SD, Kanniyappan H, Prithweeraj S, Bijukumar D, Mathew MT. Proteomic-based electrochemical non-invasive biosensor for early breast cancer diagnosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126681. [PMID: 37666403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide and in the United States, accounting for around 571,000 deaths per year. Early detection of breast cancer increases treatment results and the possibility of a cure. While existing diagnostic modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy exist, some are prohibitively expensive, uncomfortable, time-consuming, and have limited sensitivity, necessitating the development of a cost-effective, rapid, and highly sensitive approach such as an electrochemical biosensor. Our research focuses on detecting breast cancer patients using the ECM1 biomarker, which has higher expression in synthetic urine. Our study has two primary objectives: (i) Diverse ECM1 protein concentrations are measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and ELISA. Establishing a standard curve for the electrochemical biosensor by calibrating ECM-1 protein levels using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. (ii) Validation of the effectiveness of the electrochemical biosensor. This aim entails testing the unknown concentration of ECM1 in the synthetic urine to ensure the efficiency of the biosensor to detect the biomarker in the early stages. The results show that the synthetic urine solution's ECM-1 detection range ranges from 1 pg/ml to 500 ng/ml. This shows that by detecting changes in ECM-1 protein levels in patient urine, the electrochemical biosensor can consistently diagnose breast cancer in its early stages or during increasing recurrence. Our findings highlight the electrochemical biosensor's efficacy in detecting early-stage breast cancer biomarkers (ECM-1) in patient urine. Further studies will be conducted with patient samples and develop handheld hardware for patient usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D Alharthi
- Regenerative Medicine Disability Research lab, Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Hemalatha Kanniyappan
- Regenerative Medicine Disability Research lab, Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Soundarya Prithweeraj
- Regenerative Medicine Disability Research lab, Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Divya Bijukumar
- Regenerative Medicine Disability Research lab, Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Regenerative Medicine Disability Research lab, Department of Biomedical Science, UIC College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL, United States.
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Srivastava A, Azad UP. Nanobioengineered surface comprising carbon based materials for advanced biosensing and biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126802. [PMID: 37690641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) are at the cutting edge of materials science. Due to their distinctive architectures, substantial surface area, favourable biocompatibility, and reactivity to internal and/or external chemico-physical stimuli, carbon-based nanomaterials are becoming more and more significant in a wide range of applications. Numerous research has been conducted and still is going on to investigate the potential uses of carbon-based hybrid materials for diverse applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, smart drug delivery with the potential for theranostic or combinatorial therapies etc. This review is mainly focused on the classifications and synthesis of various types of CNMs and their electroanalytical application for development of efficient and ultra-sensitive electrochemical biosensors for the point of care diagnosis of fatal and severe diseases at their very initial stage. This review is mainly focused on the classification, synthesis and application of carbon-based material for biosensing applications. The integration of various types of CNMs with nanomaterials, enzymes, redox mediators and biomarkers have been used discussed in development of smart biosensing platform. We have also made an effort to discuss the future prospects for these CNMs in the biosensing area as well as the most recent advancements and applications which will be quite useful for the researchers working across the globe working specially in biosensors field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Uday Pratap Azad
- Laboratory of Nanoelectrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur 495 009, CG, India.
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6
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Singh N, Dkhar DS, Chandra P, Azad UP. Nanobiosensors Design Using 2D Materials: Implementation in Infectious and Fatal Disease Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020166. [PMID: 36831931 PMCID: PMC9953246 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanobiosensors are devices that utilize a very small probe and any form of electrical, optical, or magnetic technology to detect and analyze a biochemical or biological process. With an increasing population today, nanobiosensors have become the broadly used electroanalytical tools for the timely detection of many infectious (dengue, hepatitis, tuberculosis, leukemia, etc.) and other fatal diseases, such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, etc., at their early stage. Compared to classical or traditional analytical methods, nanobiosensors have significant benefits, including low detection limit, high selectivity and sensitivity, shorter analysis duration, easier portability, biocompatibility, and ease of miniaturization for on-site monitoring. Very similar to biosensors, nanobiosensors can also be classified in numerous ways, either depending on biological molecules, such as enzymes, antibodies, and aptamer, or by working principles, such as optical and electrochemical. Various nanobiosensors, such as cyclic voltametric, amperometric, impedimetric, etc., have been discussed for the timely monitoring of the infectious and fatal diseases at their early stage. Nanobiosensors performance and efficiency can be enhanced by using a variety of engineered nanostructures, which include nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanopores, self-adhesive monolayers, nanowires, and nanocomposites. Here, this mini review recaps the application of two-dimensional (2D) materials, especially graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), graphene oxide, black phosphorous, and MXenes, for the construction of the nanobiosensors and their application for the diagnosis of various infectious diseases at very early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, CG, India
| | - Daphika S. Dkhar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (U.P.A.)
| | - Uday Pratap Azad
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, CG, India
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (U.P.A.)
