1
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Kong X, He X, He F, Li Y, Feng Y, Li Y, Luo Z, Shen JW, Duan Y. Sandwich Layer-Modified Ω-Shaped Fiber-Optic LSPR Enables the Development of an Aptasensor for a Cytosensing-Photothermal Therapy Circuit. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 39120046 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer cells is a principal cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. The combination of a cytosensor and photothermal therapy (PTT) cannot completely eliminate cancer cells at one time. Hence, this study aimed to design a localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR)-based aptasensor for a circuit of cytosensing-PTT (COCP). This was achieved by coating a novel sandwich layer of polydopamine/gold nanoparticles/polydopamine (PDA/AuNPs/PDA) around the Ω-shaped fiber-optic (Ω-FO). The short-wavelength peak of the sandwich layer with strong resonance exhibited a high refractive index sensitivity (RIS). The modification with the T-shaped aptamer endowed FO-LSPR with unique characteristics of time-dependent sensitivity enhancement behavior for a sensitive cytosensor with the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 13 cells/mL. The long-wavelength resonance peak in the sandwich layer appears in the near-infrared region. Hence, the rate of increased localized temperature of FO-LSPR was 160 and 30-fold higher than that of the bare and PDA-coated FO, indicating strong photothermal conversion efficiency. After considering the localized temperature distribution around the FO under the flow environment, the FO-LSPR-enabled aptasensor killed 77.6% of cancer cells in simulated blood circulation after five cycles of COCP. The FO-LSPR-enabled aptasensor improved the efficiency of the cytosensor and PTT to effectively kill cancer cells, showing significant potential for application in inhibiting cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingliang He
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fan He
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yanting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ji-Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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2
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Huang Y, Mou C, Liang J, Wan J, Chen P, Guan B. Operando Decoding of Surface Chemical and Thermal Events in Photoelectrocatalysis via a Lab-Around-Microfiber Sensor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310264. [PMID: 38689507 PMCID: PMC11234440 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Operando decoding of the key parameters of photo-electric catalysis provides reliable information for catalytic effect evaluation and catalytic mechanism exploration. However, to capture the details of surface-localized and rapid chemical and thermal events at the nanoscale in real-time is highly challenging. A promising approach based on a lab-around-microfiber sensor capable of simulating photo-electric catalytic reactions on the surface of optical fibers as well as monitoring reactant concentration changes and catalytic heat generation processes is demonstrated. Due to the penetration depth of submicron size and the fast response ability of the evanescent field, the lab-around-microfiber sensor overcame the difficulty of reading instantaneous surface parameters in the submicron range. This sensor operando dismantled the changes in reactant concentration and temperature on the catalyst surface induced by light and voltage, respectively. It also decoded the impact of catalyst composition on the adsorption efficiency and catalytic efficiency across various wavelengths and determined the synchronized occurrence of pollutant degradation and catalytic thermal effects. Stable correlations between the real-time parameters and catalytic activities are obtained, helping to provide a basic understanding of the catalytic process and mechanism. This approach fills an important gap in the current monitoring methods of catalytic processes and heat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and CommunicationsInstitute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Caini Mou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and CommunicationsInstitute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Jiaxuan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and CommunicationsInstitute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Jiaxin Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and CommunicationsInstitute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and CommunicationsInstitute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Bai‐Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and CommunicationsInstitute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou511443China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
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3
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Chen P, Wu H, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Zhang Y, Zhan X, Xiao A, Huang Y, Zhang H, Guan BO. Quantitative Assessment of Fungal Biomarkers in Clinical Samples via an Interface-Modulated Optical Fiber Biosensor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312985. [PMID: 38373270 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections pose a significant public health threat. The lack of precise and timely diagnosis is a primary factor contributing to the significant increase in patient mortality rates. Here, an interface-modulated biosensor utilizing an optical fiber for quantitative analysis of fungal biomarkers at the early stage of point-of-care testing (POCT), is reported. By integrating surface refractive index (RI) modulation and plasmon enhancement, the sensor to achieve high sensitivity in a directional response to the target analytes, is successfully optimized. As a result, a compact fiber-optic sensor with rapid response time, cost-effectiveness, exceptional