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Marchesi D'Alvise T, Sunder S, Hasler R, Moser J, Knoll W, Synatschke CV, Harvey S, Weil T. Preparation of Ultrathin and Degradable Polymeric Films by Electropolymerization of 3-Amino-l-tyrosine. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200332. [PMID: 35689352 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioderived polymers are one of many current research areas that promise a sustainable future. Due to their unique properties, the bioderived polymer polydopamine has been in the spotlight over the last decades. Its ability to adhere to virtually any surface and its stability over a wide pH range as well as in several organic solvents make it a suitable candidate for various applications like coatings and biosensors. However, strong light absorption over a broad range of wavelengths and high quenching efficiency limit its uses. Therefore, new bioderived polymers with similar features to polydopamine but without fluorescence quenching properties are highly desirable. Herein, the electropolymerization of a bioderived analog of dopamine, 3-amino-l-tyrosine, is demonstrated. The resulting polymer, poly(amino-l-tyrosine), exhibits several characteristics complementary to or even exceeding those of polydopamine and its analog, polynorepinephrine, rendering poly(amino-l-tyrosine) attractive for the development of sensors and photoactive devices. Cyclic voltammetry, spectro-electrochemistry, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements are applied to study the electrodeposition of this material, and the resulting films are compared to polydopamine and polynorepinephrine. Impedance spectroscopy reveals increased ion permeability of poly(amino-l-tyrosine) compared to polydopamine and polynorepinephrine. Moreover, the reduced fluorescence quenching of poly(amino-l-tyrosine) supports its use as coating for biosensors and organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Marchesi D'Alvise
- Department for Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sruthi Sunder
- Department for Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roger Hasler
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Julia Moser
- Department for Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Christopher V Synatschke
- Department for Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sean Harvey
- Department for Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department for Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Yang Z, Apiliogullari S, Fu Y, Istanbouli A, Kaur S, Jabbal IS, Moghieb A, Irfan Z, Patterson RL, Kurup M, Morrow L, Cohn M, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Hayes RL, Bramlett HM, Bullock MR, Dietrich WD, Wang MY, Kobeissy F, Wang KW. Association between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Biomarker Levels and Diagnosis, Injury Severity, and Short-Term Outcomes in Patients with Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101814. [PMID: 37238298 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is recognized as a global problem that can lead to a range of acute and secondary complications impacting morbidity and mortality. There is still a lack of reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with SCI that could help guide clinical care and identify novel therapeutic targets for future drug discovery. The aim of this prospective controlled study was to determine the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and serum profiles of 10 biomarkers as indicators of SCI diagnosis, severity, and prognosis to aid in assessing appropriate treatment modalities. CSF and serum samples of 15 SCI and ten healthy participants were included in the study. The neurological assessments were scored on admission and at discharge from the hospital using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Score (AIS) grades. The CSF and serum concentrations of SBDP150, S100B, GFAP, NF-L, UCHL-1, Tau, and IL-6 were significantly higher in SCI patients when compared with the control group. The CSF GBDP 38/44K, UCHL-L1, S100B, GFAP, and Tau levels were significantly higher in the AIS A patients. This study demonstrated a strong correlation between biomarker levels in the diagnosis and injury severity of SCI but no association with short-term outcomes. Future prospective controlled studies need to be done to support the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Seza Apiliogullari
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Yueqiang Fu
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ayah Istanbouli
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sehajpreet Kaur
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Iktej Singh Jabbal
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ahmed Moghieb
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zoha Irfan
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Robert Logan Patterson
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Milin Kurup
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lindsey Morrow
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael Cohn
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhiqun Zhang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jiepei Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Ronald L Hayes
- Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., 16470 West Bernardo Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92127, USA
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - M Ross Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael Y Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Kevin W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), 1601, The Archer Rd., Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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3