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7
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Integrated lab-on-a-chip devices: Fabrication methodologies, transduction system for sensing purposes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 223:115120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Randviir EP, Banks CE. A review of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for bioanalytical sensors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4602-4624. [PMID: 36342043 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00970f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. This review uses a systematic approach to examine how electrodes are tailored for use in EIS-based applications, describing the chemistries involved in sensor design, and discusses trends in the use of bio-based and non-bio-based electrodes. The review finds that immunosensors are the most prevalent sensor strategy that employs EIS as a quantification technique for target species. The review also finds that bio-based electrodes, though capable of detecting small molecules, are most applicable for the detection of complex molecules. Non-bio-based sensors are more often employed for simpler molecules and less often have applications for complex systems. We surmise that EIS has advanced in terms of electrode designs since our last review on the subject, although there are still inconsistencies in terms of equivalent circuit modelling for some sensor types. Removal of ambiguity from equivalent circuit models may help advance EIS as a choice detection method, allowing for lower limits of detection than traditional electrochemical methods such as voltammetry or amperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Randviir
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
| | - Craig E Banks
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, UK.
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9
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Kumari R, Dkhar DS, Mahapatra S, Divya, Singh SP, Chandra P. Nano-Engineered Surface Comprising Metallic Dendrites for Biomolecular Analysis in Clinical Perspective. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1062. [PMID: 36551029 PMCID: PMC9775260 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Metallic dendrites, a class of three-dimensional nanostructured materials, have drawn a lot of interests in the recent years because of their interesting hierarchical structures and distinctive features. They are a hierarchical self-assembled array of primary, secondary, and terminal branches with a plethora of pointed ends, ridges, and edges. These features provide them with larger active surface areas. Due to their enormous active areas, the catalytic activity and conductivity of these nanostructures are higher as compared to other nanomaterials; therefore, they are increasingly used in the fabrication of sensors. This review begins with the properties and various synthetic approaches of nanodendrites. The primary goal of this review is to summarize various nanodendrites-engineered biosensors for monitoring of small molecules, macromolecules, metal ions, and cells in a wide variety of real matrices. Finally, to enlighten future research, the limitations and future potential of these newly discovered materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kumari
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Daphika S. Dkhar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Supratim Mahapatra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Divya
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surinder P. Singh
- CSIR—National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Biodetection Techniques for Quantification of Chemokines. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10080294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a class of cytokine whose special properties, together with their involvement and relevant role in various diseases, make them a restricted group of biomarkers suitable for diagnosis and monitoring. Despite their importance, biodetection techniques dedicated to the selective determination of one or more chemokines are very scarce. For some years now, the critical diagnosis of inflammatory diseases by detecting both cytokine and chemokine biomarkers, has had a strong impact on the development of multiple detection platforms. However, it would be desirable to implement methodologies with a higher degree of selectivity for chemokines, in order to provide more precise information. In addition, better development of biosensor technology applied to this specific field would make it possible to address the main challenges of detection methods for several diseases with a high incidence in the population, avoiding high costs and low sensitivity. Taking this into account, this review aims to present the state of the art of chemokine biodetection techniques and emphasize the role of these systems in the prevention, monitoring and treatment of various diseases associated with chemokines as a starting point for future developments that are also analyzed throughout the article.