sensitivity, stability, and specificity, is developed. This sensor can successfully identify the biomarkers of specific pathogens from blood or other tissue specimens in animal models. It quantifies clinical blood samples with precision and effectively discriminates between negative and positive cases, thereby providing timely alerts to potential patients. It significantly reduces the detection time of fungal infection to only 30 min. Additionally, this approach exhibits remarkable stability and achieves a limit of detection (LOD) three orders of magnitude lower than existing methods. It overcomes the limitations of existing detection methods, including a high rate of misdiagnosis, prolonged detection time, elevated costs, and the requirement for stringent laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lv Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xundi Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Aoxiang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yunyun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
- College of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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4
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Wu H, Chen P, Zhan X, Lin K, Hu T, Xiao A, Liang J, Huang Y, Huang Y, Guan BO. Marriage of a Dual-Plasmonic Interface and Optical Microfiber for NIR-II Cancer Theranostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310571. [PMID: 38029784 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of light as a powerful tool for disease treatment has introduced a new era in tumor treatment and provided abundant opportunities for light-based tumor theranostics. This work reports a photothermal theranostic fiber integrating cancer detection and therapeutic functions. Its self-heating effect can be tuned at ultralow powers and used for self-heating detection and tumor ablation. The fiber, consisting of a dual-plasmonic nanointerface and an optical microfiber, can be used to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells, quantify cancer cells, perform hyperthermal ablation of cancer cells, and evaluate the ablation efficacy. Its cancer cell ablation rate reaches 89% in a single treatment. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal quick, deep-tissue photonic hyperthermia in the NIR-II window, which can markedly ablate tumors. The marriage of a dual-plasmonic nanointerface and an optical microfiber presents a novel paradigm in photothermal therapy, offering the potential to surmount the challenges posed by limited light penetration depth, nonspecific accumulation in normal tissues, and inadvertent damage in current methods. This work thus provides insight for the exploration of an integrated theranostic platform with simultaneous functions in cancer diagnostics, therapeutics, and postoperative monitoring for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Xundi Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Kaiyue Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Aoxiang Xiao
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The first Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiaxuan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Yugang Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yunyun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The first Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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5
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Chen T, Jiang H, Xie K, Xia H. A Small Highly Sensitive Glucose Sensor Based on a Glucose Oxidase-Modified U-Shaped Microfiber. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:684. [PMID: 38276375 PMCID: PMC10820248 DOI: 10.3390/s24020684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes patients need to monitor blood glucose all year round. In this article, a novel scheme is proposed for blood glucose detection. The proposed sensor is based on a U-shaped microfiber prepared using hydrogen-oxygen flame-heating technology, and then 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and glucose oxidase (GOD) are successively coated on the surface of the U-shaped microfiber via a coating technique. The glucose reacts with the GOD of the sensor surface to produce gluconic acid, which changes the effective refractive index and then shifts the interference wavelength. The structure and morphology of the sensor were characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser microscopy (CLM). The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the sensor is as high as 5.73 nm/(mg/mL). Compared with the glucose sensor composed of the same material, the sensitivity of the sensor increased by 329%. The proposed sensor has a broad application prospect in blood glucose detection of diabetic patients due to the advantages of miniaturization, high sensitivity, and good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Haiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Kang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Hongyan Xia
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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6