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Salahandish R, Hyun JE, Haghayegh F, Tabrizi HO, Moossavi S, Khetani S, Ayala-Charca G, Berenger BM, Niu YD, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Nezhad AS. CoVSense: Ultrasensitive Nucleocapsid Antigen Immunosensor for Rapid Clinical Detection of Wildtype and Variant SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206615. [PMID: 36995043 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The widespread accessibility of commercial/clinically-viable electrochemical diagnostic systems for rapid quantification of viral proteins demands translational/preclinical investigations. Here, Covid-Sense (CoVSense) antigen testing platform; an all-in-one electrochemical nano-immunosensor for sample-to-result, self-validated, and accurate quantification of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid (N)-proteins in clinical examinations is developed. The platform's sensing strips benefit from a highly-sensitive, nanostructured surface, created through the incorporation of carboxyl-functionalized graphene nanosheets, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conductive polymers, enhancing the overall conductivity of the system. The nanoengineered surface chemistry allows for compatible direct assembly of bioreceptor molecules. CoVSense offers an inexpensive (<$2 kit) and fast/digital response (<10 min), measured using a customized hand-held reader (<$25), enabling data-driven outbreak management. The sensor shows 95% clinical sensitivity and 100% specificity (Ct<25), and overall sensitivity of 91% for combined symptomatic/asymptomatic cohort with wildtype SARS-CoV-2 or B.1.1.7 variant (N = 105, nasal/throat samples). The sensor correlates the N-protein levels to viral load, detecting high Ct values of ≈35, with no sample preparation steps, while outperforming the commercial rapid antigen tests. The current translational technology fills the gap in the workflow of rapid, point-of-care, and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (LAB-HA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jae Eun Hyun
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Haghayegh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hamed Osouli Tabrizi
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sultan Khetani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Giancarlo Ayala-Charca
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Byron M Berenger
- Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 4W4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yan Dong Niu
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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4
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Ge X, Ye W, Zhu Y, Cui M, Zhou J, Xiao C, Jiang D, Tang P, Wang J, Wang Z, Ji C, Zhou X, Cao X, Liu W, Cai W. USP1/UAF1-Stabilized METTL3 Promotes Reactive Astrogliosis and Improves Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury through m 6A Modification of YAP1 mRNA. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1456-1474. [PMID: 36653190 PMCID: PMC10008067 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1209-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is involved in diverse biological processes. However, its role in spinal cord injury (SCI) is poorly understood. The m6A level increases in injured spinal cord, and METTL3, which is the core subunit of methyltransferase complex, is upregulated in reactive astrocytes and further stabilized by the USP1/UAF1 complex after SCI. The USP1/UAF1 complex specifically binds to and subsequently removes K48-linked ubiquitination of the METTL3 protein to maintain its stability after SCI. Moreover, conditional knockout of astrocytic METTL3 in both sexes of mice significantly suppressed reactive astrogliosis after SCI, thus resulting in widespread infiltration of inflammatory cells, aggravated neuronal loss, hampered axonal regeneration, and impaired functional recovery. Mechanistically, the YAP1 transcript was identified as a potential target of METTL3 in astrocytes. METTL3 could selectively methylate the 3'-UTR region of the YAP1 transcript, which subsequently maintains its stability in an IGF2BP2-dependent manner. In vivo, YAP1 overexpression by adeno-associated virus injection remarkably contributed to reactive astrogliosis and partly reversed the detrimental effects of METTL3 knockout on functional recovery after SCI. Furthermore, we found that the methyltransferase activity of METTL3 plays an essential role in reactive astrogliosis and motor repair, whereas METTL3 mutant without methyltransferase function failed to promote functional recovery after SCI. Our study reveals the previously unreported role of METTL3-mediated m6A modification in SCI and might provide a potential therapy for SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord injury is a devastating trauma of the CNS involving motor and sensory impairments. However, epigenetic modification in spinal cord injury is still unclear. Here, we propose an m6A regulation effect of astrocytic METTL3 following spinal cord injury, and we further characterize its underlying mechanism, which might provide promising strategies for spinal cord injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wu Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yufeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chenyu Xiao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Dongdong Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhuanghui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Chengyue Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Supraja P, Tripathy S, Krishna Vanjari SR, Singh SG. Label-free, ultrasensitive and rapid detection of FDA-approved TBI specific UCHL1 biomarker in plasma using MWCNT-PPY nanocomposite as bio-electrical transducer: A step closer to point-of-care diagnosis of TBI. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114631. [PMID: 35973277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), a major cause of mortality and neurological disability affecting people of all ages worldwide, remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to date. Rapid, ultra-sensitive, selective, and wide-range detection of TBI biomarkers in easily accessible body fluids is an unmet clinical need. Considering this, in this work, we report the design and development of a facile, label-free, highly stable and sensitive, chemi-impedance-based sensing platform for rapid and wide range detection of Ubiquitin-carboxy terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1: FDA-approved TBI specific plasma biomarker), using carboxylic functionalized MWCNTs embedded polypyrrole (PPY) nanocomposites (PPY/f-MWCNT). The said nanocomposites were synthesized using chemical oxidative polymerization method. Herein, the functionalized MWCNTs are used as conducting fillers so as to increase the polymer's dielectric constant according to the micro-capacitor model, thereby augmenting both DC electrical conductivity and AC dielectric property of the nanocomposite. The proposed immunosensing platform comprises of PPY/f-MWCNT modified interdigitated microelectrode (IDμEs) array, on which anti-UCHL1-antibodies are immobilized using suitable covalent chemistry. The AC electrical characterization of the nanocomposite modified IDμEs, with and without the antibodies, was performed through generic capacitance vs. frequency (C-F, 1 KHz - 1 MHz) and capacitance vs. applied bias (C-V, 0.1 V-1 V) measurements, using an Agilent B1500A parametric analyzer. The binding event of UCHL1 peptides to anti-UCHL1-antibodies was transduced in terms of normalised changes in parallel capacitance, via the C-F analysis. Further, we have tested the detection efficiency of the said immunoassay against UCHL1 spiked human plasma samples in the concentration range 10 fg/mL - 1 μg/mL. The proposed sensing platform detected UCHL1 in spiked-plasma samples linearly in the range of 10 fg/mL - 1 ng/mL with a sensitivity and LoD of 4.22 ((ΔC/C0)/ng.mL-1)/cm2 and 0.363 fg/mL, respectively. Further, it showed excellent stability (30 weeks), repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity and interference-resistance. The proposed approach is label-free, and if desired, can be used in conjunction with DC measurements, for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patta Supraja
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285, India.
| | - Suryasnata Tripathy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Surat, 395007, India.
| | | | - Shiv Govind Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, 502285, India.
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Salahandish R, Haghayegh F, Khetani S, Hassani M, Nezhad AS. Immuno-affinity Potent Strip with Pre-Embedded Intermixed PEDOT:PSS Conductive Polymers and Graphene Nanosheets for Bio-Ready Electrochemical Biosensing of Central Nervous System Injury Biomarkers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28651-28662. [PMID: 35704794 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Future point-of-care (PoC) and wearable electrochemical biosensors explore new technology solutions to eliminate the need for multistep electrode modification and functionalization, overcome the limited reproducibility, and automate the sensing steps. In this work, a new screen-printed immuno-biosensor strip is engineered and characterized using a hybrid graphene nanosheet intermixed with the conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) polymers, all embedded within the base carbon matrix (GiPEC) of the screen-printing ink. This intermixed nanocomposite ink is chemically designed for self-containing the "carboxyl" functional groups as the most specific chemical moiety for protein immobilization on the electrodes. The GiPEC ink enables capturing the target antibodies on the electrode without any need for extra surface preparation. As a proof of concept, the performance of the non-functionalized ready-to-immobilize strips was assessed for the detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a known central nervous system injury blood biomarker. This immuno-biosensor exhibits the limit of detection of 281.7 fg mL-1 (3 signal-to-noise ratio) and the sensitivity of 322.6 Ω mL pg-1 mm-2 within the clinically relevant linear detection range from 1 pg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1. To showcase its potential PoC application, the bio-ready strip is embedded inside a capillary microfluidic device and automates electrochemical quantification of GFAP spiked in phosphate-buffered saline and the human serum. This new electrochemical biosensing platform can be further adapted for the detection of various protein biomarkers with the application in realizing on-chip immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Haghayegh
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sultan Khetani
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mohsen Hassani
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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7
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Salahandish R, Jalali P, Tabrizi HO, Hyun JE, Haghayegh F, Khalghollah M, Zare A, Berenger BM, Niu YD, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Sanati-Nezhad A. A compact, low-cost, and binary sensing (BiSense) platform for noise-free and self-validated impedimetric detection of COVID-19 infected patients. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114459. [PMID: 35728365 PMCID: PMC9195351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical immuno-biosensors are one of the most promising approaches for accurate, rapid, and quantitative detection of protein biomarkers. The two-working electrode strip is employed for creating a self-supporting system, as a tool for self-validating the acquired results for added reliability. However, the realization of multiplex electrochemical point-of-care testing (ME-POCT) requires advancement in portable, rapid reading, easy-to-use, and low-cost multichannel potentiostat readers. The combined multiplex biosensor strips and multichannel readers allow for suppressing the possible complex matrix effect or ultra-sensitive detection of different protein biomarkers. Herein, a handheld binary-sensing (BiSense) bi-potentiostat was developed to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based signal acquisition from a custom-designed dual-working-electrode immuno-biosensor. BiSense employs a commercially available microcontroller and out-of-shelf components, offering the cheapest yet accurate and reliable time-domain impedance analyzer. A specific electrical board design was developed and customized for impedance signal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-protein biosensor in spiked samples and alpha variant clinical nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples. BiSense showed limit-of-detection (LoD) down to 56 fg/mL for working electrode 1 (WE1) and 68 fg/mL for WE2 and reported with a dynamic detection range of 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL for detection of N-protein in spiked samples. The dual biosensing of N-protein in this work was used as a self-validation of the biosensor. The low-cost (∼USD$40) BiSense bi-potentiostat combined with the immuno-biosensors successfully detected COVID-19 infected patients in less than 10 min, with the BiSense reading period shorter than 1.5 min, demonstrating its potential for the realization of ME-POCTs for rapid and hand-held diagnosis of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Pezhman Jalali