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Zou Q, Lei X, Xu A, Li Z, He Q, Huang X, Xu G, Tian F, Ding Y, Zhu W. Chemokines in progression, chemoresistance, diagnosis, and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:724139. [PMID: 35935996 PMCID: PMC9353076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.724139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plenty of factors affect the oncogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer in the tumor microenvironment, including various immune cells, stromal cells, cytokines, and other factors. Chemokine is a member of the cytokine superfamily. It is an indispensable component in the tumor microenvironment. Chemokines play an antitumor or pro-tumor role by recruitment or polarization of recruiting immune cells. Meanwhile, chemokines, as signal molecules, participate in the formation of a cross talk among signaling pathways and non-coding RNAs, which may be involved in promoting tumor progression. In addition, they also function in immune escape. Chemokines are related to drug resistance of tumor cells and may even provide reference for the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zou
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xue Lei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Aijing Xu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qinglian He
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiujuan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Hematology, Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangxian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Faqing Tian
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Faqing Tian, ; Yuanlin Ding, ; Wei Zhu,
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Faqing Tian, ; Yuanlin Ding, ; Wei Zhu,
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- *Correspondence: Faqing Tian, ; Yuanlin Ding, ; Wei Zhu,
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12
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Dkhar DS, Kumari R, Mahapatra S, Divya, Kumar R, Tripathi T, Chandra P. Antibody-receptor bioengineering and its implications in designing bioelectronic devices. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:225-242. [PMID: 35870626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in the defense mechanism countering pathogens or foreign antigens in eukaryotes. Its potential as an analytical and diagnostic tool has been exploited for over a century. It forms immunocomplexes with a specific antigen, which is the basis of immunoassays and aids in developing potent biosensors. Antibody-based sensors allow for the quick and accurate detection of various analytes. Though classical antibodies have prolonged been used as bioreceptors in biosensors fabrication due to their increased fragility, they have been engineered into more stable fragments with increased exposure of their antigen-binding sites in the recent era. In biosensing, the formats constructed by antibody engineering can enhance the signal since the resistance offered by a conventional antibody is much more than these fragments. Hence, signal amplification can be observed when antibody fragments are utilized as bioreceptors instead of full-length antibodies. We present the first systematic review on engineered antibodies as bioreceptors with the description of their engineering methods. The detection of various target analytes, including small molecules, macromolecules, and cells using antibody-based biosensors, has been discussed. A comparison of the classical polyclonal, monoclonal, and engineered antibodies as bioreceptors to construct highly accurate, sensitive, and specific sensors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphika S Dkhar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rohini Kumari
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Supratim Mahapatra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Divya
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India; Regional Director's Office, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Regional Centre Kohima, Kenuozou, Kohima 797001, India.
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nano-bioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Mir M, Palma-Florez S, Lagunas A, López-Martínez MJ, Samitier J. Biosensors Integration in Blood-Brain Barrier-on-a-Chip: Emerging Platform for Monitoring Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1237-1247. [PMID: 35559649 PMCID: PMC9150172 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Over the most recent
decades, the development of new biological
platforms to study disease progression and drug efficacy has been
of great interest due to the high increase in the rate of neurodegenerative
diseases (NDDs). Therefore, blood–brain barrier (BBB) as an
organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platform to mimic brain-barrier performance
could offer a deeper understanding of NDDs as well as a very valuable
tool for drug permeability testing for new treatments. A very attractive
improvement of BBB-oC technology is the integration of detection systems
to provide continuous monitoring of biomarkers in real time and a
fully automated analysis of drug permeably, rendering more efficient
platforms for commercialization. In this Perspective, an overview
of the main BBB-oC configurations is introduced and a critical vision
of the BBB-oC platforms integrating electronic read out systems is
detailed, indicating the strengths and weaknesses of current devices,
proposing the great potential for biosensors integration in BBB-oC.