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Shen C, Huang Z, Chen X, Wang Z, Zhou J, Wang Z, Liu D, Li C, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhou W, Peng W. Rapid ultra-sensitive nucleic acid detection using plasmonic fiber-optic spectral combs and gold nanoparticle-tagged targets. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115719. [PMID: 37797532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA) is a widely-used biomarker for viruses. Accurate quantification of NA can provide a reliable basis for point-of-care diagnosis and treatment. Here, we propose a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG)-based plasmonic fiber-optic spectral comb for fast response and ultralow limit NA detection. The TFBG is coated with a gold film which enables excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and single-stranded probe NAs with known base sequences are assembled on the gold film. To enhance sensitivity of refractive index (RI) for sensing a chosen combination of probe and target NAs around the TFBG surface, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are bonded to the target NA molecules as "RI-labels". The NA combination-induced aggregation of AuNPs induces significant spectral responses in the TFBG that would be below the detection threshold for the NAs in the absence of the AuNPs. The proposed TFBG-SPR NA sensor shows a fast response time of 30 s and an ultra-wide NA detection range from 1 × 10-18 mol/L to 1 × 10-7 mol/L. In the NA concentration range of 1 × 10-12 mol/L (1 pM) to 105 pM, an ultra-high sensitivity of 1.534 dB/lg(pM) is obtained. The sensor achieves an ultra-low limit of detection down to 1.0 × 10-18 mol/L (1 aM), which is more than an order of magnitude lower than the previous reports. The proposed sensor not only shows potentials in practical applications of NA detection, but also provides a new way for TFBG-SPR biochemical sensors to achieve higher RI sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Shen
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Xiaoman Chen
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Dejun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chenxia Li
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
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7
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Chen J, Ding L, Zhao J, Jiang X, Ma F, Li H, Zhang Y. A L-glutamine binding protein modified MNM structured optical fiber biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance sensing for detection of L-glutamine metabolism in vitro embryo culture. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115537. [PMID: 37467534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical fiber sensor with multimode-coreless-multimode (MNM) structure was developed, which modified by L-glutamine-binding protein (QBP) for detection of L-glutamine (Gln). The QBP was immobilized on the surface of gold films by chemical cross-linking and exhibited a binding affinity for L-glutamine. The conformation of QBP can be changed from the "open" to the "closed", which led to a red-shift of the SPR peak when QBP bounded to L-glutamine. There was a good linear correlation between is a dependence of the SPR peak on and the concentration of L-glutamine concentration in the range 10-100 μM, with a sensitivity of 10.797nm/log10[Gln] for L-glutamine in the in vitro embryo culture (IVC) medium environment, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 1.187 μM. This QBP-modified MNM structure optical fiber SPR sensor provides a new idea for the developmental potential assessment of embryos in the process of in vitro embryo culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liyun Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jue Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xingdong Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fei Ma
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haijun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | - Yumei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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8
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Huang Y, Chen P, Zhou L, Zheng J, Wu H, Liang J, Xiao A, Li J, Guan BO. Plasmonic Coupling on an Optical Microfiber Surface: Enabling Single-Molecule and Noninvasive Dopamine Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304116. [PMID: 37342974 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Optical fibers can be effective biosensors when employed in early-stage diagnostic point-of-care devices as they can avoid interference from molecules with similar redox potentials. Nevertheless, their sensitivity needs to be improved for real-world applications, especially for small-molecule detection. This work demonstrates an optical microfiber biosensor for dopamine (DA) detection based on the DA-binding-induced aptamer conformational transitions that occur at plasmonic coupling sites on a double-amplified nanointerface. The sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity when detecting DA molecules at the single-molecule level; additionally, this work provides an approach for overcoming optical device sensitivity limits, further extending optical fiber single-molecule detection to a small molecule range (e.g., DA and metal ions). The selective energy enhancement and signal amplification at the binding sites effectively avoid nonspecific amplification of the whole fiber surface which may lead to false-positive results. The sensor can detect single-molecule DA signals in body-fluids. It can detect the released extracellular DA levels and monitor the DA oxidation process. An appropriate aptamer replacement allows the sensor to be used for the detection of other target small molecules and ions at the single-molecule level. This technology offers alternative opportunities for developing noninvasive early-stage diagnostic point-of-care devices and flexible single-molecule detection techniques in theoretical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Luyan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Jiaxuan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Aoxiang Xiao
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The first Affiliated Hospital, & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511143, China
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The first Affiliated Hospital, & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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9