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hamed Osouli Tabrizi
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Jae Eun Hyun
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Haghayegh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mahmood Khalghollah
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Byron M Berenger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3535 Research Rd. Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Y1, Canada; Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - Yan Dong Niu
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Salahandish R, Haghayegh F, Ayala-Charca G, Hyun JE, Khalghollah M, Zare A, Far B, Berenger BM, Niu YD, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Sanati-Nezhad A. Bi-ECDAQ: An electrochemical dual-immuno-biosensor accompanied by a customized bi-potentiostat for clinical detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114018. [PMID: 35114466 PMCID: PMC8786409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex electrochemical biosensors have been used for eliminating the matrix effect in complex bodily fluids or enabling the detection of two or more bioanalytes, overall resulting in more sensitive assays and accurate diagnostics. Many electrochemical biosensors lack reliable and low-cost multiplexing to meet the requirements of point-of-care detection due to either limited functional biosensors for multi-electrode detection or incompatible readout systems. We developed a new dual electrochemical biosensing unit accompanied by a customized potentiostat to address the unmet need for point-of-care multi-electrode electrochemical biosensing. The two-working electrode system was developed using screen-printing of a carboxyl-rich nanomaterial containing ink, with both working electrodes offering active sites for recognition of bioanalytes. The low-cost bi-potentiostat system (∼$80) was developed and customized specifically to the bi-electrode design and used for rapid, repeatable, and accurate measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy signals from the dual biosensor. This binary electrochemical data acquisition (Bi-ECDAQ) system accurately and selectively detected SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein (N-protein) in both spiked samples and clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients within 30 min. The two working electrodes offered the limit of detection of 116 fg/mL and 150 fg/mL, respectively, with the dynamic detection range of 1-10,000 pg/mL and the sensitivity range of 2744-2936 Ω mL/pg.mm2 for the detection of N-protein. The potentiostat performed comparable or better than commercial Autolab potentiostats while it is significantly lower cost. The open-source Bi-ECDAQ presents a customizable and flexible approach towards addressing the need for rapid and accurate point-of-care electrochemical biosensors for the rapid detection of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Haghayegh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Giancarlo Ayala-Charca
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Jae Eun Hyun
- Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - Mahmood Khalghollah
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada,Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Behrouz Far
- Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Byron M. Berenger
- Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3535 Research Rd, Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Y1, Canada
| | - Yan Dong Niu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3535 Research Rd, Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Y1, Canada; Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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9
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Wang HD, Wei ZJ, Li JJ, Feng SQ. Application value of biofluid-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:963-971. [PMID: 34558509 PMCID: PMC8552873 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) have confirmed the diagnostic potential of biofluid-based biomarkers, as a topic of increasing interest in relation to SCI diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviews the research progress and application prospects of recently identified SCI-related biomarkers. Many structural proteins, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100-β, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1, neurofilament light, and tau protein were correlated with the diagnosis, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, and prognosis of SCI to different degrees. Inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor α, are also good biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute and chronic SCI, while non-coding RNAs (microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) also show diagnostic potential for SCI. Trace elements (Mg, Se, Cu, Zn) have been shown to be related to motor recovery and can predict motor function after SCI, while humoral markers can reflect the pathophysiological changes after SCI. These factors have the advantages of low cost, convenient sampling, and ease of dynamic tracking, but are also associated with disadvantages, including diverse influencing factors and complex level changes. Although various proteins have been verified as potential biomarkers for SCI, more convincing evidence from large clinical and prospective studies is thus required to identify the most valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Da Wang
- Department of Orthopedics; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Wei
- Department of Orthopedics; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin; Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital; Shandong University Center for Orthopedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun-Jin Li