In this direction, we name potential biomarkers to monitor the evolution
of NDDs related to the BBB and/or drug cytotoxicity using biosensor
technology in BBB-oC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Mir
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sujey Palma-Florez
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Maria José López-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Bedi N, Srivastava DK, Srivastava A, Mahapatra S, Dkhar DS, Chandra P, Srivastava A. Marine Biological Macromolecules as Matrix Material for Biosensor fabrication. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2046-2063. [PMID: 35470439 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Ocean covers two-third of our planet and has great biological heterogeneity. Marine organisms like algae, vertebrates, invertebrates, and microbes are known to provide many natural products with biological activities as well as potent sources of biomaterials for therapeutic, biomedical, biosensors, and climate stabilization. Over the years, the field of biosensors have gained huge attention due to their extraordinary ability to provide early disease diagnosis, rapid detection of various molecules and substances along with long term monitoring. This review aims to focus on the properties and employment of various biomaterials (Carbohydrate polymers, proteins, polyacids etc) of marine origin such as Alginate, Chitin, Chitosan, Fucoidan, Carrageenan, Chondroitin Sulfate (CS), Hyaluronic acid (HA), Collagen, marine pigments, marine nanoparticles, Hydroxyapatite (HAp), Biosilica, lectins, and marine whole cell in the design and development of biosensors. Further, this review also covers the source of such marine biomaterials and their promising evolution in the fabrication of biosensors that are potent to be employed in the biomedical, environmental science and agricultural sciences domains. The use of such fabricated biosensors harness the system with excellent specificity, selectivity, biocompatibility, thermally stable and minimal cost advantages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Bedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
| | | | - Arti Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
| | - Supratim Mahapatra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobiotechnology, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Daphika S Dkhar
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobiotechnology, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobiotechnology, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India.,Amity Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
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15
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A Methodical Review on the Applications and Potentialities of Using Nanobiosensors for Disease Diagnosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1682502. [PMID: 35103234 PMCID: PMC8799955 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1682502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Presently, with the introduction of nanotechnology, the evolutions and applications of biosensors and/or nanobiosensors are becoming prevalent in various scientific domains such as environmental and agricultural sciences as well as biomedical, clinical, and healthcare sciences. Trends in these aspects have led to the discovery of various biosensors/nanobiosensors with their tremendous benefits to mankind. The characteristics of the various biosensors/nanobiosensors are primarily based on the nature of nanomaterials/nanoparticles employed in the sensing mechanisms. In the last few years, the identification, as well as the detection of biological markers linked with any form of diseases (communicable or noncommunicable), has been accomplished by several sensing procedures using nanotechnology vis-à-vis biosensors/nanobiosensors. Hence, this study employs a systematic approach in reviewing some contemporary developed exceedingly sensitive nanobiosensors alongside their biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications as well as their potentialities, specifically for the detection of some deadly diseases drawn from some of the recent publications. Ways forward in the form of future trends that will advance creative innovations of the potentialities of nanobiosensors for biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications particularly for disease diagnosis are also highlighted.
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16
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George Kerry R, Ukhurebor KE, Kumari S, Maurya GK, Patra S, Panigrahi B, Majhi S, Rout JR, Rodriguez-Torres MDP, Das G, Shin HS, Patra JK. A comprehensive review on the applications of nano-biosensor-based approaches for non-communicable and communicable disease detection. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3576-3602. [PMID: 34008586 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The outstretched applications of biosensors in diverse domains has become the reason for their attraction for scientific communities. Because they are analytical devices, they can detect both quantitative and qualitative biological components through the generation of detectable signals. In the recent past, biosensors witnessed significant changes and developments in their design as well as features. Nanotechnology has revolutionized sensing phenomena by increasing biodiagnostic capacity in terms of specificity, size, and cost, resulting in exceptional sensitivity and flexibility. The steep increase of non-communicable diseases across the world has emerged as a matter of concern. In parallel, the abrupt outbreak of communicable diseases poses a serious threat to mankind. For decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with various communicable and non-communicable diseases, early detection and subsequent treatment are indispensable. Detection of different biological markers generates quantifiable signals that can be electrochemical, mass-based, optical, thermal, or piezoelectric. Speculating on the incumbent applicability and versatility of nano-biosensors in large disciplines, this review highlights different types of biosensors along with their components and detection mechanisms. Moreover, it deals with the current advancements made in biosensors and the applications of nano-biosensors in detection of various non-communicable and communicable diseases, as well as future prospects of nano-biosensors for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rout George Kerry
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | - Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor
- Climatic/Environmental/Telecommunication Unit, Department of Physics, Edo University Iyamho, P.B.M. 04, Auchi, 312101, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Swati Kumari