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Li H, Huang T, Yuan H, Lu L, Cao Z, Zhang L, Yang Y, Yu B, Wang H. Combined Ultrasensitive Detection of Renal Cancer Proteins and Cells Using an Optical Microfiber Functionalized with Ti 3C 2 MXene and Gold Nanorod-Nanosensitized Interfaces. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5142-5150. [PMID: 36892255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasensitive and quantitative detection of renal cancer protein biomarkers present at ultralow concentrations for early-stage cancer diagnosis requires a biosensing probe possessing ultrahigh detection sensitivity and remarkable biosensing selectivity. Here, we report an optical microfiber integrated with Ti3C2-supported gold nanorod hybrid nanointerfaces for implementation in ultrasensitive sensing of the carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) protein and renal cancer cells. Because the evanescent field of the fiber is strongly coupled with nanointerfaces in the near-infrared region, the proposed optical microfiber biosensor achieves ultrahigh-sensitivity detection of the CAIX protein biomarker with ultralow limits of detection (LODs) of 13.8 zM in pure buffer solution and 0.19 aM in 30% serum solution. In addition, the proposed sensor also successfully and specifically recognizes living renal cancer cells in cell culture media with a LOD of 180 cells/mL. This strategy may serves as a powerful biosensing platform that combines the quantification of protein biomarkers and cancer cells, resulting in a higher accuracy of early-stage renal cancer diagnosis and screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tianqi Huang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Benli Yu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
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10
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Photothermal-based nanomaterials and photothermal-sensing: An overview. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Novikova A, Katiyi A, Halstuch A, Karabchevsky A. Green-Graphene Protective Overlayer on Optical Microfibers: Prolongs the Device Lifetime. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2915. [PMID: 36079953 PMCID: PMC9457637 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical microfibers find new applications in various fields of industry, which in turn require wear resistance, environmental friendliness and ease of use. However, optical microfibers are fragile. Here we report a new method to prolong the microfiber lifetime by modifying its surface with green-extracted graphene overlayers. Graphene films were obtained by dispergation of shungite mineral samples in an aqueous medium. For this, we tapered optical fibers and sculptured them with graphene films mixed with gold nanoparticles. We observed that due to the surface modification the lifetime and survivability of the microfiber increased 5 times, as compared to the bare microfiber. The embedded gold nanoparticles can also be utilized for enhanced sensitivity and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alina Karabchevsky
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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12
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Li H, Huang T, Lu L, Yuan H, Zhang L, Wang H, Yu B. Ultrasensitive Detection of Exosomes Using an Optical Microfiber Decorated with Plasmonic MoSe 2-Supported Gold Nanorod Nanointerfaces. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1926-1935. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Huang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Lu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University Hefei, 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benli Yu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Acquisition and Manipulation of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
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13
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He L, He F, Feng Y, Wang X, Li Y, Tian Y, Gao A, Zhang P, Qi X, Luo Z, Duan Y. Hybridized nanolayer modified Ω-shaped fiber-optic synergistically enhances localized surface plasma resonance for ultrasensitive cytosensor and efficient photothermal therapy. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113599. [PMID: 34521011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate sensitivity and side-effect are the main challenges to develop cytosensors combining with therapeutic potential simultaneously for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, localized surface plasma resonance (LSPR) based on hybridized nanolayer modified Ω-shaped fiber-optic (HN/Ω-FO) was developed to integrate cytosensor and plasmonic photothermal treatment (PPT). On one hand, hybridized nanolayers improve the coverage of nanoparticles and refractive index sensitivity (RIS). Moreover, the hybridized nanoploymers of gold nanorods/gold nanoparticles (AuNRs/AuNPs) also result in intense enhancement in electronic field intensity (I). On the other hand, Ω-shaped fiber-optic (Ω-FO) led to strong bending loss in its bending part. To be specific, a majority of light escaped from fiber will interact with HN. Thus, HN/Ω-FO synergistically enhances the plasmonic, which achieved the goal of ultrasensitive cytosensor and highly-efficient plasmonic photothermal treatment (PPT). The proposed cytosensor exhibits ultrasensitivity for detection of cancer cells with a low limit of detection down to 2.6 cells/mL was realized just in 30 min. HN/Ω-FO-based LSPR exhibits unique characteristics of highly efficient, localized, and geometry-dependent heat distribution, which makes it suitable for PPT to only kill the cancer cells specifically on the surface or surrounding fiber-optic (FO) surface. Thus, HN/Ω-FO provides a new approach to couple cytosensor with PPT, indicating its great potential in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu He
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fan He
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yanting Feng
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yonghui Tian
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Aihua Gao
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Qi
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, PR China.