- Department of Orthopedics; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics; International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin; Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital; Shandong University Center for Orthopedics, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Khetani S, Singh A, Besler B, Butterworth S, Lijnse T, Loughery K, Smith K, Hosseini E, Narang R, Karan K, Debert C, Sen A, Murari K, Nezhad AS. μDrop: Multi-analyte portable electrochemical-sensing device for blood-based detection of cleaved tau and neuron filament light in traumatic brain injury patients. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113033. [PMID: 33517230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over 27 million individuals are affected every year worldwide with central nervous system (CNS) injuries. These injuries include but are not limited to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). CNS injuries remain a significant public health concern which demands reliable tools for rapid, on-sight, on-field, and point-of-care diagnostic (POC) solutions. To address these challenges, we developed a low-cost, open-source, hand-held, portable, and POC detection technology, termed as MicroDrop (μDrop), which can simultaneously detect up to eight target biomolecules and display results in both analog and digital formats. The data acquired is stored wirelessly in a cloud server for further investigation and statistical analysis. Multiplexing capability of μDrop and immuno-biosensors detects and quantifies Cleaved-Tau Protein (C-Tau) and Neuron-Filament (NFL) proteins in the blood of TBI patients. Immuno-biosensors rapidly sense the two target proteins in less than 30 min, with μDrop and a conventional potentiostat. C-Tau and NFL were selectively detected with μDrop within the dynamic range of 10 pg/mL - 100 ng/mL and the sensitivity range of 47 μA/pg mm2 - 65 μA/pg mm2. Comparing the biosensing performance with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) shows that the immuno-biosensors combined with μDrop could successfully differentiate between clinical controls and injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Khetani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Anupriya Singh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Brendon Besler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Savitri Butterworth
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas Lijnse
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kenneth Loughery
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Katrin Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rakesh Narang
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chantel Debert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2H 2T9, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kartikeya Murari
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati- Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Polynorepinephrine: state-of-the-art and perspective applications in biosensing and molecular recognition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5945-5954. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Khetani S, Yong KW, Ozhukil Kollath V, Eastick E, Azarmanesh M, Karan K, Sen A, Sanati-Nezhad A. Engineering Shelf-Stable Coating for Microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip Using Bioinspired Catecholamine Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6910-6923. [PMID: 31971367 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The conceptualization of body-on-a-chip in 2004 resulted in a new approach for studying human physiology in three-dimensional culture. Despite pioneering works and the progress made in replicating human physiology on-a-chip, the stability, reliability, and preservation of cell-culture-treated microfluidic chips remain a challenge. The development of a reliable surface treatment technique to more efficiently and reproducibly modify microfluidic channels would significantly simplify the process of creating and implementing organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems. In this work, a new flow-based coating technique using bioinspired polymers was implemented to create reliable, reproducible, ready-to-use microfluidic cell culture chips for OOC studies. Single-channel polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chips were coated with the bioinspired catecholamine polymers, polydopamine (PDA) and polynorepinephrine (PNE), using a flow-based coating technique. The functionality of the resulting microfluidic chips was evaluated by extensive surface characterizations, at 130 °C, in the presence of various cleaning and culture media in static and flow conditions regularly used in OOCs and tested for shelf life by storing the coated microfluidic chips for 4 months at room temperature. Microfluidic chips coated with polycatecholamine were then seeded with the mouse cancer cell line Cath.a.differentiated (CAD) and with the normal human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC)/D3. Cell viability, cell phenotype, and cell functionality were assessed to evaluate the performance of both the coatings and the surface treatment technique. Both PDA- and PNE-coated microfluidic chips maintained high viability, phenotype, and functionality of CAD cells and hCMEC/D3 cells. In addition, CAD cells retained high viability when they were cultured in both the polymer-coated chips, which were stored at room temperature for up to 120 days. These results suggest that flow-based techniques to coat surfaces with polycatecholamines can be used to generate ready-to-use microfluidic OOC chips that offer long-term stability and reliability for the culture of cell types with application in pathophysiological studies and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Khetani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Kar Wey Yong
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Vinayaraj Ozhukil Kollath
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Erin Eastick
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Milad Azarmanesh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Kunal Karan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
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