- Biopioneer Private limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila MahaVidyalya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, North Odissa University, Takatpur, Baripada, Odisha 757003, India
| | - Bijayananda Panigrahi
- Biopioneer Private limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India and School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | | | - María Del Pilar Rodriguez-Torres
- Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd Juriquilla 3001, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Vinchhi P, Patel MM. Triumph against cancer: invading colorectal cancer with nanotechnology. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1169-1192. [PMID: 33567909 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1889512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent statistics have reported colorectal cancer (CRC) as the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths in the world. Early diagnosis of CRC may help to reduce the mortality and associated complications. However, the conventional diagnostic techniques often lead to misdiagnosis, fail to differentiate benign from malignant tissue or diagnose only at an advanced stage. For the treatment of CRC, surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy have been employed. However, the quality of living of the CRC patients is highly compromised after employing current therapeutic approaches owing to the toxicity issues and relapse. AREA COVERED This review accentuates the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, stages of CRC, conventional approaches for diagnosis and therapy of CRC and the issues confronted thereby. It provides an outlook on the advantages of employing nanotechnology-based approaches for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of CRC. EXPERT OPINION Employing nanotechnology-based approaches has demonstrated promising outcomes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC. Nanotechnology-based approaches can surmount the major drawbacks of traditional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Nanotechnology bestows the advantage of early detection of CRC which helps to undertake instant steps for offering efficient therapy and reducing the mortality rates. For the treatment of CRC, nanocarriers offer the benefit of achieving controlled drug release, improved drug bioavailability, enhanced tumor targetability and reduced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preksha Vinchhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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Li C, Cui Y, Ren J, Zou J, Kuang W, Sun X, Hu X, Yan Y, Ling X. Novel Cells-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Investigating the Interactions of Cancer Cells with Molecules and Screening Multitarget Anticancer Drugs. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1480-1488. [PMID: 33356172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel, effective, and label-free electrochemical sensor was constructed for investigating the interactions between cancer cells and molecules, based on targeted cancer cells immobilized on a bilayer architecture of N-doped graphene-Pt nanoparticles-chitosan (NGR-Pt-CS) and polyaniline (PANI). The interactions between folic acid (FA, positive control) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, negative control) and the choice of targeted cells, HepG2 and A549 cells, were investigated by measuring the current change of the sensor to [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- before and after interactions, and the binding constants were calculated to be 1.37 × 105 and 1.92 × 105 M-1 by sensing kinetics. Furthermore, 18 main components from Aidi injection (ADI) were studied to screen compounds that have interactions with different targeted cancer cells including HepG2 and A549 cells. The potential target groups of the interactions between screened active compounds and targeted cancer cells were analyzed through computer-aided molecular docking. In this sensing system, molecules did not require electrochemical activity, and different targeted cancer cells could be immobilized on the modified electrode surface, truly reflecting the categories and numbers of targets. Additionally, the proposed sensor specifically circumvented the current paradigm in most cells-based electrochemical sensors for screening drugs, in which the changes in cell behavior induced by drugs are monitored. This study provided a novel, simple, and generally applicable method for exploring the interaction of molecules with cancer cells and screening multitarget drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinzhu Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Juncheng Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Kuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Youqi Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Ramirez-Valles EG, Rodríguez-Pulido A, Barraza-Salas M, Martínez-Velis I, Meneses-Morales I, Ayala-García VM, Alba-Fierro CA. A Quest for New Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and Prediction Biomarkers and Their Use in Biosensors Development. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820957033. [PMID: 33107395 PMCID: PMC7607814 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820957033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional techniques for cancer diagnosis, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, ultrasound and tissue analysis, require sophisticated devices and highly trained personnel, which are characterized by elevated operation costs. The use of biomarkers has emerged as an alternative for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and prediction because their measurement in tissues or fluids, such as blood, urine or saliva, is characterized by shorter processing times. However, the biomarkers used currently, and the techniques used for their measurement, including ELISA, western-blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunohistochemistry, possess low sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the search for new proteomic, genomic or immunological biomarkers and the development of new noninvasive, easier and cheaper techniques that meet the sensitivity and specificity criteria for the diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of this disease has become a relevant topic. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview about the search for new cancer biomarkers, including the strategies that must be followed to identify them, as well as presenting the latest advances in the development of biosensors that possess a high potential for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and prediction, mainly focusing on their relevance in lung, prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda G Ramirez-Valles