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14
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Mou L, Hong H, Xu X, Xia Y, Jiang X. Digital Hybridization Human Papillomavirus Assay with Attomolar Sensitivity without Amplification. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13077-13084. [PMID: 34324808 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection of nucleic acid without amplification can avoid problems associated with thermal cycling such as labor-intensiveness and aerosol pollution. Here we develop a droplet-based digital microfluidic hybridization assay for nucleic acid detection with attomolar sensitivity. This assay provides a clinically useful sensitivity for detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) without amplification. The sensitivity is accomplished using femtoliter-sized droplet microfluidics for concentrating enzyme-catalyzed fluorescent products into a detectable signal and magnetic beads for accelerating reaction time. Meanwhile, using magnetic beads and droplet microfluidic chips, we can improve the sampling efficiency over conventional methods. We characterized the sensitivity, selectivity, detection range, stability, and accuracy of our assay. Our assay is 50-fold more sensitive than the traditional hybrid capture assay. The assay without amplification avoids problems of complex handling procedures and aerosol pollution. The direct and sensitive detection of nucleic acid using a droplet microfluidic system provides an early disease diagnosis tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Honghai Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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15
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Li X, Chen N, Zhou X, Gong P, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. A review of specialty fiber biosensors based on interferometer configuration. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100068. [PMID: 33797865 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber biosensors have attracted extensive research attention in fields such as public health research, environmental science, bioengineering, disease diagnosis and drug research. Accurate detection of biomolecules is essential to limit the extent of disease outbreaks and provide valuable guidance for regulatory agencies to take timely measures. Among many optical fiber sensors, optical fiber biosensors based on specialty fibers have the advantages of biocompatibility, small size, high measurement resolution, high stability and immunity to electromagnetic interference. In this paper, four types interferometer biosensors based on specialty fiber, namely Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, Fabry - Perot interferometer and Sagnac interferometer, are reviewed in terms of operating principles, sensing structure and application fields. The fiber types are further divided into micro-nano optical fiber, thin core fiber, polarization maintaining fiber, polymer fiber, microstructure optical fiber. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of these interferometer biosensors. Finally, main challenging problems and expectational development direction of specialty fiber interferometer biosensors are summarized. This text clearly shows the huge development potential of optical fiber biosensors in biomedical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengqi Gong
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shankun Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
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16
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Li J, Wang H, Li Z, Su Z, Zhu Y. Preparation and Application of Metal Nanoparticals Elaborated Fiber Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185155. [PMID: 32927607 PMCID: PMC7570743 DOI: 10.3390/s20185155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, surface plasmon resonance devices (SPR, or named plamonics) have attracted much more attention because of their great prospects in breaking through the optical diffraction limit and developing new photons and sensing devices. At the same time, the combination of SPR and optical fiber promotes the development of the compact micro-probes with high-performance and the integration of fiber and planar waveguide. Different from the long-range SPR of planar metal nano-films, the local-SPR (LSPR) effect can be excited by incident light on the surface of nano-scaled metal particles, resulting in local enhanced light field, i.e., optical hot spot. Metal nano-particles-modified optical fiber LSPR sensor has high sensitivity and compact structure, which can realize the real-time monitoring of physical parameters, environmental parameters (temperature, humidity), and biochemical molecules (pH value, gas-liquid concentration, protein molecules, viruses). In this paper, both fabrication and application of the metal nano-particles modified optical fiber LSPR sensor probe are reviewed, and its future development is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Haoru Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhengcheng Su
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yue Zhu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
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