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | | | - Marcelo Barraza-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Isaac Martínez-Velis
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Iván Meneses-Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Ayala-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Alba-Fierro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Dgo, Mexico
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20
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Davoodi H, Nordin N, Bordonali L, Korvink JG, MacKinnon N, Badilita V. An NMR-compatible microfluidic platform enabling in situ electrochemistry. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3202-3212. [PMID: 32734975 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combining microfluidic devices with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has the potential of unlocking their vast sample handling and processing operation space for use with the powerful analytics provided by NMR. One particularly challenging class of integrated functional elements from the perspective of NMR are conductive structures. Metallic electrodes could be used for electrochemical sample interaction for example, yet they can cause severe NMR spectral and SNR degradation. These issues are more entangled at the micro-scale since the distorted volume occupies a higher ratio of the sample volume. In this study, a combination of simulation and experimental validation was used to identify an electrode geometry that, in terms of NMR spectral parameters, performs as well as for the case when no electrodes are present. By placing the metal tracks in the side-walls of a microfluidic channel, we found that NMR RF excitation performance was actually enhanced, without compromising B0 homogeneity. Monitoring in situ deposition of chitosan in the microfluidic platform is presented as a proof-of-concept demonstration of NMR characterisation of an electrochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Davoodi
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Nurdiana Nordin
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lorenzo Bordonali
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Neil MacKinnon
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Vlad Badilita
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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21
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Kuchur OA, Tsymbal SA, Shestovskaya MV, Serov NS, Dukhinova MS, Shtil AA. Metal-derived nanoparticles in tumor theranostics: Potential and limitations. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 209:111117. [PMID: 32473483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Initially, metal derived nanoparticles have been used exclusively as contrasting agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Today, green routes of chemical synthesis together with numerous modifications of the core and surface gave rise to a plethora of biomedical applications of metal derived nanoparticles including tumor imaging, diagnostics, and therapy. These materials are an emerging class of tools for tumor theranostics. Nevertheless, the spectrum of clinically approved metal nanoparticles remains narrow, as the safety, specificity and efficiency still have to be improved. In this review we summarize the major directions for development and biomedical applications of metal based nanoparticles and analyze their effects on tumor cells and microenvironment. We discuss the advantages and possible limitations of metal nanoparticle-based tumor theranostics, as well as the potential strategies to improve the in vivo performance of these unique materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Kuchur
- International Institute 'Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies', ITMO University, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - S A Tsymbal
- International Institute 'Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies', ITMO University, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M V Shestovskaya
- International Institute 'Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies', ITMO University, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - N S Serov
- International Institute 'Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies', ITMO University, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M S Dukhinova
- International Institute 'Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies', ITMO University, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A A Shtil
- International Institute 'Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies', ITMO University, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Quinchia J, Echeverri D, Cruz-Pacheco AF, Maldonado ME, Orozco J. Electrochemical Biosensors for Determination of Colorectal Tumor Biomarkers. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E411. [PMID: 32295170 PMCID: PMC7231317 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The accurate determination of specific tumor markers associated with cancer with non-invasive or minimally invasive procedures is the most promising approach to improve the long-term survival of cancer patients and fight against the high incidence and mortality of this disease. Quantification of biomarkers at different stages of the disease can lead to an appropriate and instantaneous therapeutic action. In this context, the determination of biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors is at the forefront of cancer diagnosis research because of their unique features such as their versatility, fast response, accurate quantification, and amenability for multiplexing and miniaturization. In this review, after briefly discussing the relevant aspects and current challenges in the determination of colorectal tumor markers, it will critically summarize the development of electrochemical biosensors to date to this aim, highlighting the enormous potential of these devices to be incorporated into the clinical practice. Finally, it will focus on the remaining challenges and opportunities to bring electrochemical biosensors to the point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Quinchia
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.Q.); (D.E.); (A.F.C.-P.)
| | - Danilo Echeverri
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.Q.); (D.E.); (A.F.C.-P.)
| | - Andrés Felipe Cruz-Pacheco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.Q.); (D.E.); (A.F.C.-P.)
| | - María Elena Maldonado
- Grupo Impacto de los Componentes Alimentarios en la Salud, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 No. 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (J.Q.); (D.E.); (A.F.C.-P.)
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23
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Hussain KK, Gurudatt NG, Akhtar MH, Seo KD, Park DS, Shim YB. Nano-biosensor for the in vitro lactate detection using bi-functionalized conducting polymer/N, S-doped carbon; the effect of αCHC inhibitor on lactate level in cancer cell lines. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112094. [PMID: 32090867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A robust amperometric sensor was developed for the lactate detection in the extracellular matrix of cancer cells. The sensor was fabricated by separately immobilizing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) onto a carboxylic acid group and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) onto an amine group of bi-functionalized conducting polymer (poly 3-(((2,2':5',2″-terthiophen)-3'-yl)-5-aminobenzoic acid (pTTABA)) composited with N, S-doped porous carbon. Morphological features of the composite layer and sensor performance were investigated using FE-SEM, XPS, and electrochemical methods. The experimental parameters were optimized to get the best results. The calibration plot showed a linear dynamic range between 0.5 μM and 4.0 mM with the detection limit of 112 ± 0.02 nM. The proposed sensor was applied to detect lactate in a non-cancerous (Vero) and two cancer (MCF-7 and HeLa) cell lines. Among these cell lines, MCF-7 was mostly affected by the administration of lactate transport inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (αCHC), followed by HeLa and Vero, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of αCHC concentration and treatment time on the lactate level in the cell lines were demonstrated. Finally, cytotoxicity studies were also performed to evaluate the effect of αCHC on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil K Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - N G Gurudatt
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Mahmood H Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Deok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Deog-Su Park
- Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea; Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
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25
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Yin L, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Gao Y, Gu J. Recent advances in single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:824-845. [PMID: 30334031 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells are the most basic structural units that play vital roles in the functioning of living organisms. Analysis of the chemical composition and content of a single cell plays a vital role in ensuring precise investigations of cellular metabolism, and is a crucial aspect of lipidomic and proteomic studies. In addition, structural knowledge provides a better understanding of cell behavior as well as the cellular and subcellular mechanisms. However, single-cell analysis can be very challenging due to the very small size of each cell as well as the large variety and extremely low concentrations of substances found in individual cells. On account of its high sensitivity and selectivity, mass spectrometry holds great promise as an effective technique for single-cell analysis. Numerous mass spectrometric techniques have been developed to elucidate the molecular profiles at the cellular level, including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), laser-based mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this review, the recent advances in single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry are summarized. The strategies of different ionization modes to achieve single-cell analysis are classified and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun 130061, PR China.
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Mahato K, Nagpal S, Shah MA, Srivastava A, Maurya PK, Roy S, Jaiswal A, Singh R, Chandra P. Gold nanoparticle surface engineering strategies and their applications in biomedicine and diagnostics. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:57. [PMID: 30729081 PMCID: PMC6352626 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have found a wide range of biomedical and environmental monitoring applications (viz. drug delivery, diagnostics, biosensing, bio-imaging, theranostics, and hazardous chemical sensing) due to their excellent optoelectronic and enhanced physico-chemical properties. The modulation of these properties is done by functionalizing them with the synthesized AuNPs with polymers, surfactants, ligands, drugs, proteins, peptides, or oligonucleotides for attaining the target specificity, selectivity and sensitivity for their various applications in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. This review intends to highlight the contribution of such AuNPs in state-of-the-art ventures of diverse biomedical applications. Therefore, a brief discussion on the synthesis of AuNPs has been summarized prior to comprehensive detailing of their surface modification strategies and the applications. Here in, we have discussed various ways of AuNPs functionalization including thiol, phosphene, amine, polymer and silica mediated passivation strategies. Thereafter, the implications of these passivated AuNPs in sensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), bioimaging, drug delivery, and theranostics have been extensively discussed with the a number of illustrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Mahato
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
| | - Sahil Nagpal
- Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahero Ayesha Shah
- Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Faculty of medicine Uniklinik, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031 India
| | - Shounak Roy
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175001 India
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175001 India
| | - Renu Singh
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 2004 Folwell Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
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Mahato K, Nagpal S, Shah MA, Srivastava A, Maurya PK, Roy S, Jaiswal A, Singh R, Chandra P. Gold nanoparticle surface engineering strategies and their applications in biomedicine and diagnostics. 3 Biotech 2019. [PMID: 30729081 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1577-z/figures/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have found a wide range of biomedical and environmental monitoring applications (viz. drug delivery, diagnostics, biosensing, bio-imaging, theranostics, and hazardous chemical sensing) due to their excellent optoelectronic and enhanced physico-chemical properties. The modulation of these properties is done by functionalizing them with the synthesized AuNPs with polymers, surfactants, ligands, drugs, proteins, peptides, or oligonucleotides for attaining the target specificity, selectivity and sensitivity for their various applications in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. This review intends to highlight the contribution of such AuNPs in state-of-the-art ventures of diverse biomedical applications. Therefore, a brief discussion on the synthesis of AuNPs has been summarized prior to comprehensive detailing of their surface modification strategies and the applications. Here in, we have discussed various ways of AuNPs functionalization including thiol, phosphene, amine, polymer and silica mediated passivation strategies. Thereafter, the implications of these passivated AuNPs in sensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), bioimaging, drug delivery, and theranostics have been extensively discussed with the a number of illustrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Mahato
- 1Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
| | - Sahil Nagpal
- 2Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahero Ayesha Shah
- 3Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Faculty of medicine Uniklinik, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- 4Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- 5Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031 India
| | - Shounak Roy
- 6School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175001 India
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- 6School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175001 India
| | - Renu Singh
- 7Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 2004 Folwell Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- 1Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
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Mandal R, Baranwal A, Srivastava A, Chandra P. Evolving trends in bio/chemical sensor fabrication incorporating bimetallic nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:546-561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chung S, Hwang BY, Naveen MH, Shim YB. Detection of Rocuronium in Whole Blood Using a Lipid-bonded Conducting Polymer and Porous Carbon Composite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeromi Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST); Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Boo-Young Hwang
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute; Pusan National University Hospital; Busan 49241 Republic of Korea
| | - M. H. Naveen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST); Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Bo Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST); Pusan National University; Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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Mahato K, Maurya PK, Chandra P. Fundamentals and commercial aspects of nanobiosensors in point-of-care clinical diagnostics. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:149. [PMID: 29487778 PMCID: PMC5823794 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various problems faced by mankind, health-related concerns are prevailing since long which are commonly found in the form of infectious diseases and different metabolic disorders. The clinical cure and management of such abnormalities are greatly dependent on the availability of their diagnoses. The conventional diagnostics used for such purposes are extremely powerful; however, most of these are limited by time-consuming protocols and require higher volume of test sample, etc. A new evolving technology called "biosensor" in this context shows an enormous potential for an alternative diagnostic device, which constantly compliments the conventional diagnoses. In this review, we have summarized different kinds of biosensors and their fundamental understanding with various state-of-the-art examples. A critical examination of different types of biosensing mechanisms is also reported highlighting the advantages of electrochemical biosensors for its great potentials in next-generation commercially viable modules. In recent years, a number of nanomaterials are extensively used to enhance not only the performance of biosensing mechanism, but also obtain robust, cheap, and fabrication-friendly durable mechanism. Herein, we have summarized the importance of nanomaterials in biosensing mechanism, their syntheses as well as characterization techniques. Subsequently, we have discussed the probe fabrication processes along with various techniques for assessing its analytical performances and potentials for commercial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201307 India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
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Bhatnagar I, Mahato K, Ealla KKR, Asthana A, Chandra P. Chitosan stabilized gold nanoparticle mediated self-assembled gliP nanobiosensor for diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 110:449-456. [PMID: 29253546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) casused by Aspergillus fumigatus in miniaturized setting is challenging with great importance in human health. In this direction, we have designed a sensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor for diagnosis of IA through detecting the virulent glip target gene (glip-T) in a miniaturized experimetal setting. The sensor probe was fabricated using 1,6-Hexanedithiol and chitosan stabilized gold nanoparticle mediated self-assembly of glip probes (glip-P) on gold electrode. It was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltametry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The ability of sensor to detect glip-T was analysed based on the hybridyzation reaction and the signal obtained using toluidine blue as indicator molecule. Analytical parameters were optimized in terms of glip-P concentration, temperature, reaction time, and concentration of toluidine blue. The biosensor showed the dynamic range between 1 × 10-14- 1 × 10-2 M with the detection limit of 0.32 ± 0.01 × 10-14(RSD < 5.2%). The regeneration of biosensor was evaluated and the interference due to non-target oligonucleotide sequences was evaluated individualy as well as in mixed sample to validate the high selectivity of the designed sensor. The stability of the designed sensor was examined and practical applicability of biosensor was tested by detecting glip-T in real sample environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Bhatnagar
- Clinical Research Facility, Medical Biotechnology Complex, CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
| | - Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Amit Asthana
- Clinical Research Facility, Medical Biotechnology Complex, CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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